CN112773828A - 用于耐药性病原体的组合广谱抗生素制剂 - Google Patents

用于耐药性病原体的组合广谱抗生素制剂 Download PDF

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Publication number
CN112773828A
CN112773828A CN202011019309.7A CN202011019309A CN112773828A CN 112773828 A CN112773828 A CN 112773828A CN 202011019309 A CN202011019309 A CN 202011019309A CN 112773828 A CN112773828 A CN 112773828A
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product
group
concentration
antibiotic
additive
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芬兹·爱德华·马克
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Fen ZiAidehuaMake
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Abstract

耐药病原体已导致疾病和医疗保健、农业和食品工业的费用。合成化学物质对杀死抗生素耐性病原体已变得不太有效,未来不太可能开发新的抗生素。本公开使用植物提取物的组合来提供组合广谱抗生素,保护免受耐耐药病原体的侵害。

Description

用于耐药性病原体的组合广谱抗生素制剂
技术领域
本公开涉及抗生素,更具体地,涉及抗生素添加剂。
背景技术
需要保护人和产品免受病原体的侵害。细菌、酵母和真菌会引起疾病,损坏产品以及损坏食品。天然化学物质可以抑制并杀死引起这些问题的微生物。历史上,药膏通过将草药浸泡在油中或与蜂蜡掺混来制成。这些被局部地应用或应用于伤口。食品使用香料来保存。在科学方法之前,除了临床经验外,没有其他办法来确定药膏或香料的有效性。没有显微镜,只有有限的与疾病相关的微生物的知识。针对其大小及气味和味道的强度来栽培驯化的草药、花朵、水果和浆果的栽培品种。化学物质浓度通过味道和气味来确定,通常带有较强气息的草药、花朵和水果更可能具有较强的抗生素特性。
后来,开发更有效的合成产品来抑制和杀死病原体。问题是合成抗生素和防腐剂会引起过敏反应,具有副作用或促进癌症。还有,在合成抗生素和防腐剂出现之后,病原体开始发展出耐性。罗莎·卡皮塔和卡洛斯·阿隆索-卡列亚(2013)在食品科学与营养评论中指出,多药耐性细菌在欧洲引起一半的因感染的医疗保健相关死亡,1995年在美国花费在40亿与50亿美元之间。
在未来,被肉类工业广泛使用的抗生素会使抗生素耐性的问题更糟,需要开发替代办法来保护动物饲料和产肉动物免受抗生素耐性微生物的侵害。感染有抗生素耐性病原体的动物具有将这些疾病传染给人类的潜在性。不仅动物和肉类易感抗生素耐性病原体,而且植物食品也易感可以引起食品损坏或感染人类的病原体。
尽管需要新的抗生素来对抗抗生素耐性细菌,但药品工业在开发新抗生素上投入很少比例的资源,并且开发新抗生素的花费极其昂贵。
药品工业表示,未来不太可能发现重要的新抗生素(卡皮塔&阿隆索-卡列亚,2013)。防止这些感染而没有合成化学物质副作用的一种途径是使用抑制抗生素耐性细菌的天然无毒植物产品。
马约、卡里卡霍、直日和奥伯特(2008)在应用微生物学中指出,抗生素耐性“耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌(MRSA)、耐万古霉素肠球菌(VRE)、铜绿假单胞菌、醋杆菌和肠细菌产生广谱β-内酰胺酶(ESBL)”是全世界院内感染的主要健康担忧。Relias媒体的劳拉·皮门特尔(2005)表示,社区获得的常见抗生素耐性细菌包括产生β-内酰胺酶的大肠杆菌、产生β-内酰胺酶的流感嗜血杆菌、产生β-内酰胺酶的卡他莫拉菌、耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌和耐药性肺炎链球菌。公共利益科学中心的卡罗琳·德瓦尔和苏珊·格鲁特斯(2013)表示,抗生素耐性沙门氏菌、肠毒素性大肠杆菌(ETEC)、弯曲杆菌和金黄色葡萄球菌引起食源性抗生素耐性暴发。生物化学学报的玛尔塔、安妮娜、卡塔尔兹娜和艾沃娜(2013)表示,在诊所、食品和医院外发现白色念珠菌抗生素耐性菌株。我发明了抑制抗生素耐性生物的组合防腐剂和抗生素。
某些含有辣椒素、水杨酸盐和可水解单宁的天然制剂具有抗生素特性,但是有致敏性、毒性,刺激粘膜或可以灼烧皮肤。辣椒素(辣味椒中的化学物质)会极度刺激粘膜。冬绿植物、白柳树皮和白杨树皮中发现的水杨酸盐(包括水杨酸)是潜在致命的。橡木提取物中发现的单宁用于鞣制皮革和保存酒。单宁会引起皮炎、过敏反应或肠功能障碍。这些成分用在某些天然制剂中,但是因为这些危险,本发明中未使用。
有多种膳食补充,含有具有抗菌或防腐特性的浓缩天然产品,但不是为该目的而开发、制造或销售,并且不涵盖广谱病原体。有天然防腐剂的专利以及市场上的天然防腐剂,但是它们不能有效地抑制或杀死抗生素耐性微生物。
使用植物产品用于抗生素制剂的另一困难是,对某些微生物有耐性的植物产品易感其他微生物,而植物中发现的营养和水供养这些微生物。为避免这些问题,我已将抑制或杀死多种对抗生素具有耐性的微生物的抗生素植物产品组合,以提供广谱覆盖。
抑制微生物生长的另一途径是通过使用浓缩植物产品和/或将植物产品与降低水活度水平的植物产品混合来限制产品中的水的量。水活度水平是产品中游离水的量。降低水活度水平的材料的示例包括甘油(glycerol)或山梨糖醇(sorbitol)。这些材料与水结合,防止细菌生长和增殖需要的自由水的可用性。
医疗保健和兽医花费正在上升。随着抗生素耐性食品病原体的传播,食品花费将上升。本发明可以提供有效对抗抗生素耐性细菌的能力,而没有生成新的化学物质或使用有毒合成防腐剂的高昂花费。社会想要不含化学物质的产品,然而医院和社区中抗生素耐性细菌的风险在上升,并且在未来将持续上升。农民已一直在饲料中给牲畜提供抗生素,以增加重量并保护免受感染,但这已导致农场、杂货店、医院和社区中的抗生素耐性细菌增加。本发明不仅可以保护农民和动物免受农场中发现的感染,而且可以保护饲料和食品免受损坏。对于人类、动物和食物,使用天然抗生素和防腐剂的组合是经济和实用的解决方案,不会将微生物暴露于会引发耐性的新的化学物质。
持续需要抑制抗生素耐性微生物的广谱抗生素制剂。期望地,通过组合浓缩的非合成植物产品来制造抗生素制剂。
发明内容
依据本次公开,令人惊讶地发现了通过组合浓缩的非合成植物产品制造的抑制抗生素耐性微生物的广谱抗生素制剂。
当以适当的浓度提供时,发现某些天然成分可用于抵抗细菌生长。由这些天然成分的组合制成的添加剂可用于以有效量供给这些成分,尤其当期望防止细菌和真菌生长时。
合成抗生素和防腐剂以比植物产品更低的浓度有效抑制和杀死细菌。合成抗生素和防腐剂的一个问题是它们会引起过敏反应、毒性或促进癌症。还有,某些细菌已对合成抗生素和防腐剂发展出耐性,使其无效。这已在医疗保健、农业和食品工业中产生巨额费用。这个新的、渐进的、系统性问题需要一种独特的科学方法来解决。
在一个实施例中,抗生素添加剂可以配置成混合在产品中。抗生素添加剂可以包括从多个组的至少两个组中选择的至少四种成分。这些组包括:第一组,第一组含有香芹酚(carvacrol)、桉树脑(cineole)、肉桂醛(cinnamaldehyde)、柠檬醛(citral)、香茅醛(citronellal)、丁香酚(eugenol)、香叶醇(geraniol)、芳樟醇(linalool)、柠檬烯(limonene)、紫苏醛(perillaldehyde)、蒎烯(pinene)、桧烯(sabinene)、松油醇(terpineols)、侧柏酮(thujone)和百里酚(thymol),其中第一组的成分的每一种以250与25,000ppm(parts per million)的浓度存在于产品中;第二组,第二组含有茴香脑(anethole)、黄连素(berberine)、儿茶素(catechins)、诃子酸(chebulic acid)、阿魏酸(ferulic acid)、黄酮醇(flavonols)、甘草次酸(glycyrrhetinic acid)、橙皮苷(hesperidin)、异硫氰酸酯(isothiocyanates)、倒捻子素(mangostin)、胡椒碱(piperine)、紫檀芪(pterostilbene)、茶黄素(theaflavins)和睡茄内酯(withanolides),其中第二组的成分的每一种以500ppm与50,000ppm之间的浓度存在于产品中;第三组,第三组含有熊果(bearberry)提取物、越桔(bilberry)提取物、接骨木浆果(elderberry)提取物和桑葚(mulberry)提取物。第三组的成分的每一种以1,000ppm与100,000ppm之间的浓度存在于产品中;以及第四组,第四组含有芦荟汁(aloe vera juice)、可可(cocoa)、姜汁(ginger juice)、糖浆(molasses)、苦楝油(neem oil)和蜂蜜(honey),以10,000ppm的浓度在产品中。
在另一实施例中,抗生素添加剂可以配置成混合在产品中。抗生素添加剂包括从多个组的每个组中选择的至少三种成分。这些组包括:第一组,第一组含有香芹酚、桉树脑、肉桂醛、柠檬醛、香茅醛、丁香酚、香叶醇、芳樟醇、柠檬烯、紫苏醛、蒎烯、桧烯、松油醇、侧柏酮和百里酚,其中第一组的每种成分以250与25,000ppm的浓度存在于产品中;第二组,第二组含有熊果提取物、越桔提取物、接骨木浆果提取物和桑葚提取物,其中第二组的每种成分以1000ppm与100,000ppm之间的浓度存在于产品中;以及第三组,第三组含有芦荟汁、可可、姜汁、糖浆、苦楝油和蜂蜜,以10,000ppm的浓度在产品中。
在第三实施例中,抗生素添加剂可以配置成混合在产品中。抗生素添加剂包括从多个组的每个组中选择的至少三种成分,这些组包括:第一组,第一组含有茴香脑、黄连素、儿茶素、诃子酸、阿魏酸、黄酮醇、甘草次酸、橙皮苷、异硫氰酸酯、倒捻子素、胡椒碱、紫檀芪、茶黄素和睡茄内酯,其中第二组的每种成分以500ppm与50,000ppm之间的浓度存在于产品中;第二组,第二组含有熊果提取物、越桔提取物、接骨木浆果提取物和桑葚提取物,其中第二组的每种成分以1000ppm与100,000ppm之间的浓度存在于产品中;以及第三组,第三组含有芦荟汁、可可、姜汁、糖浆、苦楝油和蜂蜜,以10,000ppm的浓度在产品中。
具体实施方式
以下描述本质上只是示例性的,并不意在限制本公开、应用或使用。关于所公开的方法,所呈现的步骤的顺序本质上是示例性的,因而,除非另外公开,否则是不必要的或不重要的。
已发现以下植物物种抑制或杀死耐药细菌:鲍曼不动杆菌、枯草芽孢杆菌、洋葱伯克氏菌群、白色念珠菌、肠球菌、大肠杆菌、肺炎克雷伯菌、结核分枝杆菌、普通变形杆菌、铜绿假单胞菌、沙门氏菌、志贺杆菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、表皮葡萄球菌或霍乱弧菌。
已发现,迷迭香精油以5%的浓度抑制四个菌株的多药耐性细菌,丁香精油以1.25%的浓度抑制四个菌株的多药耐性细菌。迷迭香精油的化学组分是桉树脑。丁香精油的主要化学组分是丁香酚。
已发现,阔荚合欢(A.lebbeck)、诃子(T.chebula)、乌墨蒲桃(S.cumini)、紫铆(B.monosperma)、韩信草(S.indica)、木橘(A.marmelos)和睡茄(W.somnifera)以每毫升24毫克杀死四个菌株的多药耐性霍乱弧菌。阔荚合欢含有抗生素儿茶素。诃子含有抗生素产品诃子酸。睡茄含有一类称为睡茄内酯的抗生素产品。
已发现柠檬草精油和柠檬醛以0.13%和0.06%的浓度杀死耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌。柠檬醛是柠檬草精油中最丰富的化学物质。
现已发现来自菖蒲(Acorus calamus)、山茶(Camellia sinensis)、菊苣(Cichorium intybus)、凤凰木(Delonix regia)、印度菝葜(Hemidesmus indicus)、抗痢木(Holarrhena antidysenterica)、指甲花(Lawsania intermis)、杧果(Mangiferaindica)、白花丹(Plumbago zeylanica)、安石榴(Punica granatum)、毗黎勒(Terminaliabellerica)和榄仁(Terminalia cheluba)的提取物以每毫升10.24毫克的浓度抑制多药耐性大肠杆菌。
菖蒲精油中含有古芸烯(gurjunene.)。山茶含有抗生素产品儿茶素和茶黄素。菊苣精油含有百里酚、伞花烃(cymene)和香芹酚。凤凰木含有抗菌产品苯甲酸(benzoicacid)、槲皮素(quercetin)、芦丁(rutin)和山萘酚(kaempferol)。榄仁含有抗生素产品诃子酸。
已发现黑籽油以1:25的浓度抑制三十株多药耐性铜绿假单胞菌。
已发现圣洁莓(chasteberry)提取物以每毫升0.312毫克的浓度抑制耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌。圣洁莓精油含有抗生素产品桧烯。
已发现以下化合物已显示出抗生素特性并抑制MRSA:异硫氰酸酯。
已发现石榴(pomegranate)糖浆抑制多药耐性粘质沙雷氏菌。
已发现,茴香(anise)、香菜(coriander)、莳萝(dill)、迷迭香属(rosmarinus)、马郁兰(marjoram)、薰衣草(lavender)、百里香(thyme)、洋甘菊(chamomile)、马缨丹(lantana)、芭乐(guava)、角豆树胶(carob gum)、甘草(licorice)、柠檬草、罗勒(basil)和牛至(oregano)的乙醇提取物可以抑制耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌。茴香的主要化学组分是是茴香脑。
已发现茶黄素以每升512毫克的浓度抑制六个菌株的多药耐性鲍曼不动杆菌,表儿茶素(epicatechin)以每升2048毫克的浓度抑制六个菌株的多药耐性鲍曼不动杆菌。
已发现芳樟醇、香叶醇和罗勒精油以每毫升1580微克的浓度抑制抗生素耐性白色念珠菌。
已发现蒎烯以每毫升20微升的浓度抑制抗生素耐性金黄色葡萄球菌。
已发现芦荟、苦楝、落地生根(bryophyllum)、柠檬草、图尔西(tulsi)、牛至、迷迭香和百里香的乙醇提取物以每毫升12.5毫克的浓度抑制多药耐性肺炎克雷伯菌。
已发现,阿江榄仁(Terminalia arjuna)的甲醇提取物以每毫升1.28毫克的浓度抑制13个菌株的多药耐性细菌。
已发现,石榴的甲醇提取物以每毫升1024微克的浓度杀死10个菌株的结核分枝杆菌,包括对抗生素有耐性的6个菌株。还已表明,石榴、咖啡酸、EGCG和槲皮素的多酚组分以每毫升1024微克的浓度杀死十个菌株的结核分枝杆菌和二十个菌株的多药耐性肺炎克雷伯菌。
已发现,姜提取物和百里香精油分别以每毫升80毫克、每毫升0.96毫克和每毫升0.48毫克的浓度抑制五个菌株的多药耐性铜绿假单胞菌。
已发现胡桃(Juglans regia)提取物以每毫升0.31毫克的浓度抑制耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌。
已发现芭乐提取物以每毫升312.5毫克杀死三个菌株的多药耐性细菌,儿茶素、表儿茶素、绿原酸(chlorogenic acid)、阿魏酸、槲皮素、木犀草素(luteolin)和山萘酚以每毫升5毫克的浓度杀死四种抗生素耐性细菌。
已发现芦荟凝胶以每毫升200微克的浓度抑制多药耐性铜绿假单胞菌。
已发现以每毫升1毫克的浓度使用大蒜(garlic)和姜提取物造成抑制多药耐性大肠杆菌、铜绿假单胞菌、枯草芽孢杆菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、肺炎克雷伯菌、志贺杆菌、表皮葡萄球菌和沙门氏菌。
已发现百里香茶、艾草茶、薄荷茶、玫瑰果茶、石榴茶、红茶、绿茶、橙茶和鼠尾草茶以1.25%的浓度抑制耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌,肉桂(cinnamon)茶以2.5%的浓度抑制多药耐性白色念珠菌。鼠尾草含有抗生素产品侧柏酮。
已发现,以每升百里香精油30毫克的浓度杀死了20个菌株的多药耐性铜绿假单胞菌。所有菌株被芦荟和百日草(Zararia multiflora)提取物以每毫升20毫克的浓度抑制。
已发现接骨木花和接骨木浆果具有抗MRSA的抗微生物特性。
已发现,茴香提取物和八角(star anise)提取物以每毫升128微克的浓度抑制100个菌株的耐药细菌。
已发现,肉桂、丁香、树罗勒(tree basil)、甜罗勒(sweet basil)、柠檬草、姜参(plai)、酸橙(lime)、姜、卡菲尔酸橙(kaffir lime)和茶树精油以每毫升4毫克的浓度抑制多药耐性鲍曼不动杆菌。
已发现,欧洲小檗(Berberis vulgaris)的水提物以每毫升50毫克的浓度抑制140个菌株的多药耐性革兰阴性细菌。欧洲小檗含有抗生素产品黄连素。
已发现,菠萝蜜(Artocarpus heterophyllus)、小豆蔻(Elettaria cardamomum)、辣木(Moringa oleifera)和酸角(Tamarindus)的甲醇提取物以每毫升30毫克抑制多药耐性耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌。
已发现,大蒜和姜提取物分别以每毫升160.2微克和每毫升185.58微克的浓度抑制多个菌株的多药耐性细菌。
已发现,阿拉伯金合欢(Acacia nilotica)、丁子香(Syzygium aromaticum)和锡兰肉桂(Cinnamum zeylanicum)的乙醇提取物以每毫升1560微克的浓度抑制多个菌株的多药耐性细菌。
已发现,从辣根(horseradish)中提取的异硫氰酸酯(包括苯乙基异硫氰酸酯(phenylethyl isothiocyanate))以每毫升2000微克的浓度杀死四个菌株的抗生素耐性细菌。
已发现,在甘草根中发现的甘草次酸以0.223微摩尔浓度杀死耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌。
已发现,姜水提物以每毫升50毫克的浓度抑制多药耐性枯草芽孢杆菌和铜绿假单胞菌。
已发现柠檬桉(lemon eucalyptus)精油以每毫升10毫克的浓度杀死十个菌株的多药耐性白色念珠菌。柠檬桉精油的主要组分是香茅醛。
已发现香芹酚以每毫升256微克的浓度抑制32个菌株的抗生素耐性链球菌,百里香和牛至以每毫升512微克的浓度抑制32个菌株的抗生素耐性链球菌,薄荷(peppermint)精油以每毫升2048微克的浓度抑制32个菌株的抗生素耐性链球菌。
已发现,迷迭香、小茴香(fennel)和白松香(galbanum)精油以每毫升16微升的浓度抑制八个菌株的耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌。
已发现肉桂皮、牛至、香旱芹(ajowan)、百里香、丁香、肉桂叶、柠檬草、茶树、玫瑰草(palmarosa)、桉树(eucalyptus)、白千层(cajeput)和薰衣草精油以5.27%以下的浓度抑制抗生素耐性鲍曼不动杆菌。玫瑰草精油的主要化学组分是香叶醇。
已发现去甲汉黄芩素(norwogonin)、特雷布林(trechebulin)、诃子鞣酸(chebulagic acid)和柯里拉京(corilagin)以每毫升1,000微克的浓度抑制多药耐性鲍曼不动杆菌。
已发现,桑葚提取物以每毫升1.28毫克的浓度对金黄色葡萄球菌、铜绿假单胞菌、大肠杆菌和沙门氏菌有杀细菌性,并抑制抗生素耐性金黄色葡萄球菌、抗生素耐性大肠杆菌和抗生素耐性沙门氏菌。
已发现菲罗斯体格莫(piliostigmol)抑制金黄色葡萄球菌(NCTC 6571)、大肠杆菌(NCTC 10418)、枯草芽孢杆菌(NCTC 8236)、普通变形杆菌(NCTC 4175)、黑曲霉菌(ATCC10578)和白色念珠菌(ATCC 10231)。
已发现紫檀芪以0.156毫摩尔的浓度杀死耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌。
已发现罗勒精油以每毫升18微克的浓度抑制对四环素有耐性的大肠杆菌。
已发现丁香油、百里香油和牛至油以每毫升10-2微升的浓度抑制多药耐性铜绿假单胞菌和洋葱伯克氏菌群。
已发现百里香精油、丁香精油和肯氏蒲桃(jambolan)提取物抑制抗生素耐性铜绿假单胞菌;柠檬香蜂草(lemonbalm)精油抑制抗生素耐性肺炎克雷伯菌。
已发现甘草次酸以每毫升512毫克的浓度杀死18个菌株的耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌。
已发现,抗痢木、安石榴、使君子(Quisqualis indica)、毗黎勒、榄仁和金丝柚木(Terminalia sp.)以每毫升125微克的浓度抑制多药耐性鲍曼不动杆菌。
已发现绿茶以每毫升400微克和每毫升800微克的浓度抑制耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌和多药耐性铜绿假单胞菌。
已发现,蜂蜜以25%到56.25%的浓度对耐氟康唑白色念珠菌有杀真菌性。
已发现,可可树(Theobroma cacao)提取物以每毫升64微克的浓度杀死抗生素耐性大肠杆菌。
已发现19种香料,锡兰肉桂(C.zeylanicum)、龙眼(C.longa)、细叶九里香(M.koenigii)、洋葱(A.cepa)、芥菜(B.juncea)、孜然芹(C.cyminum)、柴桂(C.tamala)、甜瓜(C.melo)、阿马达姜黄(C.amada)、多肉(F.vulgare)、丁子香(S.aromaticum)、阿米芹(T.ammi)、生姜(Z.officinale)、蒜(A.sativum)、辣椒(C.annuum)、八角茴香(I.verum)、留兰香(M.spicata)、桂子(M.fragrans)和茄属(P.nigru)每种抑制至少一个菌株的多药耐性细菌。留兰香的主要化学组分是香芹酮(carvone),留兰香的抗生素产品是紫苏醛。胡椒碱是在姜黄(tumeric)中。
已发现罗勒、牛至、茶树和百里香油以4%的浓度杀死20个菌株的多药耐性细菌。
已发现,紫菀(aster)的水提物以每毫升10毫克的浓度抑制六个菌株的多药耐性细菌,金盏花(calendula)的乙醇提取物以每毫升10毫克的浓度抑制六个菌株的多药耐性细菌。
已发现百里香精油以每毫升2.5微升的浓度抑制120个菌株的多药耐性细菌。
已发现老鹳草(geranium)精油以每毫升10.5微升的浓度抑制75个菌株的抗生素耐性细菌。
已发现抗痢木提取物以每升1,250毫克的浓度广泛抑制多药耐性鲍曼不动杆菌,锥丝碱(conessine)以每升10毫克的浓度广泛抑制多药耐性鲍曼不动杆菌。
已发现印度榕树(F.indica)、散沫花(L.inermis)、马齿苋(P.oleracea)和枣属(Z.spina-Christi)提取物以每毫升25微克的浓度抑制多药耐性鲍曼不动杆菌。马齿苋含有橙皮苷。
已发现山竹(Garcinia mangostana)的10%乙醇提取物抑制耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌。山竹含有倒捻子素。
已发现百里香精油以每毫升2微克的浓度抑制59个菌株的多药耐性鲍曼不动杆菌。
已发现番石榴(Psidium guava)、珠子草(Phyllanthus niruri)、基及树(Ehretiamicrophylla)和蒌叶(Piper betle)抑制耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌和耐万古霉素肠球菌。
已发现,熊果叶的水提物以5mg/ml的浓度杀死对阿莫西林(amoxicillin)有耐性的大肠杆菌和粪肠球菌菌株。
已发现,越桔水提物以每毫升40毫克杀死10个菌株的大肠杆菌,其中7个菌株对阿莫西林有耐性。越桔水提物还以每毫升40毫克的浓度杀死10个菌株的普通变形杆菌,其中8个菌株对阿莫西林有耐性。
已发现表儿茶素、儿茶素、咖啡因、绿原酸、可可碱(theobromine)、茶碱(theophylline)、槲皮素、山萘酚、没食子儿茶素(gallocatechin)、表没食子儿茶素(epigallocatechin)、表没食子儿茶素没食子酸酯(epigallocatechin gallate)、儿茶素没食子酸酯(catechin gallate)、表儿茶素没食子酸酯(epicatechin gallate)、表枇杷素(epiafzelechin)、表枇杷素没食子酸酯(epiafzelechin gallate)、聚酯型儿茶素(theasinesin A)、茶黄素、茶黄素没食子酸酯(theaflavin gallate)和茶黄素双没食子酸酯(theaflavin digallate)具有抵抗抗生素耐性细菌的抗生素特性。
已发现,仁面树(Dracontomelon Dao)的乙醇提取物杀死耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌和多药耐性大肠杆菌。太平洋核桃(Pacific Walnut)含有儿茶素。
可以将上文描述的天然成分组合以生成添加剂。添加剂可以放置在产品中、产品上或与产品混合。该添加剂可以抑制念珠菌、抑制抗生素耐性葡萄球菌、抑制抗生素耐性大肠杆菌以及抑制抗生素耐性假单胞菌。该产品可以是化妆品防腐剂、食品防腐剂或药品防腐剂中的一种。应当了解,本领域技术人员可以在任何期望抗生素特性的合适产品中运用该添加剂。
应当理解,本公开的添加剂可以与多种产品混合。作为非限制性示例,添加剂可以制定用于伤口应用、表皮应用、鼻应用、耳应用、粘膜应用、幽门螺杆菌应用、药品应用、兽医应用、食品保存和动物饲料保存。技术人员可以将添加剂混合到期望天然抗生素的合适配方中。
添加剂可以包括从多个组中选择的天然抗微生物产品。第一组包括在精油中发现的萜类化合物(terpenoids)。第二组包括植物中发现的多酚(polyphenols)。第三组包括在深色果实中发现的花青素(anthocyanins)。第四组包括含有天然抗微生物剂的广泛组合的植物提取物。有利地,使用来自不同组的抗微生物剂确保抗微生物剂以多种途径抑制微生物。
在一个实施例中,抗生素添加剂可以配置成混合在产品中。抗生素添加剂可以包括至少四种成分。该成分可以从下文描述的第一个多组的至少两个组中选择。
第一组可以含有香芹酚、桉树脑、肉桂醛、柠檬醛、香茅醛、丁香酚、香叶醇、芳樟醇、柠檬烯、紫苏醛、蒎烯、桧烯、松油醇、侧柏酮和百里酚。第一组的每种成分可以以250与25,000ppm之间的浓度存在于产品中。
第二组可以含有茴香脑、黄连素、儿茶素、诃子酸、阿魏酸、黄酮醇、甘草次酸、橙皮苷、异硫氰酸酯、倒捻子素、胡椒碱、紫檀芪、茶黄素和睡茄内酯。第二组的每种成分可以以500ppm与50,000ppm之间的浓度存在于产品中。
第三组可以含有熊果提取物、越桔提取物、接骨木浆果提取物和桑葚提取物。第三组的每种成分可以以1,000ppm与100,000ppm之间的浓度存在于产品中。
第四组可以含有芦荟汁、可可、姜汁、糖浆、苦楝油和蜂蜜。第四组的每种成分可以以多于10,000ppm的浓度存在于产品中。
应当理解,技术人员可以视所需选择合适浓度的成分的合适组合。
在另一实施例中,抗生素添加剂可以配置成混合在产品中。抗生素添加剂可以包括从第二个多组的每个组中选择的至少三种成分,如下文描述的。
第一组可以含有香芹酚、桉树脑、肉桂醛、柠檬醛、香茅醛、丁香酚、香叶醇、芳樟醇、柠檬烯、紫苏醛、蒎烯,桧烯、松油醇、侧柏酮和百里酚。第一组的每种成分可以以250与25,000ppm之间的浓度存在于产品中。
第二组可以含有熊果提取物、越桔提取物、接骨木浆果提取物和桑葚提取物。第二组的每种成分可以以1,000ppm与100,000ppm之间的浓度存在于产品中。
第三组可以含有芦荟汁、可可、姜汁、糖浆、苦楝油和蜂蜜。第三组的每种成分可以以多于10,000ppm的浓度存在于产品中。
在第三实施例中,抗生素添加剂可以配置成混合在产品中。抗生素添加剂可以包括从第三个多组的每个组中选择的至少三种成分,如下文描述的。
第一组可以含有茴香脑、黄连素、儿茶素、诃子酸、阿魏酸、黄酮醇、甘草次酸、橙皮苷、异硫氰酸酯、倒捻子素、胡椒碱、紫檀芪、茶黄素和睡茄内酯。第二组的每种成分可以以500ppm与50,000ppm之间的浓度存在于产品中。
第二组可以含有熊果提取物、越桔提取物、接骨木浆果提取物和桑葚提取物。第二组的每种成分可以以1,000ppm和100,000ppm之间的浓度存在于产品中。
第三组可以含有芦荟汁、可可、姜汁、糖浆、苦楝油和蜂蜜。第三组的每种成分可以以多于10,000ppm的浓度存在于产品中。
技术人员可以视所需选择合适浓度的成分的合适组合。
在最具体的实施例中,作为非限制性示例,产品可以是局部伤口制剂,诸如伤口蜂蜜或伤口凝胶。局部伤口制剂含有蜂蜜。应当理解,蜂蜜降低产品的水活度水平。局部伤口制剂可以进一步包括带有芦荟提取物的芦荟汁、接骨木浆果提取物、带有甘草酸(glycyrrhizic acid)的甘草根提取物、带有丁香酚的丁香精油和带有香芹酚的牛至精油。应当理解,添加这些成分使局部伤口制剂有杀真菌性和杀细菌性。
天然抗生素的该组合提供抵抗抗生素耐性病原体的多种覆盖范围。例如,丁香精油和牛至精油每个可以分别以抑制抗生素耐性白色念珠菌的浓度提供。甘草酸和丁香酚每个的浓度可以足以对耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌有杀细菌性。丁香酚和香芹酚对耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌具有协同效果,如下面表1示出的。接骨木浆果提取物、甘草酸和芦荟凝胶的浓度足以对抗生素耐性铜绿假单胞菌有杀细菌性。
表1
Figure BDA0002700113140000111
MIC-最小抑制浓度,MBC-最小杀细菌浓度,MBEC-最小生物膜清除浓度。浓度以体积百分比。
牛至精油和丁香精油抑制大肠杆菌、铜绿假单胞菌和金黄色葡萄球菌,如下面表2示出的。
表2
Figure BDA0002700113140000112
丁香酚和香芹酚抑制白色念珠菌,如下面表3示出的。
表3
Figure BDA0002700113140000121
不同成分具有不同的杀死微生物的机制,无论是损坏细胞膜、损坏细胞器、抑制复制或者损坏细胞DNA。因而,局部伤口制剂通过限制微生物生长需要的不同材料并使用抗微生物剂来提供抗细菌保护,抗微生物剂使用多种机制有杀微生物性。
抑制微生物生长的另一途径是通过使用浓缩植物产品或将植物产品与降低水活度水平的植物材料混合来限制产品中的水的量。水活度水平是产品中游离水的量。降低水活度水平的材料的示例包括甘油或柠檬酸(citric acid)。已发现这些材料与水结合,以防止细菌生长和增殖需要的自由水的可用性。
水活度可以定义为相同温度下物质中水的蒸气压与纯水的蒸气压的比率。微生物需要最低水平的水活度以生长,因而,水活度降低可以用以控制微生物生长。
由此,期望添加剂具有低水活度水平。保湿剂可以用以降低添加剂的水活度水平。保湿剂可以与添加剂中的自由水分子结合,从而降低水活度水平。作为非限制性示例,保湿剂可以是硝酸、右旋糖(dextrose)、果糖(fructose)、甘油、甘氨酸(glycine)、葡萄糖(glucose)、蜂蜜、苹果酸(malic acid)、盐(salt)、山梨糖醇、蔗糖(sucrose)和酒石酸(tartaric acid)。技术人员可以视所需选择任何合适的保湿剂。
如文中可以呈现的,语言“大致组成”意在将权利要求的范围限制为不会实质影响添加剂的基本和新颖特征的指定材料。应当理解,对添加剂有实质影响的成分可以改善或不利地影响添加剂的抗微生物特性。因而,由上文描述的某些成分大致组成的添加剂,排除可以改善或不利地影响添加剂的抗微生物特性的成分,这将实质影响添加剂的基本和新颖特征。
另外,如下面的权利要求中可以呈现的,语言“组成”旨在排除权利要求书中未指定的任何成分。由此,由上文描述的的某些成分组成的添加剂仅包括那些成分。
尽管出于说明本发明的目的已示出了某些代表性实施例和细节,但是对于本领域技术人员将显而易见的是,在不脱离本公开的范围的情况下可以进行各种改变,其在所附的权利要求中进一步描述。

Claims (13)

1.一种抗生素添加剂,配置成混合在产品中,其特征在于,所述抗生素添加剂包含:
从多个组的至少两个组中选择的至少四种成分,所述组包括:
第一组,所述第一组含有香芹酚、桉树脑、肉桂醛、柠檬醛、香茅醛、丁香酚、香叶醇、芳樟醇、柠檬烯、紫苏醛,蒎烯、桧烯、松油醇、侧柏酮和百里酚,其中,所述第一组的所述成分的每一种以250与25,000ppm之间的浓度存在于所述产品中;
第二组,所述第二组含有茴香脑、黄连素、儿茶素、诃子酸、阿魏酸、黄酮醇、甘草次酸、橙皮苷、异硫氰酸酯、倒捻子素、胡椒碱、紫檀芪、茶黄素和睡茄内酯,其中,所述第二组的所述成分的每一种以500ppm与50,000ppm之间的浓度存在于所述产品中;
第三组,所述第三组含有熊果提取物、越桔提取物、接骨木浆果提取物和桑葚提取物,其中,所述第三组的所述成分的每一种以1,000ppm与100,000ppm之间的浓度存在于所述产品中;以及
第四组,所述第四组含有芦荟汁、可可、姜汁、糖浆、苦楝油和蜂蜜,其中,所述第四组的所述成分的每一种以多于10,000ppm的浓度存在于所述产品中。
2.如权利要求1所述的抗生素添加剂,其特征在于,进一步包含从柠檬酸、右旋糖、果糖、甘油、甘氨酸、葡萄糖、苹果酸、盐、山梨糖醇、蔗糖和酒石酸的列表中选择的50%水活度降低剂的组合。
3.如权利要求1所述的抗生素添加剂,其特征在于,其中,所述添加剂的水活度水平小于0.85。
4.如权利要求1所述的抗生素添加剂,其特征在于,其中,所述添加剂混合在所述产品中。
5.如权利要求1所述的抗生素添加剂,其特征在于,其中,所述产品是化妆品、食品和药品中的一种。
6.一种抗生素添加剂,配置成混合在产品中,其特征在于,所述抗生素添加剂包含:
每种从三个多个组中的一个组中选择的至少三种成分,所述组包括:
第一组,所述第一组含有香芹酚、桉树脑、肉桂醛、柠檬醛、香茅醛、丁香酚、香叶醇、芳樟醇、柠檬烯、紫苏醛、蒎烯、桧烯、松油醇、侧柏酮和百里酚,其中,所述第一组的所述成分的每一种以250与25,000ppm之间的浓度存在于所述产品中;
第二组,所述第二组含有熊果提取物、越桔提取物、接骨木浆果提取物和桑葚提取物,其中,所述第二组的所述成分的每一种以1,000ppm与100,000ppm之间的浓度存在于所述产品中;以及
第三组,所述第三组含有芦荟汁、可可、姜汁、糖浆、苦楝油和蜂蜜,其中,所述第三组的所述成分的每一种以多于10,000ppm的浓度存在于所述产品中。
7.如权利要求6所述的抗生素添加剂,其特征在于,其中,所述添加剂的水活度水平小于0.85。
8.如权利要求6所述的抗生素添加剂,其特征在于,其中,所述添加剂混合在所述产品中。
9.如权利要求6所述的抗生素添加剂,其特征在于,其中,所述产品是化妆品、食品和药品中的一种。
10.一种抗生素添加剂,配置成混合在产品中,其特征在于,所述抗生素添加剂包含:
每种从三个多个组中的一个组中选择的至少三种成分,所述组包括:
第一组,所述第一组含有茴香脑、黄连素、儿茶素、诃子酸、阿魏酸、黄酮醇、甘草次酸、橙皮苷、异硫氰酸酯、倒捻子素、胡椒碱、紫檀芪、茶黄素和睡茄内酯,其中,所述第一组的所述成分的每一种以500ppm与50,000ppm之间的浓度存在于所述产品中;
第二组,所述第二组含有熊果提取物、越桔提取物、接骨木浆果提取物和桑葚提取物,其中,所述第二组的所述成分的每一种以1,000ppm与100,000ppm之间的浓度存在于所述产品中;以及
第三组,所述第三组含有芦荟汁、可可、姜汁、糖浆、苦楝油和蜂蜜,其中,所述第三组的所述成分的每一种以多于10,000ppm的浓度存在于所述产品中。
11.如权利要求10所述的抗生素添加剂,其特征在于,进一步包含从柠檬酸、右旋糖、果糖、甘油、甘氨酸、葡萄糖、苹果酸、盐、山梨糖醇、蔗糖和酒石酸的列表中选择的50%水活度降低剂的组合。
12.如权利要求10所述的抗生素添加剂,其特征在于,其中,所述添加剂混合在所述产品中。
13.如权利要求10所述的抗生素添加剂,其特征在于,其中,所述产品是化妆品、食品和药品中的一种。
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