CN112817091A - Mach-Zehnder interferometer and multichannel coarse wavelength division multiplexer - Google Patents
Mach-Zehnder interferometer and multichannel coarse wavelength division multiplexer Download PDFInfo
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- G02B6/00—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings
- G02B6/24—Coupling light guides
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- G02B6/28—Optical coupling means having data bus means, i.e. plural waveguides interconnected and providing an inherently bidirectional system by mixing and splitting signals
- G02B6/293—Optical coupling means having data bus means, i.e. plural waveguides interconnected and providing an inherently bidirectional system by mixing and splitting signals with wavelength selective means
- G02B6/29346—Optical coupling means having data bus means, i.e. plural waveguides interconnected and providing an inherently bidirectional system by mixing and splitting signals with wavelength selective means operating by wave or beam interference
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Abstract
The present disclosure provides a mach-zehnder interferometer comprising: two input waveguides for inputting wide-spectrum optical signals; a first multimode interference coupler for splitting the broad spectrum optical signal into two component beams; two phase shift waveguides, which are used to make two component beams propagate in the two phase shift waveguides respectively and generate specific phase difference; a second multimode interference coupler for causing the two component beams, each of which produces an optical signal of at least one specified wavelength, to interfere; and the two output waveguides are used for respectively outputting the signal light with at least one appointed wavelength generated by the two component light beams. Based on the interferometer, the multi-channel coarse wavelength division multiplexer is further provided, compared with the traditional cascaded Mach-Zehnder interferometer wavelength division multiplexer which uses the directional coupler as the optical splitter, the multi-mode interference coupler as the optical splitter is insensitive to wavelength, the splitting ratio is stable, and the crosstalk of output signals can be effectively reduced.
Description
Technical Field
The disclosure relates to the technical field of optical fiber communication and integrated optics, in particular to a Mach-Zehnder interferometer based on a multimode interference coupler and a multichannel coarse wavelength division multiplexer.
Background
With the development of network and communication technologies, the demand of people for information volume has increased explosively. Conventional electrical communication has failed to meet the demand of people, and optical communication is leading the trend of the communication field. Wavelength Division Multiplexing (WDM) technology is a key technology in an optical communication system, and is one of the core technologies for improving the communication capacity of an optical network at present. Among them, the coarse wavelength division multiplexing technique with 20nm channel spacing is widely applied to various short-distance interconnections.
Filters based on a cascaded Mach-Zehnder interferometer (MZI) architecture are a common type of wavelength division multiplexer. Compared with Arrayed Waveguide Gratings (AWGs), Waveguide Bragg gratings (Waveguide Bragg gratings) and the like, the cascaded mach-zehnder interferometer has the advantages of lower crosstalk and loss, smaller device size and the like. However, the conventional cascaded mach-zehnder interferometer adopts a Directional Coupler (Directional Coupler) as an optical splitter, so that the wavelength sensitivity is strong, and the performance of the device is restricted. Meanwhile, the required process precision of the cascade Mach-Zehnder interferometer is high, and the process tolerance is low, so that the traditional cascade Mach-Zehnder interferometer structure is difficult to achieve ideal performance and cannot be practically applied.
Disclosure of Invention
In view of the above problems, the present invention provides a mach-zehnder interferometer based on a multimode interference coupler and a multi-channel coarse wavelength division multiplexer, so as to solve the above technical problems.
One aspect of the present disclosure provides a mach-zehnder interferometer comprising: two input waveguides for inputting wide-spectrum optical signals; a first multimode interference coupler for splitting the broad spectrum optical signal into two component beams; two phase shifting waveguides, which are used for enabling the two component beams to propagate in the two phase shifting waveguides respectively and generating specific phase difference; a second multimode interference coupler for causing the two component beams, each producing an optical signal of at least one specified wavelength, to interfere with each other to produce a specific phase difference; and the two output waveguides are used for respectively outputting the signal light with at least one appointed wavelength generated by the two component light beams.
Optionally, the input waveguide and the first multimode interference coupler, the first multimode interference coupler and the phase shifting waveguide, the phase shifting waveguide and the second multimode interference coupler, and the second multimode interference coupler and the output waveguide are connected by a tapered waveguide.
Optionally, the narrow end of the tapered waveguide is the same width as the corresponding connected waveguide.
Optionally, the phase shifting waveguide comprises: the waveguide structure comprises a first curved waveguide, a first tapered waveguide, a first straight waveguide, a second tapered waveguide, a second curved waveguide, a third tapered waveguide, a second straight waveguide, a fourth tapered waveguide and a third curved waveguide, wherein the waveguides are sequentially connected end to end.
Optionally, the widths of the first straight waveguide and the second straight waveguide are wider than the widths of the first curved waveguide, the second curved waveguide and the third curved waveguide, and the widths of both ends of the first tapered waveguide, the second tapered waveguide, the third tapered waveguide and the fourth tapered waveguide are the same as the widths of the connected waveguides.
Optionally, the two phase shifting waveguides have the same radius of curvature and length of each curved waveguide, the same length of each tapered waveguide, and different lengths of each straight waveguide.
Optionally, each waveguide in the interferometer is a slab waveguide or a ridge waveguide.
Optionally, the splitting ratios of the first multimode interference coupler and the second multimode interference coupler are both 50: 50.
optionally, the interferometer is made of a material at least comprising lithium niobate, silicon dioxide, indium phosphide or gallium arsenide.
The present disclosure also provides a multichannel coarse wavelength division multiplexer, including: the wavelength division multiplexer is formed by cascading a plurality of mach-zehnder interferometers as described in the first aspect, wherein two output ends of a preceding mach-zehnder interferometer are respectively connected with one input end of a succeeding mach-zehnder interferometer through a waveguide.
Alternatively, the Mach-Zehnder interferometers of each stage may have different center wavelengths.
The at least one technical scheme adopted in the embodiment of the disclosure can achieve the following beneficial effects:
1. the multi-mode interference coupler is adopted as the optical splitter, so that the processing tolerance of the optical splitter can be effectively improved.
2. The optical splitter based on the multimode interference coupler is insensitive to wavelength, and can keep a basically unchanged splitting ratio in a wide spectral range, so that the crosstalk of output signals is effectively reduced.
3. The waveguide of the unequal arm part in the phase shift waveguide is widened, so that the processing tolerance can be effectively improved, and the performance of the device is improved; and simultaneously, the tapered waveguide is adopted to connect waveguides with different widths, so that single-mode transmission is ensured.
4. The wavelength division multiplexer can be composed of a plurality of Mach-Zehnder interferometer structures, and has the advantages of simple structure, low loss, small volume and small adjusting and controlling difficulty.
Drawings
For a more complete understanding of the present disclosure and the advantages thereof, reference is now made to the following descriptions taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, in which:
FIG. 1 schematically illustrates a schematic diagram of a multi-mode interference coupler based Mach-Zehnder interferometer provided by an embodiment of the present disclosure;
FIG. 2 schematically illustrates a schematic diagram of a multimode interference coupler based on a multimode interference coupler Mach-Zehnder interferometer provided by an embodiment of the disclosure;
fig. 3 schematically illustrates a schematic diagram of a phase-shifting waveguide provided by an embodiment of the present disclosure;
fig. 4 schematically illustrates a structural diagram of a multichannel coarse wavelength division multiplexer provided by an embodiment of the present disclosure;
fig. 5 schematically illustrates a simulated spectral image of a multichannel coarse wavelength division multiplexer provided by an embodiment of the present disclosure in an operating state.
Description of reference numerals:
101-an input waveguide; 102-a first multimode interference coupler; 103-phase shifting waveguides; 104-a second multimode interference coupler; 105-an output waveguide; 201-input end tapered waveguide; 202-coupling region waveguide; 203-output end tapered waveguide; 301-a first curved waveguide; 302-a second curved waveguide; 303-a third curved waveguide; 311-a first tapered waveguide; 312-a second tapered waveguide; 313-a third tapered waveguide; 314-a fourth tapered waveguide; 321-a first straight waveguide; 322-a second straight waveguide; 1-connecting a waveguide; 2-connecting the waveguides; i-a first Mach-Zehnder interferometer; II-a second Mach-Zehnder interferometer; III-third Mach-Zehnder interferometer.
Detailed Description
Hereinafter, embodiments of the present disclosure will be described with reference to the accompanying drawings. It should be understood that the description is illustrative only and is not intended to limit the scope of the present disclosure. In the following detailed description, for purposes of explanation, numerous specific details are set forth in order to provide a thorough understanding of the embodiments of the disclosure. It may be evident, however, that one or more embodiments may be practiced without these specific details. Moreover, in the following description, descriptions of well-known structures and techniques are omitted so as to not unnecessarily obscure the concepts of the present disclosure.
The terminology used herein is for the purpose of describing particular embodiments only and is not intended to be limiting of the disclosure. The terms "comprises," "comprising," and the like, as used herein, specify the presence of stated features, steps, operations, and/or components, but do not preclude the presence or addition of one or more other features, steps, operations, or components.
All terms (including technical and scientific terms) used herein have the same meaning as commonly understood by one of ordinary skill in the art unless otherwise defined. It is noted that the terms used herein should be interpreted as having a meaning that is consistent with the context of this specification and should not be interpreted in an idealized or overly formal sense.
Some block diagrams and/or flow diagrams are shown in the figures. It will be understood that some blocks of the block diagrams and/or flowchart illustrations, or combinations thereof, can be implemented by computer program instructions. These computer program instructions may be provided to a processor of a general purpose computer, special purpose computer, or other programmable data processing apparatus, such that the instructions, which execute via the processor, create means for implementing the functions/acts specified in the block diagrams and/or flowchart block or blocks.
Fig. 1 schematically illustrates a schematic diagram of a mach-zehnder interferometer based on a multi-mode interference coupler according to an embodiment of the present disclosure.
As shown in fig. 1, embodiments of the present disclosure provide a mach-zehnder interferometer comprising: two input waveguides 101, a first multi-mode interference coupler 102, two phase shifting waveguides 103, a second multi-mode interference coupler 104, and two output waveguides 105.
Two input waveguides 101 for inputting the wide-spectrum optical signal.
A first multimode interference coupler 102 for splitting the broad spectrum optical signal into two component beams.
Two phase shift waveguides 103 for propagating the two component beams in the two phase shift waveguides 103, respectively, and generating a specific phase difference.
A second multimode interference coupler 104 for interfering the two component beams that produce a specific phase difference, each producing an optical signal of at least one specified wavelength.
Two output waveguides 105 for respectively outputting at least one signal light of a specified wavelength generated by each of the two component light beams.
Based on the mach-zehnder interferometer provided by the embodiment of the present disclosure, when a wide-spectrum optical signal is input into the mach-zehnder interferometer through the input waveguide 101, the wide-spectrum optical signal is split by the first multimode interference coupler 102 and then enters the two phase shift waveguides 103 respectively; after passing through the phase shift waveguide 103, the two paths of light have a specific phase difference, and interfere in the second multimode interference coupler 104, so that the wavelength satisfying the interference constructive condition is enhanced, and the wavelength satisfying the interference destructive condition is suppressed; after the interference action, the optical signal output with the appointed wavelength can be obtained. Since the splitting ratio of the first multimode interference coupler 102 remains substantially constant over a wide spectral range, the respective output optical signals have both low loss and crosstalk. On the other hand, the multi-mode interference coupler is adopted as the optical splitter, so that the processing tolerance of the optical splitter can be effectively improved.
As shown in fig. 1, the input waveguide 101 and the first multi-mode interference coupler 102, the first multi-mode interference coupler 102 and the phase shifting waveguide 103, the phase shifting waveguide 103 and the second multi-mode interference coupler 104, and the second multi-mode interference coupler 104 and the output waveguide 105 are connected by tapered waveguides. And as can be seen from the figure, the narrow end of each tapered waveguide is the same width as the corresponding connected waveguide. The tapered waveguide is connected with waveguides with different widths, so that single-mode transmission is ensured.
Fig. 2 schematically illustrates a schematic diagram of a multimode interference coupler based on a multimode interference coupler mach-zehnder interferometer provided by an embodiment of the disclosure.
As shown in fig. 2, the first multimode interference coupler 102 or the second multimode interference coupler 104 includes: a coupling region waveguide 202, an input end 201 and an output end 203, wherein the input end and the output end are both two tapered waveguides for connecting waveguides correspondingly connected to the first multimode interference coupler 102 or the second multimode interference coupler 104, for example, the two tapered waveguides 201 at the input end of the first multimode interference coupler 102 are respectively used for connecting the two input waveguides 101, and the two tapered waveguides 203 at the output end of the first multimode interference coupler 102 are respectively used for connecting the two phase shifting waveguides 103. The two tapered waveguides at each end of the first multimode interference coupler 102 or the second multimode interference coupler 104 have wide bottoms connected to the coupling region waveguide 202, and the centers of the wide ends are respectively located at the one-third wide position and the two-thirds wide position of the wide side of the coupling region strip waveguide.
In the disclosed embodiment, the splitting ratios of the first multimode interference coupler 102 and the second multimode interference coupler are both 50: 50.
fig. 3 schematically illustrates a schematic diagram of a phase-shift waveguide 103 provided by an embodiment of the present disclosure.
As shown in fig. 3, the phase shift waveguide 103 includes: the waveguide structure comprises a first curved waveguide 301, a first tapered waveguide 311, a first straight waveguide 321, a second tapered waveguide 312, a second curved waveguide 302, a third tapered waveguide 313, a second straight waveguide 322, a fourth tapered waveguide 314 and a third curved waveguide 303, wherein the waveguides are sequentially connected end to end.
In the embodiment of the present disclosure, the widths of the first straight waveguide 321 and the second straight waveguide 322 are wider than the widths of the first curved waveguide 301, the second curved waveguide 302, and the third curved waveguide 303, and the widths of both ends of the first tapered waveguide 311, the second tapered waveguide 312, the third tapered waveguide 313, and the fourth tapered waveguide 314 are the same as the widths of the connected waveguides.
The phase shift waveguide 103 provided by the embodiment of the present disclosure widens the waveguide of the unequal-arm portion in the phase shift waveguide 103, which can effectively improve the processing tolerance, thereby improving the device performance, and meanwhile, the tapered waveguide is adopted to connect waveguides with different widths, thereby ensuring single-mode transmission.
Further, the two phase shifting waveguides 103 have the same radius of curvature and length of each curved waveguide, the same length of each tapered waveguide, and different lengths of each straight waveguide. The lengths of the straight waveguides are different, so that a length difference exists between the two phase shift waveguides 103, and a specific phase difference exists after the optical signal passes through the two phase shift waveguides 103, so that interference occurs in the beam combiner of the second multimode interference coupler 104.
In the disclosed embodiments, each waveguide in the interferometer is a strip waveguide or a ridge waveguide.
Optionally, the mach-zehnder interferometer is fabricated from a material including at least lithium niobate, silicon dioxide, indium phosphide, or gallium arsenide. By adjusting the proportion of the preparation materials, the effective refractive index of the phase shift waveguide 103 in the interferometer can be adjusted, so that the central wavelength of the interferometer can be adjusted, and the interferometer can output optical signals with specified wavelength.
The mach-zehnder interferometer provided by the embodiment of the disclosure adopts the multimode interference coupler as the optical splitter, can effectively improve the processing tolerance of the optical splitter, is insensitive to wavelength, and can keep the basically unchanged splitting ratio in a wide spectrum range, thereby effectively reducing the crosstalk of output signals.
The present disclosure provides a multichannel coarse wavelength division multiplexer, which is formed by cascading a plurality of mach-zehnder interferometers as shown in fig. 1, wherein two output ends of the mach-zehnder interferometer of the previous stage are respectively connected with one input end of the two mach-zehnder interferometers of the next stage through a waveguide.
Fig. 4 schematically illustrates a structural diagram of a multichannel coarse wavelength division multiplexer provided by an embodiment of the present disclosure.
As shown in fig. 4, an embodiment of the present disclosure provides a four-channel coarse wavelength division multiplexer, which is formed by cascading two stages of filters, where the first stage of filter includes a first mach-zehnder interferometer I, and the second stage of filter includes a second mach-zehnder interferometer II and a third mach-zehnder interferometer III.
As shown in fig. 4, in the disclosed embodiment, the two output waveguides 105 of the first mach-zehnder interferometer I are connected to one input waveguide 101 of the second and third mach-zehnder interferometers by connecting waveguides 1, 2. In the ith mach-zehnder interferometer (i is 1, 2, 3), two input waveguides 101 are connected to two input ends of the optical splitter, two output ends of the first multimode interference coupler 102 are connected to the first curved waveguides 301 of the two phase shift waveguides 103, the third curved waveguides 303 of the phase shift waveguides 103 are connected to the input ends of the second multimode interference coupler 104, and the output ends of the second multimode interference coupler 104 are connected to the output waveguides 105.
In the two phase-shift waveguides 103 in the same mach-zehnder interferometer, the curvature radius and the length of the curved waveguide are the same, and the length of the tapered waveguide is the same; the straight waveguides are different in length so that a difference in length exists between the two phase shifting waveguides 103.
In the disclosed embodiment, the center wavelengths of the Mach-Zehnder interferometers at each stage are different.
The specific operation of the four-channel coarse wavelength division multiplexer will be described in detail below.
In the disclosed embodiment, when a broad-spectrum optical signal is input into the first mach-zehnder interferometer I by the input waveguide 101, it is fractionally performed by the first multimode interference coupler 102 by 50: after 50 light splitting, the light enters two phase shift waveguides 103 respectively; after the two paths of light pass through the phase shift waveguide 103, a specific phase difference exists, interference occurs in the beam combiner of the second multimode interference coupler 104, the wavelength reinforcement meeting the interference constructive condition and the wavelength suppression meeting the interference destructive condition are realized; after the interference action, assuming that optical signals of 1270nm and 1310nm wavelength components in input light are input into the second Mach-Zehnder interferometer II through the connecting waveguide 1, and optical signals of 1290nm and 1330nm wavelength components in the input light are input into the third Mach-Zehnder interferometer III through the connecting waveguide 2; through the interference action similar to that in the first mach-zehnder interferometer I, optical signals of 1270nm and 1310nm wavelength components are output from the output waveguide 105 of the second mach-zehnder interferometer II, respectively, and optical signals of 1290nm and 1330nm wavelength components are output from the output waveguide 105 of the third mach-zehnder interferometer III, respectively. Fig. 5 schematically shows simulated spectra of 1270nm, 1310nm, 1290nm and 1330nm optical signals obtained by the multichannel coarse wavelength division multiplexer provided by the embodiment of the disclosure in an operating state. Since the splitting ratio of the multi-mode interference coupler is basically kept unchanged in a wide spectral range, the optical signals output by the couplers have lower loss and crosstalk at the same time.
It is understood that, in addition to the four-channel coarse wavelength division multiplexer shown in fig. 4, the multi-channel coarse wavelength division multiplexer provided by the embodiment of the present disclosure may be formed by cascading more mach-zehnder interferometers to form a more-channel wavelength division multiplexer.
In the disclosed embodiment, the center wavelength adjustment of the wavelength division multiplexer can be achieved by tuning the effective refractive index of the phase shifting waveguide 103(103) in the mach-zehnder interferometer.
Specifically, the multichannel wavelength division multiplexer can adjust the effective refractive index of the phase shift waveguide 103 by the thermo-optic effect or the electro-optic effect to tune the center wavelength thereof.
Optionally, the multichannel wavelength division multiplexer is fabricated on a lithium niobate, silicon dioxide, indium phosphide or gallium arsenide platform by a semiconductor process.
The wavelength division multiplexer provided by the disclosure can be formed by cascading a plurality of Mach-Zehnder interferometers, has the advantages of simple structure, low loss, small size and the like, and is low in adjustment and control difficulty.
Those skilled in the art will appreciate that various combinations and/or combinations of features recited in the various embodiments and/or claims of the present disclosure can be made, even if such combinations or combinations are not expressly recited in the present disclosure. In particular, various combinations and/or combinations of the features recited in the various embodiments and/or claims of the present disclosure may be made without departing from the spirit or teaching of the present disclosure. All such combinations and/or associations are within the scope of the present disclosure.
While the disclosure has been shown and described with reference to certain exemplary embodiments thereof, it will be understood by those skilled in the art that various changes in form and details may be made therein without departing from the spirit and scope of the disclosure as defined by the appended claims and their equivalents. Accordingly, the scope of the present disclosure should not be limited to the above-described embodiments, but should be defined not only by the appended claims, but also by equivalents thereof.
Claims (11)
1. A mach-zehnder interferometer, comprising:
two input waveguides for inputting wide-spectrum optical signals;
a first multimode interference coupler for splitting the broad spectrum optical signal into two component beams;
two phase shifting waveguides, which are used for enabling the two component beams to propagate in the two phase shifting waveguides respectively and generating specific phase difference;
a second multimode interference coupler for causing the two component beams, each producing an optical signal of at least one specified wavelength, to interfere with each other to produce a specific phase difference;
and the two output waveguides are used for respectively outputting the signal light with at least one appointed wavelength generated by the two component light beams.
2. The interferometer of claim 1, wherein the input waveguide and the first multi-mode interference coupler, the first multi-mode interference coupler and the phase shifting waveguide, the phase shifting waveguide and the second multi-mode interference coupler, and the second multi-mode interference coupler and the output waveguide are connected by tapered waveguides.
3. The interferometer of claim 2, wherein the narrow end of the tapered waveguide is the same width as the corresponding connected waveguide.
4. The interferometer of claim 1, wherein the phase shifting waveguide comprises:
the waveguide structure comprises a first curved waveguide, a first tapered waveguide, a first straight waveguide, a second tapered waveguide, a second curved waveguide, a third tapered waveguide, a second straight waveguide, a fourth tapered waveguide and a third curved waveguide, wherein the waveguides are sequentially connected end to end.
5. The interferometer of claim 4, wherein the widths of the first and second straight waveguides are wider than the widths of the first, second and third curved waveguides, and the widths of the two ends of the first, second, third and fourth tapered waveguides are the same as the widths of the connected waveguides.
6. The interferometer of claim 4, wherein the radius of curvature and the length of each curved waveguide of the two phase shifting waveguides are the same, the length of each tapered waveguide is the same, and the length of each straight waveguide is different.
7. The interferometer of claims 1 to 6, wherein each waveguide in the interferometer is a slab waveguide or a ridge waveguide.
8. The interferometer of claim 1, wherein the first and second multimode interference couplers each have a split ratio of 50: 50.
9. the interferometer of claim 1, wherein the interferometer is fabricated from materials comprising at least lithium niobate, silicon dioxide, indium phosphide, or gallium arsenide.
10. A multi-channel coarse wavelength division multiplexer, comprising:
the wavelength division multiplexer is formed by cascading a plurality of mach-zehnder interferometers according to claims 1 to 9, wherein two output terminals of a preceding mach-zehnder interferometer are connected to one input terminal of a succeeding mach-zehnder interferometer through a waveguide, respectively.
11. The multi-channel coarse wavelength division multiplexer according to claim 10, wherein the mach-zehnder interferometers of each stage have different center wavelengths.
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Application publication date: 20210518 |