CN112863977A - High-resolution low-light-level image intensifier tube - Google Patents
High-resolution low-light-level image intensifier tube Download PDFInfo
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01J—ELECTRIC DISCHARGE TUBES OR DISCHARGE LAMPS
- H01J31/00—Cathode ray tubes; Electron beam tubes
- H01J31/08—Cathode ray tubes; Electron beam tubes having a screen on or from which an image or pattern is formed, picked up, converted, or stored
- H01J31/50—Image-conversion or image-amplification tubes, i.e. having optical, X-ray, or analogous input, and optical output
- H01J31/506—Image-conversion or image-amplification tubes, i.e. having optical, X-ray, or analogous input, and optical output tubes using secondary emission effect
- H01J31/507—Image-conversion or image-amplification tubes, i.e. having optical, X-ray, or analogous input, and optical output tubes using secondary emission effect using a large number of channels, e.g. microchannel plates
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01J—ELECTRIC DISCHARGE TUBES OR DISCHARGE LAMPS
- H01J29/00—Details of cathode-ray tubes or of electron-beam tubes of the types covered by group H01J31/00
- H01J29/02—Electrodes; Screens; Mounting, supporting, spacing or insulating thereof
- H01J29/04—Cathodes
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01J—ELECTRIC DISCHARGE TUBES OR DISCHARGE LAMPS
- H01J29/00—Details of cathode-ray tubes or of electron-beam tubes of the types covered by group H01J31/00
- H01J29/02—Electrodes; Screens; Mounting, supporting, spacing or insulating thereof
- H01J29/10—Screens on or from which an image or pattern is formed, picked up, converted or stored
- H01J29/18—Luminescent screens
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- Image-Pickup Tubes, Image-Amplification Tubes, And Storage Tubes (AREA)
Abstract
The invention discloses a high-resolution low-light-level image intensifier tube, which consists of a cathode input window, a photocathode, a tube shell, an MCP, a fluorescent screen and an anode output window, wherein the tube shell is a short-cathode close-proximity tube shell; MCP is high-gain anti-dispersion; the photoelectric cathode is Na2KSb (Cs) photocathode evaporated on the cathode input window by evaporation; the anode output window is a small-wire-diameter optical fiber panel and is sealed with the anode flange disc through a glass material ring; the phosphor screen is coated on the anode output window; an anode output window coated with a fluorescent screen, a high-gain anti-dispersion MCP and a cathode input window evaporated with a photocathode are sequentially assembled and sealed into a tube shell with a short cathode close-proximity distance, and electron focusing is realized in a double close-proximity mode. The invention controls the close-proximity distance of the anticathode, enhances the input of the MCP, loses the end of the MCP and has an anode output window structureDesign, etc. has reduced the horizontal dispersion of light signal or electric signal, has improved the resolving power.
Description
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the field of low-light-level image intensifiers, and relates to a high-resolution low-light-level image intensifier tube which is mainly used for a night vision instrument for observing and tracking a special target in a night environment. The invention can obviously improve the limit resolution of the low-light-level image intensifier and has wide market prospect.
Background
The glimmer image intensifier tube is a core device of a glimmer night vision device, and is widely applied to night driving of various special vehicles, night aiming of guns, target observation, detection, search and rescue and the like under night environment conditions.
At present, the mainstream low-light-level night vision core device in China still uses a low-light-level image intensifier tube which takes a multi-alkali photocathode as a photoelectric conversion material, and the device consists of a cathode input window, a photocathode, a microchannel plate (MCP for short), a fluorescent screen, an anode output window and a tube shell. The working principle is that weak optical signals are converted into electric signals through a photocathode on a cathode input window, the electric signals are amplified and enhanced through the electron multiplication effect of MCP, and finally the amplified electric signals are converted into optical signals through a fluorescent screen and output from an anode output window for observation by human eyes.
With the continuous development of the fields of national defense, scientific research, civil construction and the like, the performance requirement of the low-light-level night vision device is improved. In order for the micro-light image intensifier tube to realize new performance breakthrough to meet the observation requirement of longer distance, the resolution as one of the core technical indexes of the image intensifier needs to reach more than 68 lp/mm. The limit resolution of the existing image intensifier tube is only 57lp/mm, and the technical level is difficult to meet the requirement, so that the micro-light image intensifier tube with high resolution is urgently needed to be developed.
Photons and photoelectrons as image information carriers can generate spatial transverse dispersion in the process of emission and transportation in the image tube, so that the resolution of the image intensifier tube is reduced. For a micro-optic image intensifier tube composed of a double close-proximity structure of a photocathode, an MCP and a fluorescent screen, the resolution is influenced by multiple aspects such as close-proximity distance, MCP channel aperture, anode output screen filament diameter and the like. Reducing the MCP channel aperture is one way to improve the resolution of the micro-optic image intensifier tube. Each channel of the MCP is equivalent to one pixel, and the resolution can be effectively improved by reducing the channel aperture of the MCP. However, the reduction of the aperture of the MCP increases the manufacturing cost, and on the other hand, the smaller the aperture of the MCP is, the thinner the MCP is, and the lower the mechanical strength of the MCP is, on the premise of ensuring the optimal aspect ratio and the maximum opening ratio, so that the capability of the image tube for resisting mechanical shock and vibration is reduced, which may greatly limit the application range of the image tube. Therefore, it is necessary to find a more effective way to improve the resolution of the micro-optic image intensifier tube.
Disclosure of Invention
In order to improve the detection capability of the low-light-level image intensifier tube, the invention aims to provide the low-light-level image intensifier tube with high resolution, the resolution can reach 68lp/mm, and the identification distance of the low-light-level night vision device is increased.
Resolution is an important parameter for evaluating the imaging performance of the image intensifier tube, and the imaging performance of the system and the capability of identifying target details can be evaluated. The resolution of the micro-light image intensifier tube is affected by the resolution performance of each component, and in order to ensure the technical index requirements, besides reasonable index distribution in the design stage, the adoption of a proper electronic optical system assembly process in the development stage is also important. The relationship between the resolving power of the microimage intensifier tube and the resolving power of each component comprising the system can be expressed by the following formula:
in the formula:
Rtresolution of image intensifier
RcResolution of cathode input window
RcmFocusing resolution of cathode and plate
Rm-MCP resolution
RmaFocusing resolution of plate and screen
Ra-anode output window resolution
The technical approach adopted by the invention is as follows: a high-resolution low-light-level image intensifier tube is composed of anti-halation glass, photocathode, short-cathode near-close tube shell, high-gain anti-dispersion MCP, fluorescent screen and small-diameter optical fiber panel, and a layer of Na is prepared on the anti-halation glass by evaporation2KSb (Cs) photocathode, the small-diameter fiber faceplate is sealed with the anode flange disc through a glass frit ring, the fluorescent screen is coated on the small-diameter fiber faceplate, the small-diameter fiber faceplate coated with the fluorescent screen, the high-gain anti-dispersion MCP and the anti-halation glass plated with the photocathode are sequentially assembled and sealed in a tube shell with a short cathode close-close distance, and the electron focusing is realized through a double close-close mode.
The anti-halation glass has the light transmittance of more than 93 percent, the resolution far exceeds that of other components, and the anti-halation glass can be equivalent to infinity.
The photoelectric cathode is Na2KSb (Cs) polybase photocathodes capable of responding to spectra in the range of 360nm to 940 nm.
The short-cathode near-close-distance tube shell is formed by brazing five kovar metal parts including a cathode flange, a contact ring, an assembly ring, a getter ring and a spacer ring with a ceramic cylinder, and is precisely turned by a numerical control lathe. The focusing resolution between the cathode and the MCP is related to the close-proximity focusing spacing distance, the electric field potential difference and the initial energy of the emergent electrons, the close-proximity distance of the cathode is 0.08-0.1 mm, and the minimum value of the focusing resolution of the cathode and the plate is about 155.6lp/mm according to the calculation of the prior art conditions.
The ceramic cylinder is made of A-95 alumina ceramic.
The high-gain anti-dispersion MCP is a porous platy electron multiplier made of a plurality of glass fiber monofilament materials in an arrangement modeA device. The input end of the high-gain anti-dispersion MCP is evaporated with a layer of input enhancement film with a high secondary electron emission coefficient, and the material of the film layer is aluminum oxide (Al)2O3) The thickness is 5nm to 50 nm. The output end is evaporated with a layer of anti-dispersion metal film with high work function, the material of the film layer can be palladium Pd/platinum Pt/silver Ag/gold Au/lead Pb/nickel Ni, and the thickness of the film layer is 5 nm-30 nm.
The diameter of the high-gain anti-dispersion MCP can be 25mm, 20mm and the like according to the appearance design requirements of image intensifier tubes of different models, the aperture is 5-8 mu m, the plate thickness is 0.3mm, the opening area ratio is 55-80%, and the electronic gain under 800V plate voltage is not less than 300. The theoretical limit resolution of MCP is therefore 115.5 lp/mm.
The unit filament diameter of the small-filament-diameter optical fiber panel is 4 mu m, and the resolution is about 144.3 lp/mm.
The close-contact distance between the MCP and the fluorescent screen is 0.4 mm-0.6 mm, so that the minimum value of the focusing resolution of the panel and the screen is 142 lp/mm.
In conclusion, the ultimate resolution of the image intensifier tube can meet the requirement of more than or equal to 68 lp/mm.
Compared with the similar products, the invention has the following beneficial effects:
1. by shortening the cathode proximity distance, the lateral spread of electrons emitted from the photocathode during transport to the input of the MCP is reduced.
2. The anti-dispersion metal film at the output end of the high-gain anti-dispersion MCP reduces the kinetic energy of escaping electrons, so that the radial flight speed of the electrons is reduced, the dispersion radius of the electrons on a fluorescent screen is reduced, and the resolution is improved.
3. The input enhancement film with high secondary electron emission coefficient at the input end of the high-gain anti-dispersion MCP improves the gain of the MCP by more than 3-5 times compared with the traditional MCP, and solves the problem that the gain of the MCP is reduced to meet the requirement due to the anti-dispersion metal film.
4. The diameter of the unit filament of the selected optical fiber panel is 4 mu m, the output image quality of the image enhancement tube is improved, and the resolution of the image enhancement tube is further improved.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a schematic view of the structure of the high-resolution image intensifier tube of the present invention.
Fig. 2 is a schematic diagram of the short cathode proximity distance cartridge of the present invention.
FIG. 3 is a schematic view of the anti-halation glass plated metal sealing film layer and the electrode layer according to the present invention.
FIG. 4 is a process diagram of the fusion bonding of the anode flange to the fiber optic faceplate of the present invention.
Fig. 5 is a schematic diagram of the high-gain anti-dispersion MCP plated input enhancement film and output anti-dispersion film of the present invention.
Reference numerals in the drawings: 1-anti-halation glass window, 2-cathode flange plate, 3-ceramic cylinder A, 4-contact ring, 5-assembly ring, 6-ceramic cylinder B, 7-getter ring, 8-spacer ring, 9-anode flange plate, 10-optical fiber panel, 11-photocathode, 12-indium-tin alloy, 13-spring clamping ring, 14-MCP, 15-frit ring, 16-fluorescent screen, 17-metal layer, 18-input reinforced film, and 19-output anti-diffusion film.
Detailed Description
The technical solutions of the present invention are further described in detail with reference to the following specific examples, but the present invention is not limited to the technical solutions of the following examples.
The technical solution of the present invention is explained with reference to fig. 1: adopting a soldering lug brazing mode to weld five kovar alloy parts including a cathode flange 2, a contact ring 4, an assembly ring 5, a getter ring 7 and a spacing ring 8 with a ceramic cylinder A3 and a ceramic cylinder B6 to form a tube shell, evaporating a metal layer 17 on a sealing surface and an inclined plane of an anti-halation glass window 1 for electric conduction and sealing with the tube shell, and manufacturing a layer of Na responsive to a spectrum in a range of 360-940 nm on a step surface2KSb (Cs) photocathode 11, anti-halation glass 1 with metal layer 17 and photocathode 11 as input window, and indium tin alloy 12 sealed on the top of the envelope. The small-diameter fiber panel 10 is sealed with the anode flange 9 through a glass material ring 15, and is coated with a fluorescent screen 16 to form an output window, the output window coated with the fluorescent screen 16 is sealed at the lower end of the tube shell by laser welding, and a straight piece of small-diameter fiber panel is arranged between the input window and the output window by an open spring pressing ring 13High-gain anti-dispersion MCP14 with a diameter of 25 mm.
The cathode flange 2, the contact ring 4, the assembling ring 5, the getter ring 7, the isolation ring 8 and the anode flange 9 are all made of kovar metal materials, the material brand is 4J43, the ceramic cylinder A3 and the ceramic cylinder B6 are made of A-95 alumina ceramic materials, the anti-halation glass 1 is made of borosilicate glass, the glass brand is Corning 7056, the unit filament diameter of the small-filament-diameter optical fiber panel 10 is 4um, the manufacturing material of the small-filament-diameter optical fiber panel is the same as the material of an optical fiber panel which is commonly used in the photoelectric vacuum industry and an image intensifier tube, and the glass material ring 15 for sealing the small-filament-diameter optical fiber panel 10 and the anode flange 9 is Corning 7575 glass. The high-gain anti-dispersion MCP14 is a porous plate-shaped structure formed by arranging a plurality of glass fiber monofilament materials, is produced by professional manufacturers according to related national standards, has a diameter of 25mm, a thickness of 0.3mm, a channel aperture of 6 mu m and an opening ratio of 65 percent, and is prepared by respectively evaporating a layer of 20nm Al on an input end and an output end in an evaporation mode2O3And 20nm of Pt as the input reinforcing film 18 and the output anti-dispersion film 19, the electronic gain at 800V voltage was 300.
The manufacturing process of the invention comprises the following steps:
A. referring to fig. 2, a silver-copper-palladium alloy soldering lug is added among the cathode flange 2, the contact ring 4, the assembling ring 5, the getter ring 7, the isolation ring 8, the ceramic cylinder A3 and the ceramic cylinder B6, the components are assembled on a tool clamp according to the sequence of fig. 2 and then placed in a vacuum furnace for heat preservation at 1100 ℃ for 20min, and the silver-copper-palladium alloy soldering lug is melted and is connected with the cathode flange 2, the contact ring 4, the assembling ring 5, the getter ring 7, the isolation ring 8, the ceramic cylinder A3 and the ceramic cylinder B6 to form a tube shell).
B. Referring to FIG. 3, the antihalation glass 1 is placed in a vacuum coater, and when the vacuum degree of the coater reaches 5X 10-5When the device is held in the palm, the electron gun is turned on, the electron beam evaporator is used to heat the evaporation source, and the device is arranged on the inclined surface of the anti-halation glass 1
Is plated at a rate of a thickness of
Then changing the evaporation source, and sequentially evaporating chrome, copper and silver on the sealing surface to form a chrome-copper-silver sealing layer with a thickness of
And taking out the anti-halation glass 1 with the metal layer 17 in the cavity after the film coating is finished.
C. Putting a certain amount of indium tin alloy 12(In: Sn: 55%: 45%) particles into an indium precipitation tank of a tube shell cathode flange plate 2, putting the tube shell into a vacuum furnace, preserving heat for 4 hours at 510 ℃ to ensure that the indium tin alloy 12 is melted, then uniformly flows and is fully distributed In the indium precipitation tank, and taking out the tube shell after cooling to room temperature.
D. And (3) clamping the tube shell on a high-precision double-sided vehicle lathe, turning the isolating ring 8 of the tube shell and the indium-tin alloy 12 in the indium precipitation tank, wherein the close-to distance of the cathode after turning is 0.08 mm.
E. Referring to fig. 4, a glass frit ring 15 is added between the anode flange 9 and the small-diameter fiber faceplate 10, then the anode flange 9 and the small-diameter fiber faceplate 10 are placed in a muffle furnace for heat preservation at 400 ℃ for 2 hours, the glass frit ring 15 is melted, then the anode flange 9 and the small-diameter fiber faceplate 10 are sealed together, the glass frit ring is taken out after being cooled to room temperature, and a fluorescent screen 16 is coated to form an anode output window.
F. Referring to fig. 1, the anode output window is sealed at the lower end of the tube shell by laser welding, and the close distance of the anode is 0.6 mm.
G. Referring to fig. 5, a certain amount of Al is added2O3As an evaporation source, 5X 10-5Hold in the palm
The input enhancement film 18 with the thickness of 20nm is evaporated at the input end of the MCP14, when the thickness reaches a set value, the film coating is completed, and the MCP is taken out after the gas is discharged from the plating cavity.
H. Referring to FIG. 5, a constant amount of Pt was used as an evaporation source at 5X 10-5Hold in the palm
The output anti-dispersion film 19 with the thickness of 20nm is evaporated at the output end of MCP14 at the rate of constant thicknessWhen the temperature reaches a set value, coating is finished, and MCP14 is taken out after the coating cavity is deflated.
I. Referring to fig. 1, after being ultrasonically cleaned by absolute ethyl alcohol, the high-gain anti-dispersion MCP14 is put into a tube shell with a sealed anode output end and fixed by an open spring pressing ring 13 with the thickness of 1 mm-1.2 mm, wherein the spring pressing ring is made of 0Cr19Ni 9.
J. Placing the metal layer plated anti-halation glass 1 and the tube shell provided with the MCP14 and the anode output window into a tube making device, assembling the tube making device and the tube shell to the lower end of a transfer cavity of photocathode making equipment, transferring the anti-halation glass 1 to the position right above an alkali metal evaporator in a cathode making cavity by virtue of a mechanical transfer hand, exhausting for 12 hours at 350 ℃ by utilizing a vacuum pump, and enabling the vacuum degree to reach 10-8When the temperature is reduced to 50 ℃ in mbar, MCP14 is electronically cleaned, and the total cleaning amount is not less than 200 uA.h.
K. After the last step is finished, the temperature is raised to 200 ℃, and a layer of Na responding within the range of 360 nm-940 nm is manufactured on the anti-halation glass 12KSb (Cs) multi-alkali photocathode 11, after the manufacture is finished, the temperature is reduced to 110-130 ℃, the anti-halation glass 1 with the photocathode 11 manufactured is conveyed to the upper part of a tube manufacturing device by a mechanical transfer hand, after the anti-halation glass is put down slightly, indium tin alloy 12 in an indium precipitation tank is sealed with a tube shell through a tube shell cathode flange 2, and after the anti-halation glass is cooled to room temperature, the production of an image tube is finished.
The key technology of the invention in manufacturing is as follows: the input end and the output end of the MCP are respectively plated with an input enhancement film and an output anti-dispersion film, so that the MCP resolution is improved, and the gain of the MCP can meet the requirements; the tube shell structure is designed, the cathode close-to distance is shortened, and the focusing resolution of the cathode and the plate is improved; and a 4-micron small-wire-diameter optical fiber panel is used as an anode output window, so that the resolution is further improved. The problem that the traditional image intensifier has insufficient resolution and is difficult to further increase the observation distance is successfully solved. The high-resolution low-light-level image intensifier tube meeting the actual requirement is manufactured.
Claims (10)
1. A high resolution micro-optical image intensifier tube is composed of a cathode input window, a photocathode, a tube shell, a micro-channel plate, a fluorescent screen and an anode output window, and is characterized in that:
the tube shell is a short cathode close distance tube shell;
the microchannel plate is a high-gain anti-dispersion microchannel plate;
the photoelectric cathode is evaporated on the cathode input window in an evaporation mode;
the anode output window is sealed with the anode flange disc through a glass material ring;
the phosphor screen is coated on the anode output window;
an anode output window coated with a fluorescent screen, a high-gain anti-dispersion micro-channel plate and a cathode input window evaporated with a photocathode are sequentially assembled and sealed into a tube shell with a short cathode close-proximity distance, and electron focusing is realized in a double close-proximity mode.
2. The micro optical image intensifier tube of claim 1, wherein:
the cathode input window is made of anti-halation glass, and the light transmittance of the cathode input window is over 93 percent.
3. The micro optical image intensifier tube of claim 1, wherein:
the photoelectric cathode is Na2KSb (Cs) polybase photocathodes capable of responding to spectra in the range of 360nm to 940 nm.
4. The micro optical image intensifier tube of claim 1, wherein:
the short-cathode near-close-distance tube shell is formed by brazing five kovar metal parts including a cathode flange, a contact ring, an assembly ring, a getter ring and a spacer ring with a ceramic cylinder, and is precisely turned by a numerically controlled lathe.
5. The micro optical image intensifier tube of claim 1, wherein:
the cathode close-up distance of the short cathode close-up distance tube shell is 0.08-0.1 mm, the minimum value of the focusing resolution between the cathode and the micro-channel plate is 155.6lp/mm, the close-up distance between the micro-channel plate and the fluorescent screen is 0.4-0.6 mm, and the minimum value of the focusing resolution between the micro-channel plate and the fluorescent screen is 142 lp/mm.
6. The micro optical image intensifier tube of claim 1, wherein:
the high-gain anti-dispersion microchannel plate is a porous plate-shaped electron multiplier device which is made of a plurality of glass fiber monofilament materials in an arrangement mode.
7. The micro optical image intensifier tube of claim 6, wherein:
the high-gain anti-dispersion microchannel plate is characterized in that a layer of anti-dispersion metal film with high work-off is evaporated at the output end of the microchannel plate, the material of the film layer can be any one of palladium Pd, platinum Pt, silver Ag, gold Au, lead Pb and nickel Ni, and the thickness of the film layer is 5 nm-30 nm.
8. The micro optical image intensifier tube of claim 7, wherein:
the input end of the high-gain anti-dispersion microchannel plate is evaporated with a layer of input enhancement film with high secondary electron emission coefficient, the material of the film layer is alumina, and the thickness is 5 nm-50 nm;
the diameter of the high-gain anti-dispersion microchannel plate can be 25mm or 20mm according to the size requirements of image intensifiers of different models, the aperture is 5-8 μm, the plate thickness is 0.3mm, the opening area ratio is 55-80%, the electronic gain under 800V plate voltage is not less than 300, and the theoretical limit resolution is 115.5 lp/mm.
9. The micro optical image intensifier tube of claim 1, wherein:
the anode output window is a small-filament-diameter optical fiber panel with a unit filament diameter of 4 mu m, and the resolution is 144.3 lp/mm.
10. The micro optical image intensifier tube of claim 4, wherein:
the ceramic cylinder is made of A-95 alumina ceramic.
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