CN112782120B - Method and device for measuring refractive index of transparent solid with convex cambered surface - Google Patents
Method and device for measuring refractive index of transparent solid with convex cambered surface Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
The invention belongs to the technical field of optical parameter measurement of transparent solids, and particularly relates to a method and a device for measuring the refractive index of a transparent solid with a convex cambered surface. The device comprises matching liquid, container, line laser light source, light receiving plate, and camera. In the test process, the refractive index of the matching fluid is firstly adjusted to be the highest, then the refractive index of the matching fluid is gradually reduced, and under the condition of the refractive index of each matching fluid, the camera is used for recording spot images of the linear laser on the light receiving plate after the linear laser only passes through the matching fluid and passes through the solid-liquid system. Taking gray level subtraction of the images of the two light spot image sequences under the condition of the same matching fluid refractive index, taking an absolute value, calculating a relative influence area, establishing a relation curve of the relative influence area and the matching fluid refractive index, and taking the refractive index of the matching fluid when the relative influence area reaches a minimum value as the refractive index of the transparent solid to be detected. The method is suitable for directly and accurately measuring the refractive index of the transparent solid with the side wall being the convex arc surface on the premise of not changing or damaging the form of the solid to be measured.
Description
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the technical field of optical parameter measurement of transparent solids, and particularly relates to a method and a device for measuring the refractive index of a transparent solid with a convex cambered surface.
Background
Refractive index is one of the fundamental optical properties of solids and liquids, characterizing the ratio of the propagation velocities of light in vacuum and in some transparent medium. When a light ray passes through a transparent medium with different refractive indexes, refraction occurs (except for the light ray incident in the normal direction), that is, the propagation direction changes. The precise measurement of the refractive indices of the transparent liquids and solids used is a fundamental requirement of many physical experiments and is also a necessary step in the production process of certain optical components.
Abbe refractometer is a conventional tool for measuring the refractive index of transparent objects. The refractive index of liquid can be accurately measured by Abbe refractive index, but when the refractive index of a transparent solid is measured, the measured solid needs to have a flat and smooth surface so as to ensure that the measured solid is in full contact with a refraction prism of an Abbe refractometer. Other measurement methods (see the analysis of the related patents in the following) also require the solid to be measured to have a planar side wall. However, transparent solids with convex curved surfaces, such as spheres, ellipsoids, cylinders, cones, etc., are commonly used in physical experiments and optical processing, and do not have planar sidewall conditions. If the refractive index information of the solid needs to be accurately obtained, the solid needs to be cast or specially cut into a plane and finely ground and polished, so that the preparation difficulty and the time cost of the solid to-be-detected sample are greatly increased. Moreover, when the transparent solid material is scarcely and expensive, the treatment will cause a great loss of the experimental material.
Problems existing in the related patents:
an apparatus and method (CN 201710395833.6) for refractive index matching: the solid-liquid interface is a smooth plane, and the refractive index matching of transparent solids in other interface forms cannot be carried out; the matching fluid needs to be manually prepared for many times, the automation degree is low, and the cost of measuring time is increased.
Simple methods for measuring the refractive indices of colloids, solids and liquids (CN 201811028592.2): a plane needs to be ground and polished on the surface of the solid to be measured for laser incidence, the original solid is damaged, and the grinding effect may influence the measurement result; the angle measuring device needs to use a protractor to manually measure the incident angle and the refraction angle, and has low automation degree.
A novel glass refractive index measurement system and a measurement method (CN 201911122122.7): the measuring system is designed to fix optical glass whose side walls are flat, and the thickness of the optical glass is used as a parameter for calculation, and only the refractive index of a glass plate with uniform thickness can be calculated.
An experimental apparatus (CN201821082135.7) for measuring glass refractive index for physics: the refractive index of the glass plate can only be measured, the refractive index of the glass with a non-planar surface cannot be measured, the light path needs to be manually measured and calculated to calculate the refractive index, and the automation degree is low.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention aims to provide a method and a device for measuring the refractive index of a transparent solid with a convex cambered surface, which are used for directly measuring the refractive index of the transparent solid with the convex cambered surface by utilizing a refractive index matching principle so as to solve the defects of the method and the device for measuring the refractive index of the transparent solid with the convex cambered surface in the prior art.
The invention provides a method for measuring the refractive index of a transparent solid with a convex cambered surface, which comprises the following steps:
respectively shooting a plurality of light spot images formed on a light receiving plate after horizontal line laser passes through a plurality of matching fluids with different concentrations to obtain a light spot image sequence Pl1,Pl2,…,(Pl)iRespectively detecting the refractive index sequences of the matching fluids corresponding to a plurality of different concentrations, and recording the refractive index sequences as nl1，nl2,…,(nl)i；
Respectively placing the transparent solid to be detected in a plurality of matching fluids with different concentrations to form a plurality of different solid-liquid systems, respectively shooting a plurality of spot images formed on a light receiving plate after horizontal line laser passes through the plurality of different solid-liquid systems to obtain a spot image sequence Ps1,Ps2,…,(Ps)i；
For the light spot image sequences (P) respectivelyl)iAnd (P)s)iComparing the light spot images with the same sequence number, and recording the area of the laser light spot in the rectangular reference range (A) when the laser light spots in the two light spot images are in the rectangular reference rangec)i) When the pixel areas of the transparent solid to be detected are equal, the refractive indexes of the matching liquid and the transparent solid to be detected are equal, and at the moment, the refractive index of the matching liquid is the refractive index of the transparent solid to be detected.
The invention provides a refractive index measuring device of a transparent solid with a convex cambered surface, which comprises: comprises a line laser, a glass container, a light receiving plate, a lifting platform, a photometer, an automatic lifting base and a rated liquid adding device; the automatic lifting base is provided with a clamping groove which can fix the transparent solid to be detected from the upper and lower aspects; the quantitative liquid adding device is used for automatically adding a solvent in a quantitative manner so as to dilute the matching liquid and reduce the refractive index of the matching liquid according to a basically fixed gradient; the line laser, the glass container and the light receiving plate are coaxially arranged on the same platform in sequence, the camera is arranged on one side of the optical axis, and the photometer is arranged on the other side of the optical axis; placing the transparent solid to be detected in matching liquid in a glass container, and placing the glass container on a lifting platform; the automatic lifting base is positioned in the glass container; the quantitative liquid adding device is communicated with the glass container through a liquid conveying pipeline.
The invention provides a method and a device for measuring the refractive index of a transparent solid with a convex cambered surface, which have the advantages that:
the invention relates to a method and a device for measuring the refractive index of a transparent solid with a convex cambered surface, which are used for obtaining the refractive index of the transparent solid with the convex cambered surface by adjusting the refractive index of matching liquid and then determining the state of complete matching of the refractive index of the solid and liquid by utilizing the principle that light does not refract through a solid-liquid interface when the refractive indexes of the solid and liquid are completely matched. The measuring method of the invention does not require that the transparent solid to be measured must have smooth plane side walls, thereby greatly expanding the range of the transparent solid capable of measuring the refractive index. The measuring device has the advantages of reliable principle, simple and convenient installation, low cost and higher precision. The image processing method related in the measuring method of the invention has high efficiency, and can obtain the measuring result in a very short time. The measuring device and the measuring method are matched with each other, so that the measuring efficiency and the measuring accuracy of the refractive index of the transparent solid with the convex arc side wall can be greatly improved.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a top view of a device for measuring the refractive index of a transparent solid with a convex curved surface according to the present invention.
Fig. 2 is a side view of the measuring device shown in fig. 1.
In fig. 1 and 2, 1 is a laser, 2 is a matching fluid, 3 is a glass container, 4 is a lifting table, 5 is a photometer, 6 is a light receiving plate, 7 is a transparent solid to be detected (illustrated as a ball), 8 is a camera, 9 is an automatic lifting base, wherein a dotted line is an upper clamping groove, and 10 is a quantitative liquid adding device.
Fig. 3 is a schematic diagram of an image analysis process flow related to the measurement method of the present invention.
FIG. 4 is a graph showing the relative area of influence of the refractive index of a sodium iodide (NaI) solution on a borosilicate glass sphere measurement in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention.
FIG. 5 is a graphical representation of the relative area of influence of the NaI solution refractive index versus polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) cylinder measurement.
Detailed Description
The invention provides a method for measuring the refractive index of a transparent solid with a convex cambered surface, which comprises the following steps:
respectively shooting a plurality of light spot images formed on a light receiving plate after horizontal line laser passes through a plurality of matching fluids with different concentrations to obtain a light spot image sequence Pl1,Pl2,…,(Pl)iRespectively detecting the refractive index sequences of the matching fluids corresponding to a plurality of different concentrations, and recording the refractive index sequences as nl1，nl2,…,(nl)i；
Respectively placing the transparent solid to be detected in a plurality of matching fluids with different concentrations to form a plurality of different solid-liquid systems, respectively shooting a plurality of spot images formed on a light receiving plate after horizontal line laser passes through the plurality of different solid-liquid systems to obtain a spot image sequence Ps1,Ps2,…,(Ps)i；
For the light spot image sequences (P) respectivelyl)iAnd (P)s)iComparing the light spot images with the same sequence number, and recording the area of the laser light spot in the rectangular reference range (A) when the laser light spots in the two light spot images are in the rectangular reference rangec)i) When the pixel areas of the transparent solid to be detected are equal, the refractive indexes of the matching liquid and the transparent solid to be detected are equal, and at the moment, the refractive index of the matching liquid is the refractive index of the transparent solid to be detected. In practice by means of a sequence of pictures (P)l)iAnd (P)s)iThe area (A) of the pixel with the gray difference absolute value not 0 obtained by subtracting the spot images with the same middle sequence numbere)iThe difference between the two is quantified.
In the above refractive index measuring method, the sequence (P) of the optical spot imagel)iAnd (P)s)iThe light spot images with the same middle serial number are compared, and the method comprises the following steps:
(1) image sequence (P) of light spotsl)iAnd (P)s)iThe cross line direction of the line laser plane and the light receiving plate is defined as the length direction x of the line laser, and the direction perpendicular to the length direction in the plane of the light receiving plate is defined as the width direction y of the spot image, as shown in fig. 3 a.
(2) The spot image sequences (P) are calculated separately using the following formulas)iThe single-wide light intensity I at each pixel point position in the line laser length direction x of each spot image is obtained, and the distribution of the single-wide light intensity I along the x direction is obtained, as shown in fig. 3d and fig. 3 e:
wherein, gnX is x in the laser length directionmPixel gray values along the width direction of the laser are located, subscript n is a pixel coordinate in the width y direction of the light spot image, and W is the total width of the light spot image;
(3) image sequence (P) of light spotss)iAny one of the images is processed to determine a rectangular reference range of the image. The determination of the rectangular reference range includes the determination of the left and right boundaries and the determination of the upper and lower boundaries, as shown in fig. 3f and 3 g; obtaining the length L of the light spot image according to the left and right boundaries of the rectangular reference range, obtaining the width 2d of the rectangular reference range according to the upper and lower boundaries of the rectangular reference range, and further obtaining the area A of the rectangular reference rangec，Ac＝2dL；
(4) From a sequence of light spot images (P)l)iAnd a sequence of spot images (P)s)iSelecting two images with corresponding serial numbers, performing gray subtraction on the two images to obtain a gray subtraction difference value, and taking an absolute value of the gray difference value to obtain a gray difference value image, as shown in fig. 3h, taking the number of pixels with gray values not equal to zero in a rectangular reference range of the gray difference value image, and recording the area of the pixel corresponding to the number of pixels as (a)e)i；
To oneIn the round of measurement, all gray values of pixel points of the solid representative image without the to-be-measured object in the calculation range are averaged to serve as a comparison reference image, then the gray subtraction result of the solid representative image to be measured and the comparison reference image in the rectangular reference range under the condition of the refractive index of each matching liquid is calculated, and an absolute value is obtained from the subtraction result of the pixel points (fig. 3 f). Taking the gray value at 5% of the probability accumulation curve of the pixel gray value of the reference image as the initial value of the screening threshold, keeping the pixels of which the absolute values exceed the threshold after the gray subtraction, and recording the total number of the remaining pixels in the rectangular reference range as the change value (A) of the area of the laser spot pixel added with the solid to be detected and the pure solution under the condition of a certain matching fluid refractive indexe)i。
(5) The relative area of influence σ is calculated using the following equationiAs shown in fig. 3 i:
(6) traversing a sequence of spot images (P)l)iAnd a sequence of spot images (P)s)iRepeating the step (4) and the step (5) to obtain a relative influence area sequence, establishing a relation curve between the relative influence area and the refractive index of the matching fluid, and performing regression analysis on the curve to obtain a fitting curve. In the process of determining the optimal refractive index, sigma can reflect the matching condition of the refractive index of the solid and liquid, and the higher the matching degree of the solution and the transparent solid to be detected is, the smaller sigma is, and the position of the optimal refractive index is close to 0. And as the refractive index of the matching fluid is gradually reduced in the test process, the sigma is firstly reduced and then increased, and a minimum value exists. The filtering threshold in the previous step can be adjusted appropriately so that the minimum value of σ is close to 0. And obtaining the refractive index of the matching fluid corresponding to the minimum value of the relative influence area from the fitting curve, wherein the refractive index of the matching fluid is the refractive index of the transparent solid with the convex cambered surface.
In the above refractive index measuring method, a sequence of optical spot images (P)l)iAnd (P)s)iWhen the light spot images with the same middle sequence number are compared, the left and right boundariesThe determination method comprises the following steps: when the refractive index of the matching fluid is set to be far lower than that of the transparent solid to be detected, and interruption occurs between light spots formed on the receiving plate by the light rays passing through the solid to be detected and the light rays not passing through the transparent solid to be detected, the left and right boundaries passing through the light spots of the transparent solid to be detected are selected as the left and right boundaries of the rectangular reference range, as shown in fig. 3b and 3 d.
In the above refractive index measuring method, a sequence of optical spot images (P)l)iAnd (P)s)iWhen the light spot images with the same sequence number are compared, the method for determining the left and right boundaries of the rectangular reference range comprises the following steps: setting the refractive index of the matching fluid to be close to that of the transparent solid to be detected, and forming continuous light spots on the receiving plate by the light rays passing through the transparent solid to be detected and the light rays not passing through the transparent solid to be detected, so that two points x with sudden change in single-width light intensity distribution1And x2As the left and right boundaries of the rectangular reference range for subsequent image processing, as shown in fig. 3c and 3 e; repeat this step, traverse (P)s)iComparing all the obtained left and right boundaries, selecting the rightmost value of the left boundary as the left boundary of the finally determined rectangular reference range, selecting the leftmost value of the right boundary as the right boundary of the finally determined rectangular reference range, and recording the length of the light spot image between the left and right boundaries as L, as shown in FIG. 3 g.
In the above refractive index measuring method, a sequence of optical spot images (P)l)iAnd (P)s)iWhen the light spot images with the same middle serial number are compared, the method for determining the upper and lower boundaries comprises the following steps: image sequence (P) of light spotsl)iThe average width d of the spot image between the left and right boundaries of the rectangular reference range is measured, the center position of the line laser spot in the laser width direction at the left and right boundaries is selected, one d extending upwards from the center position along the laser width direction is the upper boundary of the rectangular reference range, and one d extending downwards is the lower boundary of the rectangular reference range, as shown in fig. 3 f.
The refractive index measuring device of the transparent solid with the convex cambered surface, disclosed by the invention, as shown in fig. 1 and fig. 2, comprises a line laser 1, a glass container 3, a light receiving plate 6, a lifting platform 4, a photometer 5, an automatic lifting base 9 and a rated liquid adding device 10; the automatic lifting base 9 is provided with a clamping groove which can fix the transparent solid 7 to be detected from the upper and lower aspects; the quantitative liquid adding device 10 is used for automatically adding solvent in a quantitative manner so as to dilute the matching liquid 2 and reduce the refractive index of the matching liquid 2 according to a basically fixed gradient; the line laser 1, the glass container 3 and the light receiving plate 6 are coaxially arranged on the same platform in sequence, the camera 8 is arranged on one side of an optical axis, and the photometer 5 is arranged on the other side of the optical axis; placing the transparent solid 7 to be detected in the matching fluid 2 in the glass container 3, and placing the glass container 3 on the lifting platform 4; the automatic lifting base 9 is positioned inside the glass container 3; the quantitative liquid adding device 10 is communicated with the glass container 3 through a liquid conveying pipeline.
The measurement principle and the measurement process of the refractive index of the transparent solid with the convex cambered surface are described in detail in the following steps with the attached drawings:
the refractive index matching technique allows light to be substantially refracted at the solid-liquid interface by selecting transparent solids and transparent liquids having refractive indices that are substantially the same or very close to each other. According to the principle, when the solid-liquid refractive index matching degree is the highest, the deflection degree of the light rays passing through the solid-liquid system is also the lowest, and when the solid-liquid refractive index matching degree is reduced, the deflection degree of the light rays passing through the solid-liquid system is also gradually improved. Therefore, if the refractive index of the liquid is increased or decreased in a single direction, the absolute value of the imaging difference of the light passing through the solid-liquid mixture compared with the light passing through the solution shows the characteristic that the refractive index of the solution is decreased firstly and then increased, the minimum value of the absolute value of the difference corresponds to the optimal refractive index matching state, and the refractive index of the solid can be deduced through the refractive index of the solution. The principle does not require that the transparent solid to be measured must have a plane side wall any more, so that the solid range capable of directly measuring the refractive index is greatly expanded, and the method is suitable for measuring the transparent solid with the convex cambered surface.
(1) The laser 1, the lifting platform 4 and the light receiving plate are arranged on the same platform, the glass container 3 is arranged on the lifting platform 4, the transparent solid 7 to be detected is arranged in the automatic lifting base 9 inside the glass container 3 and is fixed, if the automatic lifting base 9 is not installed, the posture of the transparent solid 7 to be detected at the moment needs to be recorded when the transparent solid 7 to be detected is arranged in the glass container 3, and therefore the posture is consistent with the initial posture when the transparent solid 7 to be detected is subsequently taken out and then is arranged in the glass container 3. The convex cambered surface of the transparent solid 7 to be detected faces the laser 1, the laser 1 is opened, the height of the lifting platform is adjusted to enable the laser to penetrate through a horizontal section of the transparent solid 7 to be detected, such as the maximum horizontal section or the horizontal section at half of the total height of the transparent solid to be detected, and the position of the section is not shielded by the clamping groove of the automatic lifting base or the shielding of the laser to the clamping groove of the automatic lifting base is reduced as much as possible;
(2) placing a camera 8 at one side of the glass cylinder, clearly shooting laser on the light receiving plate 6 by the camera by adjusting the focal length and the laser emergent angle, and recording the initial ambient light intensity by the photometer 5; and finally, shading the whole device to avoid the interference of ambient light. After shading is completed, the average value is taken by multiple measurements of the photometer as the initial ambient light intensity, and the reading of the photometer is ensured to be close to the initial value by keeping the shading condition in subsequent experiments.
(3) Preparing a matching fluid 2 to ensure that the concentration of the matching fluid 2 is saturated at the test environmental temperature, and measuring the refractive index of the saturated concentration matching fluid by using an Abbe refractometer, and recording the refractive index as the maximum refractive index under the environmental temperature condition; the prepared saturated concentration matching fluid 2 is added into the glass container 3, the matching fluid is required to submerge the solid to be detected deeply, and the solid to be detected is ensured to be still fixed in the matching fluid by the clamping groove of the automatic lifting base 9 or a manual fixing method.
(4) Continuously shooting spot images of a plurality of lasers penetrating through a solid-liquid system in the glass container 3 by the camera 8, then lowering the transparent solid 7 to be detected by the automatic lifting base 9 to enable the transparent solid 7 to be detected to be positioned below a bottom plate of the glass container 3, and shooting the spot images of the plurality of lasers only penetrating through the matching fluid by the camera 8 after the liquid level is stable; and if the lifting base is not used, manually taking out the solid to be detected, and shooting an image that the laser only penetrates through the matching fluid after the matching fluid is stabilized.
(5) Adding solvent into the glass container 3 through the quantitative liquid adding device 10 and stirring uniformly to reduce the concentration of the matching liquid 2, or manually adding a proper amount of solvent by using a dropper if the condition of installing the quantitative liquid adding device is not met, and then stirring uniformly. The camera 8 respectively shoots light spot images of the laser which penetrates through the solid-liquid system and the matching liquid only, then the concentration of the matching liquid 2 is reduced, the process is repeated until the refractive index of the matching liquid is far lower than the initial value of the refractive index of the matching liquid and far smaller than the common refractive index range of the transparent solid material to be detected, and a plurality of light spot images of the matching liquid 2 under different concentrations, the refractive index of the matching liquid 2 under a plurality of corresponding concentrations and light spot images of the solid-liquid system of the transparent solid 7 to be detected under a plurality of different concentrations corresponding to the plurality of corresponding concentrations are obtained;
(6) obtaining the refractive index of the transparent solid with the convex cambered surface according to all the light spot images in the step (4), wherein the specific process is as follows:
(6-1) carrying out graying processing on all the shot light spot images in the step (4), extracting the maximum value of the gray scale at each pixel point from the image sequence obtained by continuous shooting under the condition of the refractive index of the same matching fluid 2 to synthesize a new image, and taking the new image as a representative picture of the image sequence under the condition of the refractive index of the matching fluid 2; obtaining two laser spot image sequences after the gray scale maximum value processing, wherein the two laser spot image sequences are respectively represented by the spot images of the shot laser passing through a solid-liquid system and are marked as Ps1,Ps2,…,(Ps)iAs shown in fig. 3b and 3c, a sequence of images is represented by capturing spot images of the laser light passing through the matching fluid 2 of the same refractive index as the laser light, and is denoted by Pl1,Pl2,…,(Pl)iAs shown in fig. 3 a. The laser length direction (x) is defined as the intersection line direction of the line laser plane and the light receiving plate, and the laser spot image width direction (y) is defined as the direction perpendicular to the length direction in the light receiving plate plane, as shown in fig. 3 a.
(6-2) determining a rectangular reference range:
image sequence (P) of light spotss)iAny one of the images is processed to determine the left and right boundaries of the rectangular reference range for subsequent image processing. Computing a sequence of images (P)s)iThe single wide light intensity I of each pixel point position in the length direction of the laser in any image is a certain position x in the length direction of the laseriAll pixel gray scale along the width direction of the laserThe ratio of the sum of the values g to the total width W of the picture, thereby obtaining a single-width light intensity distribution of the laser width along the x direction.
Wherein, gnX is x in the laser length directionmPixel gray values along the width direction of the laser are located, subscript n is a pixel coordinate in the width y direction of the light spot image, and W is the total width of the light spot image;
when the refractive index of the matching fluid 2 is far lower than that of the transparent solid 7 to be detected, the interruption (fig. 3b) occurs between the laser light passing through the transparent solid 7 to be detected and the laser light not passing through the transparent solid 7 to be detected, and at this time, the left and right boundaries of the light spot passing through the transparent solid 7 to be detected are selected as the left and right boundaries of the rectangular reference range. When the refractive index of the matching fluid 2 is close to that of the transparent solid 7 to be detected, the laser light passing through the solid 7 to be detected and the laser light not passing through the transparent solid 7 to be detected form continuous light spots on the receiving plate 6 (fig. 3c), and then two points with sudden change in single-wide light intensity distribution are used as the left and right boundaries of the rectangular reference range of the subsequent image processing.
Traverse (P)s)iComparing all the obtained left and right boundaries, selecting the rightmost value of the left boundary as the left boundary of the finally determined rectangular reference range, selecting the leftmost value of the right boundary as the right boundary of the finally determined rectangular reference range, and recording the length of the facula image between the left and right boundaries as L (fig. 3 g).
Image sequence (P) of light spotsl)iThe average width d of the spot image between the left and right boundaries of the rectangular reference range is measured, the center position of the line laser spot in the laser width direction at the left and right boundaries is selected, one d extending upwards from the center position along the laser width direction is the upper boundary of the rectangular reference range, and one d extending downwards is the lower boundary of the rectangular reference range (fig. 3 f).
Determining a rectangular reference range from upper and lower and left and right boundariesFurther obtaining the area A of the rectangular reference rangec，Ac＝2dL。
(6-3) calculating the relative area of influence. Image sequence (P) of light spotsl)iAnd averaging the gray values of all pixels of the images in the rectangular reference range to serve as comparison reference images, and taking the gray value at the position of 5% of the probability accumulation curve of the gray values of the pixels of the reference images as an initial value of the screening threshold. Then from the sequence of spot images (P)l)iAnd a sequence of spot images (P)s)iTwo images with corresponding serial numbers are selected, gray level subtraction is carried out on the two images to obtain a gray level subtraction difference value, and the absolute value of the gray level difference value is taken. All pixels (figure 3h) with absolute values exceeding the screening threshold after gray level subtraction are reserved, and the pixel area corresponding to the total number of the reserved pixels in the rectangular reference range is recorded as the change value (A) of the laser spot pixel area compared with the pure matching fluid 2 through the solid-liquid system under the condition of certain matching fluid 2 refractive indexe)iThe pixel area is divided by the total pixel area A of the rectangular reference rangecAvailable dimensionless quantity (sigma)iThe value of the relative influence area (fig. 3g) is 0-1.
(6-4) determining an optimum refractive index. The sigma can reflect the matching condition of the refractive index of the solid and liquid, the higher the matching degree of the solution and the transparent solid to be detected is, the smaller the sigma is, and the position of the optimal refractive index is close to 0. And as the refractive index of the matching fluid 2 gradually decreases during the test, σ will decrease first and then increase, and there is a minimum value. Traversing a sequence of spot images (P)l)iAnd a sequence of spot images (P)s)iRepeating the step (6-3) to obtain a relative influence area sequence, establishing a relation curve between the relative influence area and the refractive index of the matching fluid, and properly adjusting the screening threshold value in the previous step to enable the minimum value of the sigma sequence to be close to 0. Then carrying out regression analysis on the variation relation of the sigma with the refractive index of the matching fluid 2 to determine the minimum value of the sigma and the corresponding matching fluidAnd the refractive index of 2 is the refractive index of the transparent solid to be detected.
The following describes embodiments of the method of the invention:
the first embodiment is as follows:
the measurement and data processing flow is described by taking a high borosilicate glass ball as a transparent solid to be measured (with the diameter of 24mm) and taking a sodium iodide (NaI) solution as a matching fluid as an example.
The experiment uses the line laser demarcation appearance to produce horizontal line laser, and the organic glass jar is as the glass container, and laser generator is 710mm apart from the light receiver plate, and the light receiver plate is the black plastics flat board, and the laser spot width on the light receiver plate is about 2-3 mm. Shooting with IDT high-speed industrial camera (NX3-S3), fixed focus lens focal length of 50mm, aperture of 1.4, shooting frequency of 120Hz, exposure time of 100 μ S, picture resolution of 1280 × 1024pix2。
The measurement process is as follows:
1. the measuring device and the matching fluid are prepared. The horizontal line laser, the organic glass cylinder and the light receiving plate are arranged on the same straight line, and the automatic lifting base is adjusted to be flush with the bottom plate of the organic glass cylinder. Open horizontal line laser, arrange the camera in organic glass jar side, adjust laser instrument exit angle and camera focus simultaneously, make the camera can shoot the clear horizontal line laser that 9cm is long to the line laser facula of sufficient length is shot to the guarantee, so that follow-up data processing. The high borosilicate glass ball to be measured is placed in the automatic lifting base, and the clamping groove of the base is adjusted to clamp the glass ball. The height of the lifting platform is adjusted to enable the horizontal laser plane to penetrate through the center of the glass ball. And turning off other light sources, shading light, and taking an average value as the initial ambient light intensity by multiple measurements of a photometer. NaI solution with the refractive index reaching about 1.485 is prepared. The solution was then added to the plexiglass jar until the glass spheres were submerged.
2. And continuously shooting 100 light spot images of the horizontal line laser passing through the solid-liquid system, and then lowering the automatic lifting base to enable the glass ball to be detected to descend to the highest point to be lower than the organic glass cylinder bottom plate. And after the liquid level is stabilized, 100 light spot images of the laser passing through the matching liquid are shot. Then, pure water is added into the solid-liquid system through a quantitative liquid adding device and the mixture is fully stirred, so that the refractive index of the NaI solution is reduced. And then lifting the automatic lifting base to return to the position flush with the bottom plate of the organic glass cylinder again, and starting the next measurement, namely shooting line laser to pass through a solid-liquid system light spot image, lowering the lifting base, and shooting the laser to only pass through a solution light spot image. The above steps are repeated until the refractive index of the NaI solution is reduced to about 1.460, which is far lower than the nominal refractive index range of ordinary high borosilicate glass. During the test, the ambient light intensity was measured continuously with a photometer and kept constant.
The image analysis processing steps are as follows, and are specifically shown in the attached figure 3:
1. and extracting the maximum gray value of each pixel point to generate a new light spot image for an image sequence formed by 100 light spot images with balls and without balls obtained by each group of experiments, and taking the image with the maximum gray value as a representative picture.
2. And determining the left end point and the right end point of the rectangular reference range according to the method for extracting the single-wide light intensity mutation point of the light spot image after the high borosilicate glass ball is added, and extracting the upper boundary and the lower boundary of the rectangular reference range according to the method for extracting the average width of the laser in the left boundary and the right boundary of the non-ball light spot image. In the embodiment of the scheme, the borosilicate glass ball is tightly attached to the right side of the organic glass cylinder, and the right end of the laser spot in the image is interrupted due to the blocking of the side wall of the organic glass cylinder, so that the leftmost value of the right boundaries of the laser spots of all the images with the ball and without the ball can be taken as the right boundary of the rectangular reference range. And the left boundary of the rectangular reference range is determined according to the rightmost value of the single-width light intensity mutation point of the spherical image.
3. And (4) performing gray level subtraction on the light spot image after the ball is added and the pixel average value of the non-ball light spot image in one round of measurement, and taking an absolute value of the difference value of the gray values of all points. Taking the gray value 70 as an initial value of the screening threshold, and calculating the relative influence area sigma. And performing broken line linear fitting on the variation of the sigma along with the refractive index of the NaI solution to determine the minimum value of the sigma, and adjusting the pixel screening gray value threshold value to be 80 so that the minimum value of the sigma is close to 0. Finally, as shown in fig. 4, the measurement result of this experiment is that the regression broken line on the left side has a regression equation of y-18.588 x +27.315, the regression equation on the right side has a regression equation of y-22.916 x-33.660, the refractive index of the NaI solution corresponding to the minimum value of σ is 1.4691, and the refractive index of the obtained high borosilicate glass sphere sample is 1.4691, which is different from the data (1.474) reported by the manufacturer by about 0.005.
Example two:
the measurement and data processing flow is explained again by taking a polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) material cylinder as a transparent solid to be tested (the refractive index is unknown before the test) and NaI solution as matching fluid. The experimental apparatus was used as in the first embodiment except that the solid material to be measured and the shape were changed.
The measurement process uses an IDT high-speed industrial camera (NX3-S3) to shoot, the focal length of a fixed-focus lens is 50mm, the aperture is 1.4, the shooting frequency is set to be 120Hz, the exposure time of a photo is 100 mus, and the resolution of the photo is 1280 multiplied by 1024pix2。
The measurement process is as follows:
1. the measuring device and the matching fluid are prepared. The test apparatus preparation is the same as the first embodiment. The transparent PMMA cylinder that will await measuring is put upside down in the automatic rising base, and the cylinder axis keeps the level, and is parallel with water flat line laser direction, adjusts the base draw-in groove and blocks the PMMA cylinder, because PMMA density is less than NaI solution, the upper portion draw-in groove also needs to be launched, avoids the solid that awaits measuring to float. When the height of the lifting platform reaches the maximum, the horizontal laser plane can penetrate through the central axis of the PMMA cylinder. Considering that the refractive index of the PMMA material is high, the initial refractive index of the NaI solution as the matching fluid is set to about 1.490 (in a substantially saturated state). And then adding NaI solution into the organic glass cylinder until the PMMA cylinder to be detected is submerged.
2. For each NaI solution refractive index condition, 100 images of laser passing through a solid-liquid system are continuously shot, other measurement steps are the same as the first embodiment, and the previous steps are repeated until the NaI solution refractive index is reduced to about 1.470.
The image analysis processing steps are as follows:
1. and extracting the maximum gray value of each pixel point to generate a new image for 100 image sequences formed by the images with the cylinders and without the cylindrical light spots obtained by each group of experiments, and taking the image with the maximum gray value as a representative picture.
2. And determining the left and right boundaries of the rectangular reference range according to a method for extracting single-wide light intensity mutation points of the light spot image after the transparent PMMA cylinder to be detected is added, and extracting the upper and lower boundaries of the rectangular reference range according to a method for extracting the average width of the linear laser light spots in the range of the left and right boundaries of the non-cylindrical light spot image. Because the transparent PMMA cylinder to be measured in the case is placed to be tightly attached to the right side of the organic glass cylinder, and the right end of the light spot in the laser light spot image is interrupted due to the blocking of the right side wall of the glass cylinder, the leftmost value of the right boundary of the laser light spot of all the images with the columns and without the columns can be taken as the right boundary of the rectangular reference range. And the left boundary of the rectangular reference range is determined according to the rightmost value of the single-width light intensity mutation point of the image with the column.
3. And (4) carrying out gray level subtraction on the spot image after the column is added and the pixel average value of the spot image without the column in one measurement, and taking the absolute value of the gray value difference of each point. And taking 76 pixels as an initial value of a screening threshold value, and calculating the relative influence area sigma. A polyline linear fit is made to the variation of σ with the refractive index of the NaI solution to determine the minimum value of σ, and the pixel screening threshold is adjusted to 80 in order to bring the minimum value of σ close to 0. Finally, the measurement result of the experiment is obtained, as shown in fig. 5: the left regression equation of the regression broken line is-23.209 x +34.484, the right regression equation is y 23.877x-35.498, the refractive index of the NaI solution corresponding to the minimum value of sigma is 1.4863, and the refractive index of the obtained transparent PMMA cylindrical sample is 1.4863.
Claims (5)
1. A method for measuring the refractive index of a transparent solid with a convex cambered surface is characterized by comprising the following steps:
(1) respectively shooting a plurality of light spot images formed on the light receiving plate after the line laser passes through a plurality of matching fluids with different concentrations to obtain a light spot image sequence Pl1,Pl2,…,PliRespectively detecting refractive index sequences of a plurality of matching fluids with different concentrations, and recording the refractive index sequences as nl1，nl2,…,nli；
(2) Respectively placing the transparent solid to be detected in a plurality of matching fluids with different concentrations to form a plurality of different solid-liquid systems, respectively shooting a plurality of spot images formed on the light receiving plate after the line laser passes through the plurality of different solid-liquid systems to obtain a spot image sequence Ps1,Ps2,…,Psi；
(3) Respectively aiming at the light spot image sequences PliAnd PsiComparing the light spot images with the same sequence number, wherein when the pixel areas of the laser light spots in the rectangular reference range in the two light spot images are equal, the refractive indexes of the matching fluid and the detected transparent solid are equal, and the refractive index of the matching fluid is the refractive index of the transparent solid to be detected; wherein the sequence P of the optical spot imagesliAnd PsiThe light spot images with the same middle serial number are compared, and the method comprises the following steps:
(3-1) focusing the speckle image sequence PliAnd PsiThe gray processing is carried out on all the spot images, the intersecting line direction of a line laser plane and a light receiving plate is defined as the length direction x of the line laser, and the direction vertical to the length direction in the plane of the light receiving plate is defined as the width direction y of the spot images;
(3-2) calculating the spot image sequences P respectively by using the following formulasiAnd obtaining the single-wide light intensity I of each pixel point position in the line laser length direction x of each light spot image, and obtaining the distribution of the single-wide light intensity I along the x direction:
wherein, gnX is x in the laser length directionmPixel gray values along the width direction of the laser are located, subscript n is a pixel coordinate in the width y direction of the light spot image, and W is the total width of the light spot image;
(3-3) focusing the speckle image sequence PsiProcessing any one image to determine a rectangular reference range of the image, wherein the determination of the rectangular reference range comprises the determination of a left boundary, a right boundary and an upper boundary and a lower boundary, the length L of the facula image is obtained according to the left boundary and the right boundary of the rectangular reference range, the width 2d of the rectangular reference range is obtained according to the upper boundary and the lower boundary of the rectangular reference range, and the area A of the rectangular reference range is further obtainedc，Ac＝2dL；
(3-4) from the speckle image sequence PliAnd spot imageSequence PsiSelecting two images with corresponding serial numbers, carrying out gray subtraction on the two images to obtain a gray subtraction difference value, taking an absolute value of the gray difference value to obtain a gray difference value image, taking the number of pixels with non-zero gray values in a rectangular reference range of the gray difference value image, and recording the area of the pixels corresponding to the number of the pixels as Aei；
(3-5) calculating the relative area of influence σ by the following equationi：
(3-6) traversing the sequence of spot images PliAnd a sequence of spot images PsiRepeating the steps (3-4) and (3-5) on two images corresponding to all the serial numbers to obtain a relative influence area sequence, establishing a relation curve between the relative influence area and the refractive index of the matching fluid, carrying out regression analysis on the curve to obtain a fitting curve, and obtaining the refractive index of the matching fluid corresponding to the minimum value of the relative influence area from the fitting curve, wherein the refractive index of the matching fluid is the refractive index of the transparent solid with the convex cambered surface.
2. The refractive index measurement method according to claim 1, wherein the left and right boundaries are determined in the step (3-3) by: when the refractive index of the matching fluid is set to be far lower than that of the transparent solid to be detected, interruption occurs between light spots formed on the receiving plate by the light rays passing through the solid to be detected and the light rays not passing through the transparent solid to be detected, and then the left and right boundaries of the light spots passing through the transparent solid to be detected are selected as the left and right boundaries of the rectangular reference range.
3. The refractive index measurement method according to claim 1, wherein the left and right boundaries in the step (3-3) are determined by: setting the refractive index of the matching fluid to be close to that of the transparent solid to be detected, and generating single-wide light intensity distribution when light spots formed on the receiving plate by the light rays passing through the solid to be detected and the light rays not passing through the transparent solid to be detected are continuousTwo points of mutation x1And x2As the left and right boundaries of the rectangular reference range for subsequent image processing; repeat this step, traverse PsiComparing all the obtained left and right boundaries, selecting the rightmost value of the left boundary as the left boundary of the finally determined rectangular reference range, selecting the leftmost value of the right boundary as the right boundary of the finally determined rectangular reference range, and recording the length of the light spot image between the left and right boundaries as L.
4. A refractive index measuring method according to claim 1, 2 or 3, wherein the upper and lower boundaries are determined in step (3-3) by: for light spot image sequence PliThe average width d of the spot image between the upper boundary and the lower boundary of the rectangular reference range is measured, the central position of the line laser spot in the laser width direction at the upper boundary and the lower boundary is selected, one d extending upwards from the central position along the laser width direction is the upper boundary of the rectangular reference range, and one d extending downwards is the lower boundary of the rectangular reference range.
5. A refractive index measuring device for a transparent solid having a convex curved surface for performing the method of claim 1, comprising a line laser, a glass container, a light receiving plate, a camera, a lift table, a photometer, an automatic lift base and a quantitative liquid adding device; the line laser, the glass container and the light receiving plate are coaxially arranged on the same platform in sequence, the camera is arranged on one side of the optical axis, and the photometer is arranged on the other side of the optical axis; placing the transparent solid to be detected in matching liquid in a glass container, and placing the glass container on a lifting platform; the automatic lifting base is positioned in the glass container; the quantitative liquid adding device is communicated with the glass container through a liquid conveying pipeline.
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