CN112798683B - Eddy current sensor performance detection method and device based on tangential angle spectrum relative entropy - Google Patents
Eddy current sensor performance detection method and device based on tangential angle spectrum relative entropy Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
The invention provides a method and a device for detecting the performance of an eddy current sensor based on the relative entropy of a tangential angle spectrum, wherein the method comprises the steps of taking the center of the eddy current sensor as the center of a circle in a set investigation region, and uniformly taking a plurality of sampling points in a fan-shaped region; generating n angle sets, wherein each angle set is an angle space; mapping the tangential included angle psi of each sampling point into a corresponding partition according to a numerical value, and determining an angle space to which the tangential included angle of each sampling point belongs; summing the square of the amplitude of the eddy current vector at the position of the sampling point in each angle space; obtaining tangential angle probability distribution corresponding to each angle space, and further calculating tangential angle spectrum of the sector area; substituting the tangential angle spectrum of the sector area into a relative entropy formula to obtain the relative entropy based on the tangential angle spectrum. According to the scheme of the invention, the similarity of the distribution of the eddy current energy in the investigation region in the sector region and the circular region can be quantitatively determined during the design of the planar eddy current sensor.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to the field of electromagnetic nondestructive detection, in particular to a tangential angle spectrum relative entropy-based eddy current sensor performance detection method and device.
Background
The flexible planar vortex sensor has the advantages of high sensitivity, strong lift-off noise resistance and the like in surface crack detection with complex structure. However, due to space constraints, the number of excitation coil turns of the flexible planar eddy current sensor is greatly reduced relative to a solid rigid eddy current sensor, which induces limited eddy currents in the test piece. Therefore, it is important whether the eddy current distribution in the test piece is uniform. Some scholars have proposed some methods for quantitative evaluation of eddy currents, patent CN109900784a, an evaluation method for eddy current distribution based on information entropy of tangential angle spectrum, the proposed method is to determine the distribution situation of each eddy current vector in a set investigation region according to the information entropy, and the distribution of eddy current vectors has a certain similarity with the excitation coil of the eddy current sensor.
The scheme can quantitatively detect the distribution condition of each vortex vector in the set investigation region, so as to determine the vortex distribution of the whole region. However, in the case of a planar eddy current sensor having a differential structure, since the structure of the sensor is in series connection, the detection result will have a large error if the detection is performed by the above method.
Disclosure of Invention
In order to solve the technical problems, the invention provides a method and a device for detecting the performance of an eddy current sensor based on the relative entropy of tangential angle spectrum, which are used for solving the problem of large error of a detection result of a planar eddy current sensor with a differential structure in the prior art.
According to a first aspect of the present invention, there is provided a method for detecting the performance of an eddy current sensor based on the relative entropy of tangential angle spectrum, the method comprising the steps of:
step S101: in the set investigation region, taking the center of the vortex sensor as the center of a circle, taking two symmetrical sector regions, uniformly taking a plurality of sampling points in the sector regions, wherein the sampling points in the two sector regions are symmetrical;
Step S102: obtaining tangential included angles of all sampling points;
Step S103: equally dividing a [0 degree, 90 degree ] interval into n partitions in a plane rectangular coordinate system, namely generating n angle sets, wherein each angle set is an angle space;
Step S104: mapping the tangential included angle psi of each sampling point into a corresponding partition according to a numerical value, and determining an angle space to which the tangential included angle of each sampling point belongs;
Step S105: summing the square of the amplitude values of the eddy current vectors at the positions of the sampling points in each angle space to obtain eddy current vector energy values corresponding to each angle space;
step S106: dividing the eddy current vector energy value corresponding to each angle space by the sum of the eddy current energy values corresponding to all the angle spaces to obtain tangential angle probability distribution corresponding to each angle space, and further calculating tangential angle spectrum of the sector area;
step S107: substituting the tangential angle spectrum of the sector area into a relative entropy formula to obtain the relative entropy based on the tangential angle spectrum.
According to a second aspect of the present invention, there is provided an eddy current sensor performance inspection apparatus based on tangential angle spectrum relative entropy, the apparatus comprising:
And a sampling module: the method comprises the steps that in a set investigation region, two symmetrical sector regions are taken by taking the center of an eddy current sensor as the center of a circle, a plurality of sampling points are uniformly taken in the sector regions, and the sampling points in the two sector regions are symmetrical;
Tangential included angle acquisition module: the method comprises the steps of obtaining tangential included angles of sampling points;
partition module: the method is configured to equally divide the [0 degree, 90 degree ] interval into n partitions in a plane rectangular coordinate system, namely n angle sets are generated, and each angle set is an angle space;
And a mapping module: the tangential included angle psi of each sampling point is mapped into a corresponding partition according to a numerical value, and an angle space to which the tangential included angle of each sampling point belongs is determined;
The eddy current vector energy value calculation module: the method comprises the steps of (1) summing the square of the amplitude of the vortex vector at the position of a sampling point in each angle space to obtain the energy value of the vortex vector corresponding to each angle space;
A first calculation module: the method comprises the steps of respectively dividing vortex vector energy values corresponding to each angle space by the sum of vortex energy values corresponding to all angle spaces to obtain tangential angle probability distribution corresponding to each angle space, and further calculating tangential angle spectrum of a sector area;
The relative entropy calculation module: and substituting the tangential angle spectrum of the sector area into a relative entropy formula to obtain the relative entropy based on the tangential angle spectrum.
According to a third aspect of the present invention, there is provided an eddy current sensor performance detection system based on tangential angle spectrum relative entropy, comprising:
a processor for executing a plurality of instructions;
a memory for storing a plurality of instructions;
wherein the plurality of instructions are for storing by the memory and loading and executing by the processor the method for detecting performance of the eddy current sensor based on relative entropy of tangential angle spectrum as described above.
According to a fourth aspect of the present invention, there is provided a computer-readable storage medium having stored therein a plurality of instructions; the plurality of instructions are for loading and executing by the processor the method for detecting performance of the eddy current sensor based on relative entropy of tangential angle spectrum as described above.
According to the scheme of the invention, the similarity of the distribution of the vortex energy in the sector area and the circular area in the investigation area can be quantitatively determined in the design of the planar vortex sensor.
The foregoing description is only an overview of the present invention, and is intended to provide a better understanding of the present invention, as it is embodied in the following description, with reference to the preferred embodiments of the present invention and the accompanying drawings.
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The accompanying drawings, which are included to provide a further understanding of the invention, illustrate the invention and together with the description serve to explain the invention. In the drawings:
FIG. 1 is a flow chart of a method for detecting performance of an eddy current sensor based on relative entropy of tangential angle spectrum according to one embodiment of the invention;
FIG. 2 is a schematic view of a symmetrical sector area in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 3 is a schematic view of uniform spot size within a sector area according to one embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 4 is a schematic diagram showing the included angles of the eddy current directions at the sampling points according to an embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 5 is a schematic view of tangential angle of the vortex location of a sampling point according to one embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 6 is a block diagram of an eddy current sensor performance measuring apparatus based on tangential angle spectrum relative entropy according to one embodiment of the invention.
Detailed Description
First, an eddy current sensor performance detection procedure based on tangential angle spectrum relative entropy according to one embodiment of the invention is described with reference to fig. 1. As shown in fig. 1, the method comprises the steps of:
the eddy current sensor performance detection method based on the relative entropy of tangential angle spectrum comprises the following steps:
step S101: in the set investigation region, taking the center of the vortex sensor as the center of a circle, taking two symmetrical sector regions, uniformly taking a plurality of sampling points in the sector regions, wherein the sampling points in the two sector regions are symmetrical;
Step S102: the tangential included angle of each sampling point is obtained, and the tangential included angle is obtained by the following steps:
for a sampling point, determining an included angle beta between the eddy vector direction of the sampling point and the x axis; determining an included angle alpha between the tangential direction of the sampling point and the x-axis; subtracting the included angle alpha from the included angle beta of the sampling point, and converting the included angle alpha from the included angle beta into an acute angle according to the angle relation, wherein the acute angle is the tangential included angle psi of the sampling point;
Step S103: equally dividing a [0 degree, 90 degree ] interval into n partitions in a plane rectangular coordinate system, namely generating n angle sets, wherein each angle set is an angle space;
Step S104: mapping the tangential included angle psi of each sampling point into a corresponding partition according to a numerical value, and determining an angle space to which the tangential included angle of each sampling point belongs;
Step S105: summing the square of the amplitude values of the eddy current vectors at the positions of the sampling points in each angle space to obtain eddy current vector energy values corresponding to each angle space;
step S106: dividing the eddy current vector energy value corresponding to each angle space by the sum of the eddy current energy values corresponding to all the angle spaces to obtain tangential angle probability distribution corresponding to each angle space, and further calculating tangential angle spectrum of the sector area;
step S107: substituting the tangential angle spectrum of the sector area into a relative entropy formula to obtain the relative entropy based on the tangential angle spectrum.
The step S101: in the setting investigation region, taking the center of the vortex sensor as the center of a circle, taking two symmetrical sector regions, uniformly taking a plurality of sampling points in the sector regions, wherein the sampling points in the two sector regions are also symmetrical, wherein:
taking the center of the vortex sensor as the center of a circle, taking two symmetrical opposite-vertex angle sector areas (X epsilon X, Y epsilon Y), wherein (X, Y) are the area range of vortex points;
the step S102: the tangential included angle of each sampling point is obtained, and the tangential included angle is obtained by the following steps:
For a sampling point, determining an included angle beta between the eddy vector direction of the sampling point and the x axis; determining an included angle alpha between the tangential direction of the sampling point and the x-axis; subtracting the included angle alpha from the included angle beta of the sampling point, and converting the included angle alpha from the included angle beta into an acute angle according to the angle relation, wherein the acute angle is the tangential included angle psi of the sampling point, and the tangential included angle psi is obtained by the sampling point:
converting the angle relation into an acute angle according to the angle relation, wherein the conversion mode is as follows: subtracting 180 degrees from the angle when the angle obtained by subtracting the included angle alpha and the included angle beta of the sampling point is larger than 180 degrees according to the quadrant relation of the angles, wherein the obtained acute angle is the opposite vertex angle of the obtained angle in the first quadrant; when the obtained angle is an obtuse angle, taking the complementary angle of the obtained angle according to the complementary relation; when the resulting angle is a right angle, it is then categorized into the last set of angles.
Fig. 2-5 illustrate the manner in which the sector area is determined and the tangential angle of the sampling point is determined.
The step S103: equally dividing a [0 degree, 90 degree ] interval into n partitions in a plane rectangular coordinate system, namely generating n angle sets, wherein each angle set is an angle space; wherein:
In this embodiment, for example, n=6, 6 angle sets are generated, that is, in a planar rectangular coordinate system, the [0 °,90 ° ] section is equally divided into 6 divisions of [0 °,15 °), [15 °,30 °), [30 °,45 °), [45 °,60 °), [60 °,75 ° ], and [75 °,90 ° ], respectively.
The step S106: dividing the eddy current vector energy value corresponding to each angle space by the sum of the eddy current energy values corresponding to all angle spaces to obtain tangential angle probability distribution corresponding to each angle space, and calculating tangential angle spectrum of the sector area, wherein the method comprises the following steps:
determining the eddy current energy value counted by each angle space, and dividing the eddy current energy value corresponding to each angle space by the sum of eddy current vector energy values corresponding to all angle spaces to obtain the eddy current energy value:
Wherein i is the i-th angle space, (X, Y) is the area range of the vortex point, and (X, Y) is the coordinate of the vortex point randomly selected in (X, Y); psi (x, y) is the tangential included angle of (x, y), J 2 (x, y) is the vortex energy of (x, y); p (i) is the tangential angular probability distribution of the ith angular space;
the tangential angle spectrum of the sector area is calculated by the following steps: a tangential angle spectrum of the sector is calculated from the sampling points in the sector.
In the eddy distribution, a whole circle is taken by taking the center of the sensor as the center of the circle, and the included angle between each eddy vector in the set investigation region and the tangential direction of the circle is obtained.
The step S107: substituting the tangential angle spectrum of the sector area into a relative entropy formula to obtain relative entropy based on the tangential angle spectrum, wherein the method comprises the following steps:
Substituting tangential angle spectrums corresponding to the angle sets of the sector area and tangential angle spectrums corresponding to the angle sets of the circular area taking the center of the vortex sensor as the center of a circle into a relative entropy formula:
The relative entropy based on the tangential angle spectrum is obtained, Wherein q (alpha) is the uniform distribution of a reference standard, p (alpha) is the energy size of the eddy current vector counted according to the tangential angle of the sampling point, and the discrete probability distribution formed by the percentage of the eddy current energy sum of each angle set containing energy to the total sampling point is obtained; alpha is the order number of the angle set.
The smaller the relative entropy of the tangential angle spectrum is, the more similar the eddy current distribution is to the exciting coil, namely the greater the similarity of the fan-shaped eddy current energy distribution in the set investigation region is. The similarity of the distribution of the eddy current energy in the investigation region in the sector region and the circular region can be detected according to the relative entropy.
Further, the set investigation region is the surface of the test piece to be tested or a plane parallel to the surface to be tested.
In one embodiment of the invention, the method for acquiring the vortex vector energy value of each angle space specifically comprises the following steps:
And integrating the square of the amplitude of the vortex vector in each angle space to obtain the energy value of the vortex vector corresponding to each angle space.
In another embodiment of the present invention, the method for acquiring the vortex energy of each angular space specifically includes:
dividing the set investigation region into grids, wherein the vertexes of each grid are used as sampling points; and summing the square of the eddy current amplitude corresponding to the sampling point contained in each angle space, wherein the sum is the eddy current energy of each angle space.
In this embodiment, the angular intervals in each angular space have equal lengths.
The embodiment of the invention further provides an eddy current sensor performance detection device based on the relative entropy of tangential angle spectrum, as shown in fig. 6, the device comprises:
And a sampling module: the method comprises the steps that in a set investigation region, two symmetrical sector regions are taken by taking the center of an eddy current sensor as the center of a circle, a plurality of sampling points are uniformly taken in the sector regions, and the sampling points in the two sector regions are symmetrical;
Tangential included angle acquisition module: the method comprises the steps of obtaining tangential included angles of sampling points;
partition module: the method is configured to equally divide the [0 degree, 90 degree ] interval into n partitions in a plane rectangular coordinate system, namely n angle sets are generated, and each angle set is an angle space;
And a mapping module: the tangential included angle psi of each sampling point is mapped into a corresponding partition according to a numerical value, and an angle space to which the tangential included angle of each sampling point belongs is determined;
The eddy current vector energy value calculation module: the method comprises the steps of (1) summing the square of the amplitude of the vortex vector at the position of a sampling point in each angle space to obtain the energy value of the vortex vector corresponding to each angle space;
A first calculation module: the method comprises the steps of respectively dividing vortex vector energy values corresponding to each angle space by the sum of vortex energy values corresponding to all angle spaces to obtain tangential angle probability distribution corresponding to each angle space, and further calculating tangential angle spectrum of a sector area;
The relative entropy calculation module: and substituting the tangential angle spectrum of the sector area into a relative entropy formula to obtain the relative entropy based on the tangential angle spectrum.
The embodiment of the invention further provides an eddy current sensor performance detection system based on the relative entropy of tangential angle spectrum, which comprises:
a processor for executing a plurality of instructions;
a memory for storing a plurality of instructions;
Wherein the plurality of instructions are for storing by the memory and loading and executing by the processor the method of eddy current sensor performance detection based on relative entropy of tangential angle spectra as described previously.
The embodiment of the invention further provides a computer readable storage medium, wherein a plurality of instructions are stored in the storage medium; the plurality of instructions are for loading and executing by the processor the method of eddy current sensor performance detection based on relative entropy of tangential angle spectra as described previously.
It should be noted that, without conflict, the embodiments of the present invention and features of the embodiments may be combined with each other.
In the several embodiments provided in the present invention, it should be understood that the disclosed systems, devices, and methods may be implemented in other manners. For example, the apparatus embodiments described above are merely illustrative, e.g., the division of the elements is merely a logical function division, and there may be additional divisions when actually implemented, e.g., multiple elements or components may be combined or integrated into another system, or some features may be omitted or not performed. Alternatively, the coupling or direct coupling or communication connection shown or discussed with each other may be an indirect coupling or communication connection via some interfaces, devices or units, which may be in electrical, mechanical or other form.
The units described as separate units may or may not be physically separate, and units shown as units may or may not be physical units, may be located in one place, or may be distributed on a plurality of network units. Some or all of the units may be selected according to actual needs to achieve the purpose of the solution of this embodiment.
In addition, each functional unit in the embodiments of the present invention may be integrated in one processing unit, or each unit may exist alone physically, or two or more units may be integrated in one unit. The integrated units may be implemented in hardware or in hardware plus software functional units.
The integrated units implemented in the form of software functional units described above may be stored in a computer readable storage medium. The software functional unit is stored in a storage medium, and includes several instructions for making a computer device (which may be a personal computer, a physical machine Server, or a network cloud Server, etc., and need to install a Windows or Windows Server operating system) execute part of the steps of the methods described in the embodiments of the present invention. And the aforementioned storage medium includes: a U-disk, a removable hard disk, a Read-Only Memory (ROM), a random access Memory (Random Access Memory, RAM), a magnetic disk, or an optical disk, or other various media capable of storing program codes.
The above description is only of the preferred embodiments of the present invention, and is not intended to limit the present invention in any way, but any simple modification, equivalent variation and modification made to the above embodiments according to the technical substance of the present invention still fall within the scope of the technical solution of the present invention.
Claims (6)
1. The eddy current sensor performance detection method based on the relative entropy of tangential angle spectrum is characterized by comprising the following steps:
step S101: in the set investigation region, taking the center of the vortex sensor as the center of a circle, taking two symmetrical sector regions, uniformly taking a plurality of sampling points in the sector regions, wherein the sampling points in the two sector regions are symmetrical;
Step S102: obtaining tangential included angles of all sampling points;
Step S103: equally dividing a [0 degree, 90 degree ] interval into n partitions in a plane rectangular coordinate system, namely generating n angle sets, wherein each angle set is an angle space;
Step S104: mapping the tangential included angle psi of each sampling point into a corresponding partition according to a numerical value, and determining an angle space to which the tangential included angle of each sampling point belongs;
Step S105: summing the square of the amplitude values of the eddy current vectors at the positions of the sampling points in each angle space to obtain eddy current vector energy values corresponding to each angle space;
step S106: dividing the eddy current vector energy value corresponding to each angle space by the sum of the eddy current energy values corresponding to all the angle spaces to obtain tangential angle probability distribution corresponding to each angle space, and further calculating tangential angle spectrum of the sector area;
Step S107: substituting the tangential angle spectrum of the sector area into a relative entropy formula to obtain relative entropy based on the tangential angle spectrum;
the tangential included angle is obtained by the following steps:
for a sampling point, determining an included angle beta between the eddy vector direction of the sampling point and the x axis; determining an included angle alpha between the tangential direction of the sampling point and the x-axis; subtracting the included angle alpha from the included angle beta of the sampling point, and converting the included angle alpha from the included angle beta into an acute angle according to the angle relation, wherein the acute angle is the tangential included angle psi of the sampling point;
the step S106: dividing the eddy current vector energy value corresponding to each angle space by the sum of the eddy current energy values corresponding to all angle spaces to obtain tangential angle probability distribution corresponding to each angle space, and further calculating tangential angle spectrum of the sector area, wherein the method comprises the following steps:
determining the eddy current energy value counted by each angle space, and dividing the eddy current energy value corresponding to each angle space by the sum of eddy current vector energy values corresponding to all angle spaces to obtain the eddy current energy value:
Wherein i is the i-th angle space, (X, Y) is the area range of the vortex point, and (X, Y) is the coordinate of the vortex point randomly selected in (X, Y); psi (x, y) is the tangential included angle of (x, y), J 2 (x, y) is the vortex energy of (x, y); p (i) is the tangential angular probability distribution of the ith angular space;
the tangential angle spectrum of the sector area is calculated by the following steps: a tangential angle spectrum of the sector is calculated from the sampling points in the sector.
2. The method for detecting the performance of an eddy current sensor based on the relative entropy of tangential angle spectrum according to claim 1, wherein said step S107: substituting the tangential angle spectrum of the sector area into a relative entropy formula to obtain relative entropy based on the tangential angle spectrum, wherein the method comprises the following steps:
Substituting tangential angle spectrums corresponding to the angle sets of the sector area and tangential angle spectrums corresponding to the angle sets of the circular area taking the center of the vortex sensor as the center of a circle into a relative entropy formula:
The relative entropy based on the tangential angle spectrum is obtained, Wherein q (alpha) is the uniform distribution of a reference standard, p (alpha) is the energy size of the eddy current vector counted according to the tangential angle of the sampling point, and the discrete probability distribution formed by the percentage of the eddy current energy sum of each angle set containing energy to the total sampling point is obtained; alpha is the order number of the angle set.
3. An eddy current sensor performance inspection apparatus based on relative entropy of tangential angle spectra, the apparatus comprising:
And a sampling module: the method comprises the steps that in a set investigation region, two symmetrical sector regions are taken by taking the center of an eddy current sensor as the center of a circle, a plurality of sampling points are uniformly taken in the sector regions, and the sampling points in the two sector regions are symmetrical;
Tangential included angle acquisition module: the method comprises the steps of obtaining tangential included angles of sampling points;
partition module: the method is configured to equally divide the [0 degree, 90 degree ] interval into n partitions in a plane rectangular coordinate system, namely n angle sets are generated, and each angle set is an angle space;
And a mapping module: the tangential included angle psi of each sampling point is mapped into a corresponding partition according to a numerical value, and an angle space to which the tangential included angle of each sampling point belongs is determined;
The eddy current vector energy value calculation module: the method comprises the steps of (1) summing the square of the amplitude of the vortex vector at the position of a sampling point in each angle space to obtain the energy value of the vortex vector corresponding to each angle space;
A first calculation module: the method comprises the steps of respectively dividing vortex vector energy values corresponding to each angle space by the sum of vortex energy values corresponding to all angle spaces to obtain tangential angle probability distribution corresponding to each angle space, and further calculating tangential angle spectrum of a sector area;
The relative entropy calculation module: substituting the tangential angle spectrum of the sector area into a relative entropy formula to obtain relative entropy based on the tangential angle spectrum;
the tangential included angle is obtained by the following steps:
for a sampling point, determining an included angle beta between the eddy vector direction of the sampling point and the x axis; determining an included angle alpha between the tangential direction of the sampling point and the x-axis; subtracting the included angle alpha from the included angle beta of the sampling point, and converting the included angle alpha from the included angle beta into an acute angle according to the angle relation, wherein the acute angle is the tangential included angle psi of the sampling point;
the first computing module includes:
probability distribution calculation sub-module: the method comprises the steps of determining eddy current energy values counted by each angle space, and dividing the eddy current energy values corresponding to each angle space by the sum of eddy current vector energy values corresponding to all angle spaces to obtain the eddy current energy values:
Wherein i is the i-th angle space, (X, Y) is the area range of the vortex point, and (X, Y) is the coordinate of the vortex point randomly selected in (X, Y); psi (x, y) is the tangential included angle of (x, y), J 2 (x, y) is the vortex energy of (x, y); p (i) is the tangential angular probability distribution of the ith angular space;
Tangential angle spectrum calculation sub-module: the tangential angle spectrum of the sector area is calculated by the following steps: a tangential angle spectrum of the sector is calculated from the sampling points in the sector.
4. The apparatus for detecting performance of an eddy current sensor based on relative entropy of tangential angle spectrum as recited in claim 3, wherein the relative entropy calculation module comprises:
a first calculation sub-module: the tangential angle spectrum corresponding to each angle set of the sector area and the tangential angle spectrum corresponding to each angle set of the circular area taking the center of the vortex sensor as the center of the circle are substituted into a relative entropy formula:
The relative entropy based on the tangential angle spectrum is obtained, Wherein q (alpha) is the uniform distribution of a reference standard, p (alpha) is the energy size of the eddy current vector counted according to the tangential angle of the sampling point, and the discrete probability distribution formed by the percentage of the eddy current energy sum of each angle set containing energy to the total sampling point is obtained; alpha is the order number of the angle set.
5. An eddy current sensor performance detection system based on relative entropy of tangential angle spectra, comprising:
a processor for executing a plurality of instructions;
a memory for storing a plurality of instructions;
Wherein the plurality of instructions are for storage by the memory and loading and executing by the processor the tangential angle spectrum based relative entropy eddy current sensor performance sensing method of any one of claims 1-2.
6. A computer-readable storage medium having stored therein a plurality of instructions; the plurality of instructions for loading and executing by a processor the eddy current sensor performance inspection method based on relative entropy of tangential angle spectrum as recited in any one of claims 1-2.
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