CN112858020A - Rock triaxial confining pressure loading and seepage test device and method - Google Patents
Rock triaxial confining pressure loading and seepage test device and method Download PDFInfo
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- CN112858020A CN112858020A CN202110046845.4A CN202110046845A CN112858020A CN 112858020 A CN112858020 A CN 112858020A CN 202110046845 A CN202110046845 A CN 202110046845A CN 112858020 A CN112858020 A CN 112858020A
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N3/00—Investigating strength properties of solid materials by application of mechanical stress
- G01N3/08—Investigating strength properties of solid materials by application of mechanical stress by applying steady tensile or compressive forces
- G01N3/10—Investigating strength properties of solid materials by application of mechanical stress by applying steady tensile or compressive forces generated by pneumatic or hydraulic pressure
- G01N3/12—Pressure testing
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N2203/00—Investigating strength properties of solid materials by application of mechanical stress
- G01N2203/0014—Type of force applied
- G01N2203/0016—Tensile or compressive
- G01N2203/0019—Compressive
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N2203/00—Investigating strength properties of solid materials by application of mechanical stress
- G01N2203/003—Generation of the force
- G01N2203/0042—Pneumatic or hydraulic means
- G01N2203/0048—Hydraulic means
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N2203/00—Investigating strength properties of solid materials by application of mechanical stress
- G01N2203/02—Details not specific for a particular testing method
- G01N2203/025—Geometry of the test
- G01N2203/0256—Triaxial, i.e. the forces being applied along three normal axes of the specimen
Abstract
The invention relates to a rock triaxial confining pressure loading and seepage test device and a method, comprising the following steps: a rock sample clamping system comprising a base configured to place a rock sample; the rock sample triaxial confining pressure loading system comprises a hydraulic piston and a side pressure plate, wherein the hydraulic piston and the side pressure plate are installed on a base, a rock sample is placed on the side pressure plate, and the hydraulic piston and the side pressure plate are configured to apply confining pressure to the three axial directions of the rock sample; the rock sample seepage system comprises a liquid storage tank and a discharge port, wherein the liquid storage tank is configured to inject test fluid into the rock sample, and the discharge port is configured to discharge the test fluid so as to keep the fluid in a flowing state in the test process; DIC measurement system and computer control system, both configured to observe and process the rock sample and fluid flow conditions during the test. The test device and the test method can realize accurate observation and analysis of microscopic forms of rock such as seepage process, crack form and the like under the condition of loading the three-axis rock confining pressure.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to a rock triaxial confining pressure loading and seepage test device and method, in particular to a rock triaxial confining pressure loading and seepage test device and method based on a digital image correlation method (DIC) measurement technology, and belongs to the technical field of rock mechanical tests for oil and gas field development.
Background
Stratum rock is used as a direct operation object in the process of oil and gas exploitation, and the research on the performance state of the stratum rock is one of the main research directions in the field of oil and gas exploitation. The rock environment and stress at deep stratum are complex, besides being influenced by triaxial ground stress, the fluid seepage effect, water injection, gas injection and other production increasing measures in the oil and gas development process all influence the stress state and the flow capacity of the rock. In recent years, with technological progress, a large number of novel yield increasing technologies such as horizontal well volume fracturing, water jet reservoir transformation, pulse energization transformation and the like are widely applied, and the improvement of oil and gas yield is greatly promoted. Therefore, in the application of the new process technology, after a large amount of working fluid enters the stratum and acts on stratum rocks, researches on stress and strain states, crack formation expansion forms, seepage capacity and the like of the rocks are very important. At present, rock seepage tests are mainly carried out on a uniaxial or triaxial testing machine through the action of pressure difference, and the permeability of rocks is measured. Although the permeability of the rock is measured in such a test, the change of the microstructure of the rock and the change process cannot be directly observed, and the fundamental research on the analysis of the structure of the rock and the change of the seepage capability on a microstructure level is difficult.
Digital Image Correlation (DIC) is an optical measurement method based on Digital Image processing and numerical calculation, has loose requirements on test environment, strong anti-interference capability and high measurement precision, is a flexible, effective and powerful measurement means, and has great advantages on observation of information such as the current situation, deformation, movement and the like of a rock sample in the test process.
Disclosure of Invention
Aiming at the outstanding problems, the invention provides a rock triaxial confining pressure loading and seepage test device and method based on a digital image correlation method (DIC) measurement technology, and aims to solve the problem that the existing test technology cannot perform microscopic fine observation on the contents such as stress-strain change, crack formation expansion, fluid flow morphology and the like of a rock sample under the double coupling action of triaxial confining pressure and seepage of high-pressure energized fluid in rock.
In order to achieve the purpose, the invention adopts the following technical scheme:
the utility model provides a rock triaxial confined pressure loading and seepage flow test device, includes:
a rock sample clamping system comprising a base configured to place a rock sample;
the rock sample three-axis confining pressure loading system comprises a hydraulic piston and side pressure plates, wherein the hydraulic piston and the side pressure plates are installed on the base, the rock sample is placed on the side pressure plates, and the hydraulic piston and the side pressure plates are configured to apply confining pressure to the rock sample three-axis upwards;
a rock sample seepage system comprising a fluid reservoir configured to inject a test fluid into the rock sample and a discharge port configured to discharge the test fluid to maintain the fluid in a fluid state during the test;
DIC measurement system and computer control system, both configured to observe and process the rock sample and fluid flow conditions during the experiment.
Rock triaxial confined pressure loading and seepage flow test device, preferably, rock specimen clamping system still includes clear glass clamp plate and upper cover plate, will the rock specimen is arranged in back on the side pressure plate, the clear glass clamp plate install in the top of rock specimen, the upper cover plate is with the lid on the clear glass clamp plate, the clear glass clamp plate with fastening connection can be dismantled to the base, be provided with the observation window on the upper cover plate, the observation window is configured to observe the rock specimen.
Preferably, the hydraulic piston comprises a y-axial hydraulic piston, an x-axial hydraulic piston and a z-axial hydraulic piston which are all arranged on the base, and the side pressure plates comprise a y-axial side pressure plate, an x-axial side pressure plate and a z-axial side pressure plate which are all arranged on the base;
the y-axial hydraulic piston is movably connected with the y-axial side pressing plate, the x-axial hydraulic piston is movably connected with the x-axial side pressing plate, and the z-axial hydraulic piston is movably connected with the z-axial side pressing plate.
The rock triaxial confining pressure loading and seepage test device is characterized in that preferably, the rock sample triaxial confining pressure loading system further comprises a hydraulic pumping system and a plurality of piston plugs, the plurality of piston plugs are mounted on the base, and the piston plugs are configured to control starting and stopping of the hydraulic pistons;
the hydraulic pumping system is connected with the y-axis hydraulic piston through a hydraulic pipeline and a y-axis side compression joint, the hydraulic pumping system is connected with the x-axis hydraulic piston through a hydraulic pipeline and an x-axis side compression joint, and the hydraulic pumping system is connected with the z-axis hydraulic piston through a hydraulic pipeline and a z-axis side compression joint;
the hydraulic pumping system is also electrically connected with the computer control system through a hydraulic pump system control circuit.
Rock triaxial confined pressure loading and seepage test device, preferably, rock specimen seepage system still includes feed liquor booster pump and discharge liquid storage pot, the input of feed liquor booster pump pass through the booster pump pipeline with the output of liquid storage pot is connected, the output of feed liquor booster pump through injection pipeline and injection head with the base is connected, the entry of discharge liquid storage pot through discharge pipeline with the discharge port is connected, the feed liquor booster pump still through booster pump control circuit with the computer control system electricity is connected.
Preferably, the DIC measuring system comprises a camera, and the camera is electrically connected with the computer control system through a camera control circuit.
Preferably, the hydraulic pumping system is a single hydraulic system or three independent hydraulic systems so as to load the same or different surrounding rock pressures on the y-axis side pressure plate, the x-axis side pressure plate and the z-axis side pressure plate.
The rock triaxial confining pressure loading and seepage test device is characterized in that preferably, the number of the injection pipelines and the number of the injection heads are a plurality, the injection pipelines and the injection heads are arranged in a one-to-one correspondence manner, and injection parameters of each injection head can be controlled according to test requirements so as to simulate a non-uniform injection test.
Based on the test method of the rock triaxial confining pressure loading and seepage test device, the invention also provides a test method of the device, which comprises the following steps:
s1: placing the rock sample on the z-axis side pressure plate, sequentially installing the x-axis side pressure plate and the y-axis side pressure plate, pressing the transparent glass pressure plate on the rock sample, then installing the upper cover plate, and finally tightening and compacting the upper cover plate and the base by fastening bolts;
s2: the computer control system controls and starts the hydraulic pumping system, the hydraulic pumping system drives the hydraulic piston to axially move, and then the pressure measuring plate is pushed to press the rock sample, so that the rock sample confining pressure is applied;
s3: controlling and starting the liquid inlet booster pump to pump high-pressure fluid into the rock sample through the computer control system, so that the rock sample is in a seepage test state;
s4: and controlling the DIC measuring system to perform observation and recording through the computer control system, and finishing the processing of data.
Due to the adoption of the technical scheme, the invention has the following advantages:
1. the rock sample is installed and clamped through the rock sample clamping system, the rock sample triaxial confining pressure loading system provides triaxial confining pressure for the rock sample by applying hydraulic control, the rock sample seepage system implements energized high-pressure fluid seepage on the rock sample, and the rock sample is observed and analyzed by applying a digital image correlation method (DIC) measuring system. The test device and the test method can realize accurate observation and analysis of microscopic forms of rock such as seepage process, crack form and the like under the condition of loading the three-axis rock confining pressure.
2. The invention applies a digital image correlation method (DIC) to rock seepage observation, and provides a test detection method for stress-strain change, crack formation expansion and fluid flowing form of rock under the double coupling action of triaxial confining pressure and seepage of high-pressure energizing fluid in the rock, so that the action rule of the high-pressure energizing fluid on the rock is observed and researched under the condition of maximally simulating a stratum in a laboratory, and engineering practice is guided.
Drawings
Fig. 1 is a schematic diagram of a basic structure of a rock triaxial confining pressure loading and seepage test apparatus based on a DIC measurement technique according to an embodiment of the present invention;
the reference numerals in the figures are as follows:
1-a rock sample clamping system, 101-a base, 102-a transparent glass pressure plate, 103-a sealing ring, 104-an upper cover plate, 105-an observation window, 106-a fastening bolt, 107-a fastening bolt hole and 108-a rock sample; 2-rock sample triaxial confining pressure loading system, 201-hydraulic pumping system, 202-hydraulic pipeline, 203-y axis side press joint, 204-x axis side press joint, 205-z axis side press joint, 206-y axial hydraulic piston, 207-x axial hydraulic piston, 208-y axial side pressure plate, 209-x axial side pressure plate, 210-z axial side pressure plate, 211-piston plug, 212-hydraulic pump system control circuit; 3-rock sample seepage system, 301-liquid storage tank, 302-booster pump pipeline, 303-liquid inlet booster pump, 304-injection pipeline, 305-injection head, 306-discharge port, 307-discharge pipeline, 308-liquid outlet storage tank and 309-booster pump control circuit; 4-DIC measurement system, 401-camera, 402-camera control circuit, 5-computer control system.
Detailed Description
In order to make the objects, technical solutions and advantages of the present invention more apparent, the technical solutions of the present invention are described clearly and completely below, and it is obvious that the described embodiments are some, not all embodiments of the present invention. All other embodiments, which can be obtained by a person skilled in the art without any inventive step based on the embodiments of the present invention, are within the scope of the present invention.
Unless defined otherwise, technical or scientific terms used herein shall have the ordinary meaning as understood by one of ordinary skill in the art to which this invention belongs. The use of "first," "second," and similar terms in the present application do not denote any order, quantity, or importance, but rather the terms are used to distinguish one element from another. The word "comprising" or "comprises", and the like, means that the element or item listed before the word covers the element or item listed after the word and its equivalents, but does not exclude other elements or items. The terms "connected" or "coupled" and the like are not restricted to physical or mechanical connections, but may include electrical connections, whether direct or indirect. The expressions "upper", "lower", "x-axis", "y-axis" and the like used in the present invention are used only to indicate a relative positional relationship, and when the absolute position of the object to be described is changed, the relative positional relationship is also changed accordingly.
The invention provides a rock triaxial confining pressure loading and seepage test device, which comprises: the rock sample clamping system 1 comprises a base 101, wherein the base 101 is configured to place a rock sample 108; the rock sample triaxial confining pressure loading system 2 comprises a hydraulic piston and a side pressure plate, wherein the hydraulic piston and the side pressure plate are installed on a base 101, a rock sample 108 is placed on the side pressure plate, and the hydraulic piston and the side pressure plate are configured to apply confining pressure to the rock sample 108 in the triaxial direction; a rock sample seepage system 3 comprising a reservoir 301 and a discharge port 306, the reservoir 301 being configured to inject a test fluid into the rock sample 108, the discharge port 306 being configured to discharge the test fluid to maintain the fluid in a fluid state during the test; DIC measurement system 4 and computer control system 5, both configured to observe and process the rock sample 1 and fluid flow conditions during the test. The device can solve the problem that the prior test technology can not carry out microscopic fine observation on the contents of stress-strain change, crack formation expansion, fluid flow form and the like of a rock sample under the double coupling action of triaxial confining pressure and high-pressure energizing fluid seepage in the rock.
In this embodiment, preferably, the rock sample clamping system 1 further includes a transparent glass pressing plate 102 and an upper cover plate 104, after the rock sample 108 is placed on the side pressing plate, the transparent glass pressing plate 102 is installed above the rock sample 108, the upper cover plate 104 covers the transparent glass pressing plate 102, the transparent glass pressing plate 102 is detachably and tightly connected with the base 101, the upper cover plate 104 is provided with an observation window 105, and the observation window 105 is configured to observe the rock sample 108.
In this embodiment, preferably, the hydraulic pistons include a y-axis hydraulic piston 206, an x-axis hydraulic piston 207, and a z-axis hydraulic piston, which are all mounted on the base 101, and the side pressure plates include a y-axis side pressure plate 208, an x-axis side pressure plate 209, and a z-axis side pressure plate 210, which are also all mounted on the base 101;
the y-axis hydraulic piston 206 is movably connected with a y-axis side pressure plate 208, the x-axis hydraulic piston 207 is movably connected with an x-axis side pressure plate 209, and the z-axis hydraulic piston is movably connected with a z-axis side pressure plate 210.
In this embodiment, preferably, the rock sample triaxial confining pressure loading system 1 further includes a hydraulic pumping system 201 and a plurality of piston plugs 211, the plurality of piston plugs 211 are installed on the base 101, and the piston plugs 211 are configured to control starting and stopping of the hydraulic pistons;
the hydraulic pumping system 201 is connected with a y-axial hydraulic piston 206 through a hydraulic pipeline 202 and a y-axial side crimping head 203, the hydraulic pumping system 201 is connected with an x-axial hydraulic piston 207 through the hydraulic pipeline 202 and an x-axial side crimping head 204, and the hydraulic pumping system 201 is connected with a z-axial hydraulic piston through the hydraulic pipeline 202 and a z-axial side crimping head 205;
the hydraulic pump system 201 is also electrically connected to the computer control system 5 via a hydraulic pump system control line 212.
In this specific embodiment, preferably, the rock sample seepage system 3 further includes a liquid inlet booster pump 303 and a liquid outlet tank 308, an input end of the liquid inlet booster pump 303 is connected to an output end of the liquid outlet tank 301 through a booster pump pipeline 302, an output end of the liquid inlet booster pump 303 is connected to the base 101 through an injection pipeline 304 and an injection head 305, an inlet of the liquid outlet tank 308 is connected to an outlet 306 through an exhaust pipeline 307, and the liquid inlet booster pump 303 is further electrically connected to the computer control system 5 through a booster pump control line 309.
In this embodiment, preferably, the DIC measurement system 4 comprises a camera 401, and the camera 401 is electrically connected to the computer control system 5 through a camera control circuit.
In this embodiment, the hydraulic pumping system 201 is preferably a single hydraulic system or three independent hydraulic systems, so as to load the y-axial side platen 208, the x-axial side platen 209 and the z-axial side platen 210 with the same or different wall rock pressures.
In this embodiment, the injection lines 304 and the injection heads 305 are preferably provided in a number and in a one-to-one correspondence, and the injection parameters of each injection head 305 can be controlled according to the test requirements to simulate the non-uniform injection test.
In this embodiment, the transparent glass platen 102 is preferably a transparent plexiglas platen 102.
Based on the rock triaxial confining pressure loading and seepage test device, the invention also provides a test method of the device, which comprises the following steps:
s1: placing the rock sample 108 on a z-axis side pressure plate 210, sequentially installing an x-axis side pressure plate 209 and a y-axis side pressure plate 208, pressing the transparent glass pressure plate 102 on the rock sample 108, then installing an upper cover plate 104, and finally tightening and compacting the upper cover plate 104 and the base 101 by using a fastening bolt 106;
s2: the hydraulic pumping system 201 is controlled and started by the computer control system 5, the hydraulic pumping system 201 drives a hydraulic piston to axially move, and then a pressure measuring plate is pushed to press the rock sample 108, so that the application of confining pressure of the rock sample 108 is completed;
s3: controlling and starting a liquid inlet booster pump 303 to pump and inject high-pressure fluid into the rock sample 108 through the computer control system 5, so that the rock sample 108 is in a seepage test state;
s4: the computer control system 5 controls the DIC measuring system 4 to observe and record, and completes the processing of data.
Finally, it should be noted that: the above examples are only intended to illustrate the technical solution of the present invention, but not to limit it; although the present invention has been described in detail with reference to the foregoing embodiments, it will be understood by those of ordinary skill in the art that: the technical solutions described in the foregoing embodiments may still be modified, or some technical features may be equivalently replaced; and such modifications or substitutions do not depart from the spirit and scope of the corresponding technical solutions of the embodiments of the present invention.
Claims (9)
1. The utility model provides a rock triaxial confined pressure loading and seepage flow test device which characterized in that includes:
a rock sample clamping system (1) comprising a base (101), the base (101) being configured to place a rock sample (108);
a rock sample triaxial confining pressure loading system (2) comprising a hydraulic piston and side pressure plates, the hydraulic piston and side pressure plates being mounted on the base (101), the rock sample (108) being placed on the side pressure plates, the hydraulic piston and side pressure plates being configured to apply confining pressure in three axial directions to the rock sample (108);
a rock sample seepage system (3) comprising a fluid reservoir (301) and a discharge port (306), the fluid reservoir (301) being configured to inject a test fluid into the rock sample (108), the discharge port (306) being configured to discharge the test fluid to maintain the fluid in a fluid state during the test;
DIC measurement system (4) and computer control system (5) both configured to observe and process the rock sample (1) and fluid flow conditions during the test.
2. The rock tri-axial confining pressure loading and seepage testing device according to claim 1, characterized in that the rock sample clamping system (1) further comprises a transparent glass pressing plate (102) and an upper cover plate (104), when the rock sample (108) is placed on the side pressing plates, the transparent glass pressing plate (102) is installed above the rock sample (108), the upper cover plate (104) is covered on the transparent glass pressing plate (102), the transparent glass pressing plate (102) is detachably and tightly connected with the base (101), the upper cover plate (104) is provided with an observation window (105), and the observation window (105) is configured to observe the rock sample (108).
3. The rock tri-axial confining pressure loading and seepage testing device according to claim 2, characterized in that the hydraulic piston comprises a y-axial hydraulic piston (206), an x-axial hydraulic piston (207) and a z-axial hydraulic piston, all of which are mounted on the base (101), and the side pressure plates comprise a y-axial side pressure plate (208), an x-axial side pressure plate (209) and a z-axial side pressure plate (210), all of which are mounted on the base (101);
the y-axis hydraulic piston (206) is movably connected with the y-axis side pressure plate (208), the x-axis hydraulic piston (207) is movably connected with the x-axis side pressure plate (209), and the z-axis hydraulic piston is movably connected with the z-axis side pressure plate (210).
4. The rock triaxial confining pressure loading and seepage test device according to claim 3, wherein the rock sample triaxial confining pressure loading system (1) further comprises a hydraulic pumping system (201) and a plurality of piston plugs (211), the plurality of piston plugs (211) are mounted on the base (101), and the piston plugs (211) are configured to control the start and stop of the hydraulic piston;
the hydraulic pumping system (201) is connected with the y-axis hydraulic piston (206) through a hydraulic pipeline (202) and a y-axis side crimping head (203), the hydraulic pumping system (201) is connected with the x-axis hydraulic piston (207) through the hydraulic pipeline (202) and an x-axis side crimping head (204), and the hydraulic pumping system (201) is connected with the z-axis hydraulic piston through the hydraulic pipeline (202) and a z-axis side crimping head (205);
the hydraulic pump system (201) is also electrically connected to the computer control system (5) via a hydraulic pump system control line (212).
5. The rock triaxial confining pressure loading and seepage test device according to claim 4, wherein the rock sample seepage system (3) further comprises a liquid inlet booster pump (303) and a liquid outlet storage tank (308), wherein an input end of the liquid inlet booster pump (303) is connected with an output end of the liquid storage tank (301) through a booster pump pipeline (302), an output end of the liquid inlet booster pump (303) is connected with the base (101) through an injection pipeline (304) and an injection head (305), an inlet of the liquid outlet storage tank (308) is connected with the outlet (306) through an outlet pipeline (307), and the liquid inlet booster pump (303) is further electrically connected with the computer control system (5) through a booster pump control line (309).
6. The device for triaxial confining pressure loading and seepage testing of rock according to claim 5, wherein DIC measuring system (4) comprises a camera (401), and the camera (401) is electrically connected with the computer control system (5) through a camera control circuit.
7. The rock tri-axial confining pressure loading and seepage testing apparatus according to claim 6, wherein the hydraulic pumping system (201) is a single hydraulic system or three independent hydraulic systems so as to load the y-axial side pressure plate (208), the x-axial side pressure plate (209) and the z-axial side pressure plate (210) with the same or different confining pressure.
8. The rock tri-axial confining pressure loading and seepage test device as claimed in claim 7, wherein the number of the injection pipelines (304) and the injection heads (305) is several, the injection pipelines and the injection heads (305) are arranged in a one-to-one correspondence manner, and injection parameters of each injection head (305) can be controlled according to test requirements so as to simulate a non-uniform injection test.
9. A test method of the rock triaxial confining pressure loading and seepage test device according to any one of claims 1-8, comprising the steps of:
s1: placing the rock sample (108) on the z-axis side pressing plate (210), sequentially installing the x-axis side pressing plate (209) and the y-axis side pressing plate (208), pressing the transparent glass pressing plate (102) on the rock sample (108), then installing the upper cover plate (104), and finally tightening and compacting the upper cover plate (104) and the base (101) by using fastening bolts (106);
s2: the hydraulic pumping system (201) is controlled and started through the computer control system (5), the hydraulic pumping system (201) drives the hydraulic piston to axially move, and then the pressure measuring plate is pushed to press and support the rock sample (108), so that the application of confining pressure of the rock sample (108) is completed;
s3: controlling and starting the liquid inlet booster pump (303) to pump and inject high-pressure fluid into the rock sample (108) through the computer control system (5), so that the rock sample (108) is in a seepage test state;
s4: and the computer control system (5) is used for controlling the DIC measuring system (4) to perform observation and recording and finishing the processing of data.
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| CN113776931A (en) * | 2021-09-30 | 2021-12-10 | 中国科学院武汉岩土力学研究所 | Shale visualization fracturing experimental device and method based on DIC technology |
| CN113914841A (en) * | 2021-10-14 | 2022-01-11 | 中国科学院武汉岩土力学研究所 | Shale visual fracturing experimental device and method |
| CN114034623A (en) * | 2021-11-22 | 2022-02-11 | 山东科技大学 | Stress-seepage coupling evolution visualization system under action of non-uniform load |
| CN114112768A (en) * | 2021-11-19 | 2022-03-01 | 中国铁建重工集团股份有限公司 | High energy-gathering combined barrier-breaking test system and method |
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