CN108894764B - Visual two-dimensional hydraulic fracture simulation experiment device - Google Patents
Visual two-dimensional hydraulic fracture simulation experiment device Download PDFInfo
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- CN108894764B CN108894764B CN201810755338.6A CN201810755338A CN108894764B CN 108894764 B CN108894764 B CN 108894764B CN 201810755338 A CN201810755338 A CN 201810755338A CN 108894764 B CN108894764 B CN 108894764B
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- 238000004088 simulation Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 37
- 230000000007 visual effect Effects 0.000 title claims abstract description 29
- 239000011435 rock Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 72
- 238000002347 injection Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 40
- 239000007924 injection Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 40
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 34
- 239000011148 porous material Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 28
- 238000012360 testing method Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 25
- 239000012530 fluid Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 16
- 239000000523 sample Substances 0.000 claims description 70
- 238000007789 sealing Methods 0.000 claims description 23
- 239000011521 glass Substances 0.000 claims description 9
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- 238000011160 research Methods 0.000 abstract description 6
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 description 17
- 230000008569 process Effects 0.000 description 13
- 239000012528 membrane Substances 0.000 description 7
- 238000002474 experimental method Methods 0.000 description 5
- 238000011161 development Methods 0.000 description 4
- 238000010586 diagram Methods 0.000 description 4
- 238000005516 engineering process Methods 0.000 description 4
- 238000003825 pressing Methods 0.000 description 4
- 238000009530 blood pressure measurement Methods 0.000 description 3
- 238000013461 design Methods 0.000 description 3
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- 230000006835 compression Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000007906 compression Methods 0.000 description 2
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- 238000005086 pumping Methods 0.000 description 2
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- 229920006395 saturated elastomer Polymers 0.000 description 1
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- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E21—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; MINING
- E21B—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; OBTAINING OIL, GAS, WATER, SOLUBLE OR MELTABLE MATERIALS OR A SLURRY OF MINERALS FROM WELLS
- E21B43/00—Methods or apparatus for obtaining oil, gas, water, soluble or meltable materials or a slurry of minerals from wells
- E21B43/25—Methods for stimulating production
- E21B43/26—Methods for stimulating production by forming crevices or fractures
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Abstract
The invention relates to a visual two-dimensional hydraulic fracture simulation experiment device which comprises a testing machine, a pressurizing device and a control part, wherein the testing machine comprises a confining pressure cavity, the top of the confining pressure cavity is provided with an upper cover, and the upper cover is provided with a transparent window; the pressurizing device comprises a lateral pressurizing plate capable of applying horizontal pressure to the rock sample, and a lateral pressurizing hydraulic structure is connected to the lateral pressurizing plate; the pressurizing device also comprises a longitudinal pressurizing plate which can apply vertical pressure to the rock sample, the bottom of the longitudinal pressurizing plate is connected with a longitudinal pressurizing hydraulic cylinder, a plurality of liquid injection holes and a plurality of pressure measuring holes are arranged on the longitudinal pressurizing plate, and each liquid injection hole is communicated with the fracturing fluid injection pump; the control part comprises a data acquisition unit and a control unit. The device can be used for the simulation experiment research of a plurality of two-dimensional hydraulic fractures under the conditions of pore pressure, confining pressure and the like, can obtain the data of hydraulic fracture such as the length of the fracture, the width of the fracture, the extension speed, the stress strain field around the fracture, the pore pressure field and the like, and has the advantages of simple structure, convenient operation and strong practicability.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to the field of rock mechanics in petroleum engineering, in particular to a visual two-dimensional hydraulic fracture simulation experiment device.
Background
The unconventional oil gas is widely distributed in China, and the national resource department predicts that the unconventional oil gas will account for 1/3 of the total oil gas yield by 2030. Most unconventional oil and gas wells have the problem of unobvious darcy permeability, and the yield can be seen after fracturing stimulation measures must be implemented. The hydraulic fracturing technology becomes an important means for developing unconventional oil and gas resources, and has direct influence on the economic development of oil and gas.
In the hydraulic fracturing process, parameters such as the length, width and expansion speed of the hydraulic fracture have important influence on the hydraulic fracturing effect. Meanwhile, the stress, strain and pore pressure distribution around the hydraulic fracture in the hydraulic fracturing process have important significance for the research of the hydraulic fracturing mechanism. The existing hydraulic fracturing simulation experiment device and method generally cannot accurately obtain data such as the length, width, extension speed, stress strain distribution and pore pressure distribution of hydraulic fractures in a rock sample, so that a new hydraulic fracturing simulation device needs to be designed and researched.
Therefore, the inventor provides a visual two-dimensional hydraulic fracture simulation experiment device by virtue of experience and practice of related industries for many years so as to overcome the defects in the prior art.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention aims to provide a visual two-dimensional hydraulic fracture simulation experiment device which can be used for the simulation experiment research of multiple (single) two-dimensional hydraulic fractures under the conditions of pore pressure, confining pressure and the like, can obtain data of hydraulic fractures such as the length, width and extension speed of the fracture, a stress strain field and a pore pressure field around the fracture and the like, and has the advantages of simple structure, convenience in operation and strong practicability.
The invention aims to realize the aim that a visual two-dimensional hydraulic fracture simulation experiment device comprises,
the testing machine comprises a confining pressure cavity which is used for fixedly accommodating a rock sample provided with a prefabricated well hole and can be sealed, wherein the top of the confining pressure cavity is detachably and hermetically provided with an upper cover, and a sealed transparent window is arranged on the upper cover;
the pressurizing device comprises a lateral pressurizing plate which is arranged in the confining pressure cavity and can apply horizontal pressure to the rock sample, and a lateral pressurizing hydraulic structure which can drive the lateral pressurizing plate to move horizontally and can apply horizontal pressure is connected onto the lateral pressurizing plate; the pressurizing device further comprises a longitudinal pressurizing plate which is hermetically arranged at the bottom of the confining pressure cavity and can apply vertical pressure to the rock sample, the bottom of the longitudinal pressurizing plate is detachably connected with a longitudinal pressurizing hydraulic cylinder which can drive the longitudinal pressurizing plate to move up and down and can apply vertical pressure, a plurality of liquid injection holes and a plurality of pressure measuring holes are formed in the longitudinal pressurizing plate, and each liquid injection hole is communicated with the fracturing fluid injection pump;
the control part comprises a data acquisition unit and a control unit, wherein the data acquisition unit comprises a high-speed camera suspended above the upper cover and pressure probes arranged in the pressure measuring holes, the control unit is used for receiving image information and pressure information transmitted by the data acquisition unit, and the control unit can control the fracturing fluid injection pump, the lateral pressurizing hydraulic structure and the working state of the longitudinal pressurizing hydraulic cylinder.
In a preferred embodiment of the present invention, the cross section of the confining pressure cavity is rectangular, one side wall of the confining pressure cavity is a first side wall, the other side wall adjacent to the first side wall is a second side wall, the lateral pressure plate comprises a first lateral pressure plate arranged in parallel with the first side wall and a second lateral pressure plate arranged in parallel with the second side wall, the lateral pressure hydraulic structure comprises a first lateral pressure hydraulic cylinder arranged on an outer wall of the first side wall, the first lateral pressure hydraulic cylinder can drive the first lateral pressure plate to move horizontally along the length direction of the second side wall, the lateral pressure hydraulic structure further comprises a second lateral pressure hydraulic cylinder arranged on an outer wall of the second side wall, the second lateral pressure hydraulic cylinder can drive the second lateral pressure plate to move horizontally along the length direction of the first side wall, and the first lateral pressurizing hydraulic cylinder and the second lateral pressurizing hydraulic cylinder are communicated with the confining pressure pump.
In a preferred embodiment of the present invention, the first lateral pressurizing hydraulic cylinder includes a first lateral hydraulic cylinder barrel capable of being sealed, a first lateral piston is disposed in the first lateral hydraulic cylinder barrel in a sealing and sliding manner, one end of the first lateral piston is fixedly connected to a first lateral pressurizing rod, the other end of the first lateral pressurizing rod is sealingly inserted through the first lateral hydraulic cylinder barrel and then sealingly inserted through the first sidewall, and the other end of the first lateral pressurizing rod is fixedly connected to the first lateral pressurizing plate;
the second lateral pressurizing hydraulic cylinder comprises a second lateral hydraulic cylinder barrel capable of being sealed, a second lateral piston is arranged in the second lateral hydraulic cylinder barrel in a sealed sliding mode, one end of the second lateral piston is fixedly connected with a second lateral pressurizing rod, the other end of the second lateral pressurizing rod penetrates through the second lateral hydraulic cylinder barrel in a sealed mode and penetrates through the second side wall in a sealed mode, and the other end of the second lateral pressurizing rod is fixedly connected with the second lateral pressurizing plate.
In a preferred embodiment of the present invention, one end of the first lateral hydraulic cylinder is fixedly connected to a first fixing plate, the first fixing plate is fixedly connected to the first sidewall, the first fixing plate is provided with a first lateral pressurizing rod through hole, and the first lateral pressurizing rod is sealingly inserted through the first lateral pressurizing rod through hole; a first lateral plug is hermetically sleeved inside the other end of the first lateral hydraulic cylinder barrel, and a first lateral end cover is hermetically sleeved outside the other end of the first lateral hydraulic cylinder barrel; one end of the second lateral hydraulic cylinder barrel is fixedly connected to a second fixing plate, the second fixing plate is fixedly connected to the second lateral wall, a second pressure rod through hole is formed in the second fixing plate, and the second pressure rod penetrates through the second pressure rod through hole in a sealing mode.
In a preferred embodiment of the present invention, a plurality of first connecting rods are horizontally and outwardly disposed on the first sidewall, first connecting through holes are disposed on the first fixing plate corresponding to the first connecting rods, and the first connecting rods are fixedly connected to first fixing nuts after passing through the first connecting through holes; a plurality of second connecting rods are horizontally and outwards arranged on the second side wall in an extending mode, second connecting through holes are correspondingly formed in the second fixing plate and correspond to the second connecting rods, and the second connecting rods penetrate through the second connecting through holes and then are fixedly connected with second fixing nuts.
In a preferred embodiment of the present invention, the longitudinal pressurizing hydraulic cylinder is communicated with the confining pressure pump; the longitudinal pressurizing hydraulic cylinder comprises a longitudinal hydraulic cylinder barrel, a longitudinal piston is arranged in the longitudinal hydraulic cylinder barrel in a sealing sliding mode, a longitudinal hydraulic shaft extends upwards from the longitudinal piston, and the other end of the longitudinal hydraulic shaft penetrates through the top end of the longitudinal hydraulic cylinder barrel in a sealing mode and then is detachably connected with the longitudinal pressurizing plate.
In a preferred embodiment of the present invention, a hydraulic cylinder base is detachably and hermetically disposed at a bottom end of the longitudinal hydraulic cylinder barrel, and a liquid injection port and a liquid discharge port are disposed on the hydraulic cylinder base.
In a preferred embodiment of the present invention, the testing machine further includes a transparent upper PVC film covering the top of the rock sample, a lower PVC film covering the bottom of the rock sample, and a plurality of through holes corresponding to the liquid injection holes and the pressure measurement holes are formed in the lower PVC film.
In a preferred embodiment of the present invention, a window through hole is formed in the center of the upper cover, and a glass plate is fixedly sealed below the window through hole to form the transparent window.
In a preferred embodiment of the present invention, the confining pressure cavity is further provided with a through-going and sealable exhaust hole, and the exhaust hole can be communicated with a vacuum pump or a pore pressure pump.
In a preferred embodiment of the present invention, the testing machine further includes a testing machine rigid frame, the confining pressure cavity is erected on the testing machine rigid frame, a rigid frame support plate is arranged at the bottom of the testing machine rigid frame, and the longitudinal pressurizing hydraulic cylinder is arranged on the rigid frame support plate.
In a preferred embodiment of the present invention, a camera support is disposed on the upper cover, and the high-speed camera is mounted on the camera support.
From the above, the visual two-dimensional hydraulic fracture simulation experiment device provided by the invention has the following beneficial effects:
in the visual two-dimensional hydraulic fracture simulation experiment device, the pressurizing device pressurizes the rock sample to simulate the actual stress on stratum rock, the high-speed camera can photograph the generation and development processes of the two-dimensional hydraulic fracture of the rock sample in real time through the transparent window, and the distribution rule of parameters such as stress, strain, pore pressure and the like on the rock sample in the hydraulic fracturing process can be obtained through DIC technology and pressure monitoring; the visual two-dimensional hydraulic fracture simulation experiment device is simple in structure, convenient to operate and high in practicability, can be used for performing hydraulic fracture simulation experiments on natural rock samples and artificial samples under confining pressure conditions, can obtain distribution rules of more parameters in the experiment process, and can provide more bases for hydraulic fracture design of oil fields and research institutions.
Drawings
The drawings are only for purposes of illustrating and explaining the present invention and are not to be construed as limiting the scope of the present invention. Wherein:
FIG. 1: the invention discloses an overall schematic diagram of a visual two-dimensional hydraulic fracture simulation experiment device.
FIG. 2: is a structural schematic diagram of the testing machine of the invention.
FIG. 3: is a schematic layout diagram of the confined pressure cavity.
FIG. 4: the structure of the first lateral pressurizing hydraulic cylinder is shown schematically.
FIG. 5: the structure of the longitudinal pressurizing hydraulic cylinder is shown schematically.
FIG. 6: the invention is a structural schematic diagram of a camera support and a high-speed camera.
FIG. 7: is a schematic illustration of the sealing of a rock sample according to the invention.
In the figure:
100. a visual two-dimensional hydraulic fracture simulation experiment device;
1. an upper cover; 2. a glass plate; 3. a confining pressure cavity; 4. a longitudinal pressing plate; 5. a first lateral pressing plate; 6. a testing machine rigid frame; 7. a longitudinal hydraulic shaft; 71. a groove structure; 8. a longitudinal fluid cylinder barrel; 9. a hydraulic cylinder base; 10. a first connecting rod; 11. a first fixing nut; 12. a first lateral hydraulic cylinder; 13. a first lateral end cap; 14. a first lateral plug; 15. a first lateral piston; 16. a first fixing plate; 17. a first lateral pressurizing rod; 18. a first pressure ring; 19. a camera support; 20. a high-speed camera; 21. a rock sample; 22. coating a PVC film; i, a liquid injection port; II, a liquid discharge port.
Detailed Description
In order to more clearly understand the technical features, objects, and effects of the present invention, embodiments of the present invention will now be described with reference to the accompanying drawings.
As shown in fig. 1 to 7, the present invention provides a two-dimensional hydraulic fracture simulation experiment apparatus 100 for visualization, which comprises,
the testing machine comprises a confining pressure cavity 3 which is used for fixedly accommodating a rock sample 21 provided with a prefabricated well hole and can be sealed, the top of the confining pressure cavity 3 is detachably and hermetically provided with an upper cover 1, in the embodiment, the upper cover 1 is connected with the top of the side wall of the confining pressure cavity 3 through a bolt and is sealed through a sealing ring, and the upper cover 1 is provided with a sealed transparent window;
the pressurizing device comprises a lateral pressurizing plate which is arranged in the confining pressure cavity 3 and can apply horizontal pressure to a rock sample 21 (which can be a natural rock sample or an artificial sample), and a lateral pressurizing hydraulic structure which can drive the lateral pressurizing plate to move horizontally and can apply the horizontal pressure is connected to the lateral pressurizing plate; the pressurizing device further comprises a longitudinal pressurizing plate 4 which is hermetically arranged at the bottom of the confining pressure cavity 3 and can apply vertical pressure to the rock sample 21, in the embodiment, the longitudinal pressurizing plate 4 and the side wall of the confining pressure cavity 3 are sealed through a sealing ring, the longitudinal pressurizing plate 4 forms a sealing bottom plate of the confining pressure cavity 3, during an experiment, the distance between the top surface of the longitudinal pressurizing plate 4 and the bottom surface of the upper cover 1 is smaller than the height of the rock sample 21, and hydraulic cracks generated on the rock sample 21 can be equivalently processed into two-dimensional hydraulic cracks. The bottom of the longitudinal pressurizing plate 4 is detachably connected with a longitudinal pressurizing hydraulic cylinder which can drive the longitudinal pressurizing plate to move up and down and can apply vertical pressure, a plurality of liquid injection holes and a plurality of pressure measuring holes are formed in the longitudinal pressurizing plate 4, and the liquid injection holes and the pressure measuring holes are arranged in a rectangular array; each injection hole is communicated with a fracturing fluid injection pump (which is arranged outside the testing machine and used for pumping fracturing fluid into the confining pressure cavity 3 in the prior art), and the fracturing fluid injection pump simultaneously injects the fracturing fluid through the injection holes, so that a plurality of hydraulic cracks appear on the rock sample 21, and the mutual influence among the hydraulic cracks can be researched;
the control part comprises a data acquisition unit and a control unit, the data acquisition unit comprises a high-speed camera 20 suspended above the upper cover 1 and pressure probes arranged in the pressure measuring holes, the high-speed camera 20 can generate and develop a two-dimensional hydraulic crack on the rock sample through a transparent window, and the pressure probes can measure the pore pressure on the rock sample 21, so that the pore pressure distribution rule of the rock sample 21 is obtained; the control unit is used for receiving the image information and the pressure information transmitted by the data acquisition unit, and can control the working states of the fracturing fluid injection pump, the lateral pressurizing hydraulic structure and the longitudinal pressurizing hydraulic cylinder.
In the visual two-dimensional hydraulic fracture simulation experiment device, the pressurizing device pressurizes the rock sample to simulate the actual stress on stratum rock, the high-speed camera can photograph the generation and development processes of the two-dimensional hydraulic fracture of the rock sample in real time through the transparent window, and the distribution rule of parameters such as stress, strain, pore pressure and the like on the rock sample in the hydraulic fracturing process can be obtained through DIC technology and pressure monitoring; the visual two-dimensional hydraulic fracture simulation experiment device is simple in structure, convenient to operate and high in practicability, can be used for performing hydraulic fracture simulation experiments on natural rock samples and artificial samples under confining pressure conditions, can obtain distribution rules of more parameters in the experiment process, and can provide more bases for hydraulic fracture design of oil fields and research institutions.
Further, as shown in fig. 1, 2, 3, and 4, the cross section of the confining pressure cavity 3 is rectangular, one side wall of the confining pressure cavity 3 is set to be a first side wall, the other side wall adjacent to the first side wall is set to be a second side wall, and the lateral pressure plates include a first lateral pressure plate 5 arranged in parallel with the first side wall and a second lateral pressure plate arranged in parallel with the second side wall; the lateral pressurizing hydraulic structure comprises a first lateral pressurizing hydraulic cylinder arranged on the outer wall of the first side wall, the first lateral pressurizing hydraulic cylinder can drive the first lateral pressurizing plate 5 to horizontally move along the length direction of the second side wall, the lateral pressurizing hydraulic structure further comprises a second lateral pressurizing hydraulic cylinder arranged on the outer wall of the second side wall, the second lateral pressurizing hydraulic cylinder can drive the second lateral pressurizing plate to horizontally move along the length direction of the first side wall, and the first lateral pressurizing hydraulic cylinder and the second lateral pressurizing hydraulic cylinder are both communicated with the confining pressure pump.
The length direction of the first side wall is set to be the X-axis direction, the length direction of the second side wall is set to be the Y-axis direction, the moving direction of the longitudinal pressurizing hydraulic cylinder driving the longitudinal pressurizing plate 4 is set to be the Z-axis direction, the first lateral pressurizing hydraulic cylinder applies Y-axis direction pressure to the rock sample 21 through the first lateral pressurizing plate 5, the second lateral pressurizing hydraulic cylinder applies X-axis direction pressure to the rock sample 21 through the second lateral pressurizing plate, the longitudinal pressurizing hydraulic cylinder applies Z-axis direction pressure to the rock sample 21 through the longitudinal pressurizing plate 4, the pressurizing device applies three-way confining pressure to the rock sample 21, and three-way stress actually received by stratum rock is simulated.
Further, as shown in fig. 1 and 4, the first lateral pressurizing hydraulic cylinder includes a first lateral hydraulic cylinder barrel 12 capable of being sealed, a first lateral piston 15 is arranged in the first lateral hydraulic cylinder barrel 12 in a sealing and sliding manner, one end of the first lateral piston 15 is fixedly connected with a first lateral pressurizing rod 17, the other end of the first lateral pressurizing rod 17 is hermetically penetrated through the first lateral hydraulic cylinder barrel 12 and then hermetically penetrated through a first side wall, and the other end of the first lateral pressurizing rod 17 is fixedly connected with the first lateral pressurizing plate 5;
the second lateral pressurizing hydraulic cylinder and the first lateral pressurizing hydraulic cylinder adopt the same structure, the second lateral pressurizing hydraulic cylinder comprises a second lateral hydraulic cylinder barrel capable of being sealed, a second lateral piston is arranged in the second lateral hydraulic cylinder barrel in a sealing and sliding mode, one end of the second lateral piston is fixedly connected with a second lateral pressurizing rod, the other end of the second lateral pressurizing rod is sealed to penetrate through the second lateral hydraulic cylinder barrel and then is sealed to penetrate through a second side wall, and the other end of the second lateral pressurizing rod is fixedly connected with a second lateral pressurizing plate.
Further, as shown in fig. 1 and 4, one end of the first lateral cylinder 12 is fixedly connected to the first fixing plate 16, the first fixing plate 16 is fixedly connected to the first side wall, the first fixing plate 16 is provided with a first lateral pressure rod through hole, the first lateral pressure rod 17 is hermetically inserted through the first lateral pressure rod through hole, and in order to ensure the sealing performance, the first lateral pressure rod through hole is hermetically provided with a first press ring 18 which can be hermetically sleeved on the first lateral pressure rod 17; a first lateral choke plug 14 is hermetically sleeved inside the other end of the first lateral hydraulic cylinder barrel 12, and a first lateral end cover 13 is hermetically sleeved outside the other end of the first lateral hydraulic cylinder barrel 12; one end of the second lateral hydraulic cylinder barrel is fixedly connected to the second fixing plate, the second fixing plate is fixedly connected to the second side wall, a second pressure rod through hole is formed in the second fixing plate, and the second pressure rod penetrates through the second pressure rod through hole in a sealing mode.
Further, as shown in fig. 1, a plurality of first connecting rods 10 are horizontally and outwardly disposed on the first side wall, first connecting through holes are disposed on the first fixing plate 16 corresponding to the first connecting rods 10, and the first connecting rods 10 are fixedly connected to first fixing nuts 11 after passing through the first connecting through holes;
a plurality of second connecting rods are horizontally and outwards extended from the second side wall, second connecting through holes are correspondingly formed in the second fixing plate and correspond to the second connecting rods, and the second connecting rods penetrate through the second connecting through holes and then are fixedly connected with second fixing nuts.
Further, as shown in fig. 1 and 5, a longitudinal pressurizing hydraulic cylinder is communicated with the confining pressure pump; the longitudinal pressurizing hydraulic cylinder comprises a longitudinal hydraulic cylinder barrel 8, a longitudinal piston is arranged in the longitudinal hydraulic cylinder barrel 8 in a sealing sliding mode, an upper air cavity is formed above the longitudinal piston, a lower liquid cavity is formed below the longitudinal piston, a vent hole is formed in the top of the longitudinal hydraulic cylinder barrel 8, and a liquid injection port and a liquid discharge port are formed in the bottom of the longitudinal hydraulic cylinder barrel 8; the lower liquid cavity takes oil, the longitudinal piston moves upwards, and the upper air cavity exhausts; the lower liquid cavity takes oil, the longitudinal piston moves upwards, and the upper air cavity takes air. The longitudinal piston is upwards extended and provided with a longitudinal hydraulic shaft 7, the other end of the longitudinal hydraulic shaft 7 penetrates through the top end of the longitudinal hydraulic cylinder barrel 8 in a sealing mode and then is detachably connected with the longitudinal pressurizing plate, in the embodiment, the top end of the longitudinal hydraulic cylinder barrel 8 is provided with a sealing ring, and sealing between the longitudinal hydraulic shaft 7 and the longitudinal hydraulic cylinder barrel 8 is achieved. In this embodiment, the other end of the longitudinal hydraulic shaft 7 is provided with a groove structure 71, and the groove structure 71 is a connection line of the liquid injection hole and a pressure probe reserved space in the pressure measuring hole. The longitudinal hydraulic shaft 7 drives the longitudinal pressurizing plate to ascend and descend under the hydraulic action, and when the longitudinal pressurizing plate descends to the lowest limiting position of the confining pressure cavity 3, the longitudinal hydraulic shaft 7 is separated from the longitudinal pressurizing plate.
In the present embodiment, the bottom end of the longitudinal hydraulic cylinder barrel 8 is detachably and hermetically provided with a hydraulic cylinder base 9, and the hydraulic cylinder base is provided with a liquid injection port i and a liquid discharge port ii. The longitudinal pressurizing hydraulic cylinder is communicated with the confining pressure pump through a liquid injection port I and a liquid discharge port II. In the present embodiment, the hydraulic cylinder base 9 is sealed with the bottom end of the longitudinal hydraulic cylinder barrel 8 by a seal ring.
Further, as shown in fig. 7, the testing machine further includes a transparent upper PVC membrane 22 covering the top of the rock sample 21, a lower PVC membrane covering the bottom of the rock sample 21, and a plurality of membrane through holes corresponding to the injection holes and the pressure measuring holes are formed in the lower PVC membrane. The upper and lower PVC films 22 and 1 seal the upper and lower surfaces of the rock sample 21 under the pressing action of the longitudinal pressing plate 4 and the upper cap 1 against each other, preventing liquid from leaking along the upper and lower surfaces of the rock sample 21. In the present embodiment, the shape and size of the upper PVC film 22 and the lower PVC film are respectively consistent with the shape and size of the upper surface and the lower surface of the rock sample 21; and the plurality of membrane through holes are arranged corresponding to the liquid injection holes and the pressure measuring holes, so that liquid injection fracturing and pore pressure measurement of the rock sample 21 are realized.
Further, as shown in fig. 1, a window through hole is formed in the center of the upper cover 1, a glass plate 2 is fixedly sealed below the window through hole to form the transparent window, and the glass plate 2 is a high-strength glass plate. In the present embodiment, the glass plate 2 is attached to the bottom of the upper cover 1 by bolts and sealed by a gasket.
Furthermore, the confining pressure cavity 3 is also provided with a through and sealable exhaust hole which can be communicated with a vacuum pump or a pore pressure pump; in this embodiment, a valve switch is disposed at the exhaust hole, an outlet of the valve switch can be opened, and the outlet of the valve switch can be hermetically connected with a vacuum pump or a pore pressure pump. When the exhaust hole is opened, the exhaust hole is used for exhausting the confining pressure cavity outwards; when the exhaust hole is communicated with the vacuum pump, the vacuum pump vacuumizes the confining pressure cavity 3; when the exhaust hole is communicated with the pore pressure pump, the pore pressure pump injects liquid into the confining pressure cavity 3 to fully saturate the rock sample 21 and reach the set pore pressure, so that the rock sample 21 is subjected to hydraulic fracturing under the condition of the pore pressure.
Further, as shown in fig. 1 and fig. 2, the testing machine further includes a testing machine rigid frame 6, the confining pressure cavity 3 is erected on the testing machine rigid frame 6, and in this embodiment, the confining pressure cavity 3 is fixedly connected to the testing machine rigid frame 6 through bolts; the bottom of the testing machine rigid frame is provided with a rigid frame support plate, the rigid frame support plate is provided with a longitudinal pressurizing hydraulic cylinder, and in the embodiment, the longitudinal pressurizing hydraulic cylinder is fixedly connected with the rigid frame support plate through a hydraulic cylinder base 9.
Further, as shown in fig. 6, a camera support 19 is arranged on the upper cover 1, the high-speed camera 20 is erected on the camera support 19, a lens of the high-speed camera 20 faces the center of a transparent window on the upper cover 1, the high-speed camera 20 can visually monitor the whole process of the two-dimensional hydraulic fracture cracking and expanding through the transparent window, the fracture image of the upper surface of the rock sample 21 is transmitted to the control part, and data such as the length, the width and the extension speed of the hydraulic fracture, and a stress strain field and a pore pressure field around the fracture are obtained through a DIC method (optical method).
When the visual two-dimensional hydraulic fracture simulation experiment device 100 disclosed by the invention is used for carrying out an experiment, the operation steps are as follows:
first, the upper and lower surfaces of the processed rock sample 21 are respectively attached with transparent PVC flexible films (upper PVC film 22 and lower PVC film) in accordance with the requirements, thereby preventing liquid from leaking along the upper and lower surfaces of the rock sample 21. The sealed rock sample 21 is then placed on the longitudinal compression plate 4, and the membrane through holes in the lower PVC membrane of the lower surface of the rock sample 21 are aligned with the injection holes and the pressure measuring holes in the longitudinal compression plate 4 one by one, so that injection and pressure measurement can be carried out. Then the upper cover 1 is placed on the confining pressure cavity 3, the upper cover 1 is fixed on the confining pressure cavity 3 by bolts, the camera bracket 19 and the high-speed camera 20 are placed on the upper cover 1, the camera lens is opposite to the central position of the transparent window of the upper cover 1, then the liquid injection hole and the pressure measuring hole of the longitudinal pressurizing plate 4 are respectively connected with a liquid injection pipeline and a pressure probe, and the data transmission lines of the high-speed camera 20 and the pressure probe are connected to a control part (a data acquisition computer).
During the test, open the exhaust hole department valve switch of confined pressure cavity 3, start the confined pressure pump and annotate oil respectively to first side direction pressurization pneumatic cylinder, second side direction pressurization pneumatic cylinder and vertical pressurization pneumatic cylinder, vertical hydraulic shaft 7 promotes vertical pressure plate 4 and moves upwards and promotes rock sample 21 and move to upper cover 1, first side direction pressure bar 17 promotes first side direction pressure plate 5 and moves inwards and press to rock sample 21, second side direction pressure bar promotes second side direction pressure plate and moves inwards and press to rock sample 21, when vertical pressure plate 4, the glass board 2 of upper cover 1 bottom, first side direction pressure plate 5 and second side direction pressure plate compress tightly rock sample 21, close the confined pressure pump.
Then, communicating a valve switch at an exhaust hole of the ambient pressure cavity 3 with a vacuum pump, and starting the vacuum pump to carry out vacuum pumping treatment on the rock sample 21 in the ambient pressure cavity 3; the confining pressure pump is started again to carry out confining pressure loading on the rock sample 21, and after the set confining pressure is reached, liquid injection is stopped, and the three-dimensional confining pressure is kept unchanged;
and (3) communicating a valve switch at an exhaust hole of the confining pressure cavity 3 with a pore pressure pump, starting the pore pressure pump to inject liquid into the confining pressure cavity 3, and maintaining the set pore pressure when the rock sample 21 is fully saturated and reaches the set pore pressure.
And finally, starting the high-speed camera, starting a fracturing fluid injection pump, injecting fracturing fluid into the prefabricated well hole on the rock sample 21 through the fluid injection hole of the longitudinal pressurizing plate 4 according to the set fluid injection speed, and recording experimental data until the rock sample 21 is completely broken.
After the rock sample 21 is completely fractured, data acquisition (fracture image and pore pressure acquisition) is stopped, and the fracturing fluid injection pump is closed to reduce the injection pressure to 0. The pore pressure pump is activated and the pore pressure applied to the rock sample 21 is removed. The method comprises the steps that a first lateral pressurizing hydraulic cylinder, a second lateral pressurizing hydraulic cylinder and a longitudinal pressurizing hydraulic cylinder are used for discharging oil, a longitudinal pressurizing plate 4 moves downwards, a first lateral pressurizing plate 5 and a second lateral pressurizing plate move outwards, a glass plate 2 at the bottom of an upper cover 1, the first lateral pressurizing plate 5 and the second lateral pressurizing plate are separated from a rock sample 21, then a high-speed camera 20 and a camera support 19 are removed from the upper cover 1, bolts connecting the upper cover 1 and a confining pressure cavity 3 are disassembled, the upper cover 1 is lifted away by lifting equipment, and finally the rock sample 21 is disassembled from the confining pressure cavity 3, so that the whole experimental process is completed.
From the above, the visual two-dimensional hydraulic fracture simulation experiment device provided by the invention has the following beneficial effects:
in the visual two-dimensional hydraulic fracture simulation experiment device, the pressurizing device pressurizes the rock sample to simulate the actual stress on stratum rock, the high-speed camera can photograph the generation and development processes of the two-dimensional hydraulic fracture of the rock sample in real time through the transparent window, and the distribution rule of parameters such as stress, strain, pore pressure and the like on the rock sample in the hydraulic fracturing process can be obtained through DIC technology and pressure monitoring; the visual two-dimensional hydraulic fracture simulation experiment device is simple in structure, convenient to operate and high in practicability, can be used for performing hydraulic fracture simulation experiments on natural rock samples and artificial samples under confining pressure conditions, can obtain distribution rules of more parameters in the experiment process, and can provide more bases for hydraulic fracture design of oil fields and research institutions.
The above description is only an exemplary embodiment of the present invention, and is not intended to limit the scope of the present invention. Any equivalent changes and modifications that can be made by one skilled in the art without departing from the spirit and principles of the invention should fall within the protection scope of the invention.
Claims (11)
1. A visual two-dimensional hydraulic fracture simulation experiment device is characterized by comprising,
the testing machine comprises a confining pressure cavity which is used for fixedly accommodating a rock sample provided with a prefabricated well hole and can be sealed, wherein the top of the confining pressure cavity is detachably and hermetically provided with an upper cover, and a sealed transparent window is arranged on the upper cover; a window through hole is formed in the center of the upper cover, and a glass plate is fixedly arranged below the window through hole in a sealing manner to form the transparent window;
the pressurizing device comprises a lateral pressurizing plate which is arranged in the confining pressure cavity and can apply horizontal pressure to the rock sample, and a lateral pressurizing hydraulic structure which can drive the lateral pressurizing plate to move horizontally and can apply horizontal pressure is connected onto the lateral pressurizing plate; the pressurizing device further comprises a longitudinal pressurizing plate which is hermetically arranged at the bottom of the confining pressure cavity and can apply vertical pressure to the rock sample, the bottom of the longitudinal pressurizing plate is detachably connected with a longitudinal pressurizing hydraulic cylinder which can drive the longitudinal pressurizing plate to move up and down and can apply vertical pressure, a plurality of liquid injection holes and a plurality of pressure measuring holes are formed in the longitudinal pressurizing plate, and each liquid injection hole is communicated with the fracturing fluid injection pump;
the control part comprises a data acquisition unit and a control unit, wherein the data acquisition unit comprises a high-speed camera suspended above the upper cover and pressure probes arranged in the pressure measuring holes, the control unit is used for receiving image information and pressure information transmitted by the data acquisition unit, and the control unit can control the fracturing fluid injection pump, the lateral pressurizing hydraulic structure and the working state of the longitudinal pressurizing hydraulic cylinder.
2. The visual two-dimensional hydraulic fracture simulation experiment device according to claim 1, wherein the confining pressure cavity has a rectangular cross section, one side wall of the confining pressure cavity is a first side wall, the other side wall adjacent to the first side wall is a second side wall, the lateral pressure plates comprise a first lateral pressure plate parallel to the first side wall and a second lateral pressure plate parallel to the second side wall, the lateral pressure hydraulic structure comprises a first lateral pressure hydraulic cylinder disposed on an outer wall of the first side wall, the first lateral pressure hydraulic cylinder can drive the first lateral pressure plate to move horizontally along a length direction of the second side wall, the lateral pressure hydraulic structure further comprises a second lateral pressure hydraulic cylinder disposed on an outer wall of the second side wall, the second lateral pressure hydraulic cylinder can drive the second lateral pressure plate to move horizontally along a length direction of the first side wall, and the first lateral pressurizing hydraulic cylinder and the second lateral pressurizing hydraulic cylinder are communicated with the confining pressure pump.
3. The visual two-dimensional hydraulic fracture simulation experiment device as claimed in claim 2, wherein the first lateral pressurizing hydraulic cylinder comprises a first lateral hydraulic cylinder barrel capable of being sealed, a first lateral piston is arranged in the first lateral hydraulic cylinder barrel in a sealing and sliding manner, one end of the first lateral piston is fixedly connected with a first lateral pressurizing rod, the other end of the first lateral pressurizing rod penetrates through the first lateral hydraulic cylinder barrel in a sealing manner and then penetrates through the first side wall in a sealing manner, and the other end of the first lateral pressurizing rod is fixedly connected with the first lateral pressurizing plate;
the second lateral pressurizing hydraulic cylinder comprises a second lateral hydraulic cylinder barrel capable of being sealed, a second lateral piston is arranged in the second lateral hydraulic cylinder barrel in a sealed sliding mode, one end of the second lateral piston is fixedly connected with a second lateral pressurizing rod, the other end of the second lateral pressurizing rod penetrates through the second lateral hydraulic cylinder barrel in a sealed mode and penetrates through the second side wall in a sealed mode, and the other end of the second lateral pressurizing rod is fixedly connected with the second lateral pressurizing plate.
4. The visual two-dimensional hydraulic fracture simulation experiment device according to claim 3, wherein one end of the first lateral hydraulic cylinder barrel is fixedly connected to a first fixing plate, the first fixing plate is fixedly connected to the first side wall, a first lateral pressurization rod through hole is formed in the first fixing plate, and the first lateral pressurization rod is hermetically inserted through the first lateral pressurization rod through hole; a first lateral plug is hermetically sleeved inside the other end of the first lateral hydraulic cylinder barrel, and a first lateral end cover is hermetically sleeved outside the other end of the first lateral hydraulic cylinder barrel; one end of the second lateral hydraulic cylinder barrel is fixedly connected to a second fixing plate, the second fixing plate is fixedly connected to the second lateral wall, a second pressure rod through hole is formed in the second fixing plate, and the second pressure rod penetrates through the second pressure rod through hole in a sealing mode.
5. The visual two-dimensional hydraulic fracture simulation experiment device according to claim 4, wherein a plurality of first connecting rods are horizontally and outwardly arranged on the first side wall, first connecting through holes are arranged on the first fixing plate corresponding to the first connecting rods, and the first connecting rods are fixedly connected with first fixing nuts after penetrating through the first connecting through holes; a plurality of second connecting rods are horizontally and outwards arranged on the second side wall in an extending mode, second connecting through holes are correspondingly formed in the second fixing plate and correspond to the second connecting rods, and the second connecting rods penetrate through the second connecting through holes and then are fixedly connected with second fixing nuts.
6. The visual two-dimensional hydraulic fracture simulation experiment device according to claim 1, wherein the longitudinal pressurizing hydraulic cylinder is communicated with a confining pressure pump; the longitudinal pressurizing hydraulic cylinder comprises a longitudinal hydraulic cylinder barrel, a longitudinal piston is arranged in the longitudinal hydraulic cylinder barrel in a sealing sliding mode, a longitudinal hydraulic shaft extends upwards from the longitudinal piston, and the other end of the longitudinal hydraulic shaft penetrates through the top end of the longitudinal hydraulic cylinder barrel in a sealing mode and then is detachably connected with the longitudinal pressurizing plate.
7. The visual two-dimensional hydraulic fracture simulation experiment device as claimed in claim 6, wherein a hydraulic cylinder base is detachably and hermetically arranged at the bottom end of the longitudinal hydraulic cylinder barrel, and a liquid injection port and a liquid discharge port are formed in the hydraulic cylinder base.
8. The visual two-dimensional hydraulic fracture simulation experiment device as claimed in claim 1, wherein the testing machine further comprises a transparent upper PVC film covering the top of the rock sample, a lower PVC film covering the bottom of the rock sample, and a plurality of film through holes corresponding to the injection holes and the pressure measuring holes are arranged on the lower PVC film.
9. The visual two-dimensional hydraulic fracture simulation experiment device according to claim 1, wherein the confining pressure cavity is further provided with a through and sealable exhaust hole, and the exhaust hole can be communicated with a vacuum pump or a pore pressure pump.
10. The visual two-dimensional hydraulic fracture simulation experiment device according to claim 1, wherein the testing machine further comprises a testing machine rigid frame, the confining pressure cavity is erected on the testing machine rigid frame, a rigid frame support plate is arranged at the bottom of the testing machine rigid frame, and the longitudinal pressurizing hydraulic cylinder is arranged on the rigid frame support plate.
11. The visual two-dimensional hydraulic fracture simulation experiment device according to claim 1, wherein a camera support is arranged on the upper cover, and the high-speed camera is erected on the camera support.
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| CN110331970B (en) * | 2019-07-02 | 2021-07-02 | 中国石油天然气股份有限公司 | Multistage fracturing simulation experiment device |
| CN110805437A (en) * | 2019-10-09 | 2020-02-18 | 大港油田集团有限责任公司 | Visual device for simulating flow law of self-supporting fracturing fluid with variable seam width |
| CN111223376B (en) * | 2020-02-12 | 2022-10-14 | 山东大学 | Physical experiment system and method for visual rock hydraulic fracturing plane problem |
| CN112065350B (en) * | 2020-08-05 | 2022-10-25 | 河南理工大学 | Hydraulic fracturing fracture propagation mechanism and fracturing after-effect test system and method |
| CN112761629A (en) * | 2021-03-10 | 2021-05-07 | 中国石油大学(北京) | Method and device for measuring crack propagation resistance of high-temperature rock |
| CN113588440B (en) * | 2021-09-27 | 2022-02-08 | 华北科技学院 | Real-time observation test platform for rock microscopic structure under multi-field coupling |
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