CN112772549A - Breeding method for producing marbled beef by Holstein cattle - Google Patents
Breeding method for producing marbled beef by Holstein cattle Download PDFInfo
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01K—ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; AVICULTURE; APICULTURE; PISCICULTURE; FISHING; REARING OR BREEDING ANIMALS, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NEW BREEDS OF ANIMALS
- A01K67/00—Rearing or breeding animals, not otherwise provided for; New or modified breeds of animals
- A01K67/02—Breeding vertebrates
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
- A23K—FODDER
- A23K10/00—Animal feeding-stuffs
- A23K10/30—Animal feeding-stuffs from material of plant origin, e.g. roots, seeds or hay; from material of fungal origin, e.g. mushrooms
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
- A23K—FODDER
- A23K10/00—Animal feeding-stuffs
- A23K10/30—Animal feeding-stuffs from material of plant origin, e.g. roots, seeds or hay; from material of fungal origin, e.g. mushrooms
- A23K10/37—Animal feeding-stuffs from material of plant origin, e.g. roots, seeds or hay; from material of fungal origin, e.g. mushrooms from waste material
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
- A23K—FODDER
- A23K20/00—Accessory food factors for animal feeding-stuffs
- A23K20/10—Organic substances
- A23K20/174—Vitamins
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
- A23K—FODDER
- A23K20/00—Accessory food factors for animal feeding-stuffs
- A23K20/20—Inorganic substances, e.g. oligoelements
- A23K20/22—Compounds of alkali metals
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
- A23K—FODDER
- A23K20/00—Accessory food factors for animal feeding-stuffs
- A23K20/20—Inorganic substances, e.g. oligoelements
- A23K20/24—Compounds of alkaline earth metals, e.g. magnesium
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
- A23K—FODDER
- A23K20/00—Accessory food factors for animal feeding-stuffs
- A23K20/20—Inorganic substances, e.g. oligoelements
- A23K20/26—Compounds containing phosphorus
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
- A23K—FODDER
- A23K20/00—Accessory food factors for animal feeding-stuffs
- A23K20/20—Inorganic substances, e.g. oligoelements
- A23K20/30—Oligoelements
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
- A23K—FODDER
- A23K50/00—Feeding-stuffs specially adapted for particular animals
- A23K50/10—Feeding-stuffs specially adapted for particular animals for ruminants
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
- A23K—FODDER
- A23K50/00—Feeding-stuffs specially adapted for particular animals
- A23K50/60—Feeding-stuffs specially adapted for particular animals for weanlings
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02P—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE PRODUCTION OR PROCESSING OF GOODS
- Y02P60/00—Technologies relating to agriculture, livestock or agroalimentary industries
- Y02P60/80—Food processing, e.g. use of renewable energies or variable speed drives in handling, conveying or stacking
- Y02P60/87—Re-use of by-products of food processing for fodder production
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Abstract
The invention provides a feeding method for producing marbled beef by Holstein cattle, and relates to the technical field of cattle fattening. The feeding method provided by the invention is used for feeding the high-nutrition daily ration from weaning to promote intramuscular fat deposition. Test research results from 2012 to 2016 show that 37.5% of holstein castrated cows which are linearly fattened from 12 months to 26 months of slaughter can reach grade 2, and 62.5% can reach grade 3. From weaning at 2 months of age, the straight-line fattening to 15.5 months of age of Hesteiny castrated cows, grade 2 and grade 3 each account for 50%. The test results show that the intramuscular fat deposition of the Hesteiny castors can be effectively increased by linearly fattening and feeding the feeds with daily ration with high nutrient concentration, and the backfat thickness is obviously lower than 26 months because the slaughter month age is only 15.5 months. By using the feeding method, the slaughtering month age of marbled beef produced by Hestein castrated cows is advanced by 10 months, and the feed cost is greatly reduced.
Description
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the technical field of cattle fattening, and particularly relates to a feeding method for producing marbled beef by Holstein cattle.
Background
The dairy cattle is one of leading industries of animal husbandry in China, the number of the stocked dairy cattle is the second place in the world, and the number of the newborn calf is about 200 ten thousand every year. With the improvement of the living standard of consumers, the consumption of beef in China, particularly the consumption of high-grade beef, is increased year by year, Japan is the main country for producing marbled beef, and the production of marbled beef by using Hestein castrated cows is realized, but the service life of the marbled beef is about 30 months due to resource shortage. Heilongjiang province is an agricultural province and is also a dairy cow breeding province, a beef cattle team of a livestock research institute of an agricultural institute of the Heilongjiang province is dedicated to the research of a milk male calf straight-line fattening technology since 2012, and a 2016 research result shows that 26-month-old Holstein castors can produce 2-3-grade marbled beef. However, the method has the problems of excessive backfat thickness, and meanwhile, the castrated cows which are slaughtered at the age of 26 months are fattened and fed from the age of 10 months, so that the slaughtering period is long, and the feed cost is high.
Disclosure of Invention
In view of the above, the invention aims to provide a feeding method for producing marbled beef by holstein cattle, which can produce marbled beef of grade 2 or above when the holstein castrate cattle is fattened to 16 months old.
In order to achieve the above object, the present invention provides the following technical solutions:
the invention provides a feeding method for producing marbled beef by Holstein cattle, which comprises the following steps: (1) ligating and castrating newborn holstein bull calves within 1 week, and weaning at 2 months;
(2) and when the feed is 3-6 months old, freely eating a first mixed daily ration, wherein the first mixed daily ration comprises the following raw materials in percentage by weight: 45-70% of steam-pressed grains, 15-25% of cakes, 10-18% of grain crop seed deep-processing byproducts, 5-15% of hay and/or straws, 0.5-1% of compound vitamins, 1-1.5% of trace elements and 1.5-2.5% of mineral additives;
(3) and when the second mixed daily ration is 7-12 months old, freely eating the second mixed daily ration, wherein the second mixed daily ration comprises the following raw materials in percentage by weight: 45-65% of steam-pressed grains, 10-15% of cakes, 10-15% of grain crop seed deep-processing byproducts, 10-20% of dregs, 8-20% of hay and/or straws, 0.5-1% of compound vitamins, 1-1.5% of trace elements and 1.5-2.5% of mineral additives;
(4) freely taking the third mixed ration when the third mixed ration is 13-16 months old, and marketing when the weight reaches over 600 kg; the third mixed daily ration comprises the following raw materials in percentage by weight: 55-75% of steam-pressed grains, 5-10% of cakes, 5-10% of grain crop seed deep-processing byproducts, 5-10% of dregs, 5-15% of hay and/or straws, 0.5-1% of compound vitamins, 1-1.5% of trace elements and 1.5-2.5% of mineral additives.
Preferably, the feeding method of the newborn holstein bull calf in the stage of birth to 2 months of age in the step (1) comprises the following steps: feeding more than 4kg of colostrum within 12 hours of birth of the newborn holstein male calf; feeding fresh cow milk or acidified milk for three times at the age of 1-45 days, wherein the average daily breast feeding amount is 8% of the weight of the newborn Holstein male calf; feeding the acidified milk twice a day at the age of 46-55 days, wherein the total feeding amount of the two times is 2 kg/head; feeding acidified milk for one time every 56-60 days, wherein the feeding amount for one time is 2 kg/head.
Preferably, cold boiled water is freely drunk from 3 days of the newborn holstein bull calf, and the calf granule is fed for 7 days of the newborn holstein bull calf, wherein the mass percentage of crude protein in the calf granule is 22-25%.
Preferably, in the step (2), the mass percentage of the crude protein in the first mixed ration is 18-22%, and the digestion energy is 3.3 Mcal/kg.
Preferably, the mass percentage of the crude protein in the second mixed ration in the step (3) is 13-15%, and the digestion energy is 3.5 Mcal/kg.
Preferably, in the step (4), the mass percentage of the crude protein in the third mixed ration is 10-12%, and the digestion energy is 3.5 Mcal/kg.
Preferably, among the raw materials of the first mixed ration, the second mixed ration and the third mixed ration, the raw materials of the grain crop seed deep processing byproducts comprise corn and rice.
Preferably, in the raw materials of the first mixed ration, the second mixed ration and the third mixed ration, the vitamin complex comprises: vitamin a, vitamin D and vitamin E; the content of vitamin A in the first mixed daily ration is 1800-2600 IU/kg, the content of vitamin D is 150-260 IU/kg, and the content of vitamin E is 20-60 IU/kg; in the second mixed daily ration, the content of vitamin A is 1800-2600 IU/kg, the content of vitamin D is 150-260 IU/kg, and the content of vitamin E is 20-60 IU/kg; the content of vitamin A in the third mixed daily ration is 2500-3200 IU/kg, the content of vitamin D in the third mixed daily ration is 150-260 IU/kg, and the content of vitamin E in the third mixed daily ration is 20-60 IU/kg.
Preferably, in the raw materials of the first mixed ration, the second mixed ration and the third mixed ration, the trace elements include: iron, copper, manganese, zinc, selenium, iodine and cobalt, wherein the concentrations of trace elements in the first mixed ration, the second mixed ration and the third mixed ration are respectively as follows: 50-100 mg/kg of iron, 4-10 mg/kg of copper, 20-40 mg/kg of manganese, 20-40 mg/kg of zinc, 0.05-0.3 mg/kg of selenium, 0.2-2.0 mg/kg of iodine and 0.07-0.11 mg/kg of cobalt.
Preferably, in the raw materials of the first mixed daily ration, the second mixed daily ration and the third mixed daily ration, the mineral additive comprises calcium, phosphorus, sodium, potassium and magnesium, and the mass percentages of the mineral additive in the first mixed daily ration, the second mixed daily ration and the third mixed daily ration are respectively as follows: 0.4-0.7% of calcium, 0.2-0.3% of phosphorus, 0.06-0.10% of sodium, 0.5-0.7% of potassium and 0.05-0.25% of magnesium.
The invention provides a feeding method for producing marbled beef by Holstein cattle, which is characterized in that high-nutrition daily ration is fed from weaning to promote intramuscular fat deposition. Experimental research results from 2018 to 2019 show that the holstein castrated cows after weaning at the age of 2 months are linearly fattened to the age of 15.5 months, and the grades 2 and 3 respectively account for 50 percent. The test results show that the intramuscular fat deposition is effectively increased by linearly fattening and feeding the daily ration with high nutrient concentration, and the backfat thickness is obviously lower than 26 months due to the fact that the slaughter month age is only 15.5 months. By using the feeding method, the slaughtering month age of marbled beef produced by Hestein castrated cows is advanced by 10 months, and the feed cost is greatly reduced.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a marbling rating chart for 26-month old Holstein castrate;
FIG. 2 is a marbling rating chart for 15.5 month old Holstein castrated cows;
figure 3 is a marbling rating plot for 15.5 month old holstein bulls.
Detailed Description
The invention provides a feeding method for producing marbled beef by Holstein cattle, which comprises the following steps: (1) ligating and castrating newborn holstein bull calves within 1 week, and weaning at 2 months;
(2) and when the feed is 3-6 months old, freely eating a first mixed daily ration, wherein the first mixed daily ration comprises the following raw materials in percentage by weight: 45-70% of steam-pressed grains, 15-25% of cakes, 10-18% of grain crop seed deep-processing byproducts, 5-15% of hay and/or straws, 0.5-1% of compound vitamins, 1-1.5% of trace elements and 1.5-2.5% of mineral additives;
(3) and when the second mixed daily ration is 7-12 months old, freely eating the second mixed daily ration, wherein the second mixed daily ration comprises the following raw materials in percentage by weight: 45-65% of steam-pressed grains, 10-15% of cakes, 10-15% of grain crop seed deep-processing byproducts, 10-20% of dregs, 8-20% of hay and/or straws, 0.5-1% of compound vitamins, 1-1.5% of trace elements and 1.5-2.5% of mineral additives;
(4) freely taking the third mixed ration when the third mixed ration is 13-16 months old, and marketing when the weight reaches over 600 kg; the third mixed daily ration comprises the following raw materials in percentage by weight: 55-75% of steam-pressed grains, 5-10% of cakes, 5-10% of grain crop seed deep-processing byproducts, 5-10% of dregs, 5-15% of hay and/or straws, 0.5-1% of compound vitamins, 1-1.5% of trace elements and 1.5-2.5% of mineral additives.
According to the breeding method, newborn Holstein male calves are ligated and castrated within 1 week, and weaned at the age of 2 months. The invention is carried out according to the cow calf scheme in the lactation period after the Hestein male calf is born, and the preferable concrete steps are as follows: feeding more than 4kg of colostrum within 12 hours of birth of the newborn holstein male calf; feeding fresh cow milk or acidified milk for three times at the age of 1-45 days, wherein the average daily breast feeding amount is 8% of the weight of the newborn Holstein male calf; feeding the acidified milk twice a day at the age of 46-55 days, wherein the total feeding amount of the two times is 2 kg/head; feeding acidified milk for one time every 56-60 days, wherein the feeding amount for one time is 2 kg/head. The method preferably freely drinks cold boiled water from 3 days old of the newborn holstein bull calf, and supplementarily feeds the 7 days old calf granular material, wherein the mass percentage of crude protein in the calf granular material is 22-25%. The holstein bull calf weaning method is characterized in that the weight of the holstein bull calf weaning at the age of 2 months is more than 80 kg, and the average daily gain in the lactation period is more than 0.7 kg.
According to the invention, when the feed is 3-6 months old, a first mixed daily ration is freely taken, wherein the first mixed daily ration comprises the following raw materials in percentage by weight: 45-70% of steam-pressed grains, 15-25% of cakes, 10-18% of grain crop seed deep-processing byproducts, 5-15% of hay and/or straws, 0.5-1% of compound vitamins, 1-1.5% of trace elements and 1.5-2.5% of mineral additives. In the first mixed daily ration, the fine-coarse ratio is preferably 92:8, wherein the fine material comprises steam-pressed grains, cakes and grain crop seed deep-processing byproducts, and the coarse feed comprises hay and/or straws. The mass percentage of the steam-flaked grains in the first mixed ration is preferably 55-70%, and more preferably 58-65%. The mass percentage of the meals in the first mixed ration is preferably 15-22%, and more preferably 15-18%. The mass percentage of the grain crop seed deep processing byproduct in the first mixed daily ration is preferably 10-16%, and more preferably 10-14%. The mass percentage of hay and/or straws in the first mixed ration is preferably 5-10%. The hay and/or straw according to the present invention is preferably straw and hay, wherein the hay preferably comprises alfalfa and fescue. The invention is not particularly limited to the proportional relationship between the straw and hay. The mass percentage of the crude protein in the first mixed daily ration is preferably 18-22%, and the digestion energy is preferably 3.3 Mcal/kg. In the raw materials of the first mixed ration, the raw materials of the grain crop seed deep processing byproducts preferably comprise corn and rice. In the raw materials of the first mixed ration of the present invention, the vitamin complex preferably includes: vitamin a, vitamin D and vitamin E; the content of vitamin A in the first mixed daily ration is preferably 1800-2600 IU/kg, the content of vitamin D is preferably 150-260 IU/kg, and the content of vitamin E is preferably 20-60 IU/kg. In the raw materials of the first mixed ration of the present invention, the trace elements include: iron, copper, manganese, zinc, selenium, iodine and cobalt, wherein the concentrations of the trace elements in the first mixed ration are respectively as follows: 50-100 mg/kg of iron, 4-10 mg/kg of copper, 20-40 mg/kg of manganese, 20-40 mg/kg of zinc, 0.05-0.3 mg/kg of selenium, 0.2-2.0 mg/kg of iodine and 0.07-0.11 mg/kg of cobalt. In the raw materials of the first mixed daily ration, the mineral additive comprises calcium, phosphorus, sodium, potassium and magnesium, and the mass percentage of the mineral additive in the first mixed daily ration is respectively as follows: 0.4-0.7% of calcium, 0.2-0.3% of phosphorus, 0.06-0.10% of sodium, 0.5-0.7% of potassium and 0.05-0.25% of magnesium. The raw material source in the first mixed ration is not particularly limited, and the first mixed ration is preferably derived from agricultural and sideline products of Heilongjiang province, and the local raw material is used, so that the feed cost is reduced. According to the invention, the feeding density is preferably 4-6 square meters/head at 3-6 months of age, the average daily gain is more than 1.6kg, and the weight of 6 months of age is more than 270 kg.
According to the invention, when the feed is 7-12 months old, a second mixed daily ration is freely taken, wherein the second mixed daily ration comprises the following raw materials in percentage by weight: 45-65% of steam-pressed grains, 10-15% of cakes, 10-15% of grain crop seed deep-processing byproducts, 10-20% of dregs, 8-20% of hay and/or straws, 0.5-1% of compound vitamins, 1-1.5% of trace elements and 1.5-2.5% of mineral additives. In the second mixed daily ration, steam-pressed grains, cakes, grain crop seed deep-processing byproducts and dregs are used as fine materials, hay and/or straws are used as coarse feed, and the fine-coarse ratio is preferably 80-90: 10-20. The mass percentage of the steam-flaked grains in the second mixed ration is preferably 50-62%, and more preferably 50-60%. The mass percentage of the cakes in the second mixed ration is preferably 12-15%. The mass percentage of the grain crop seed deep processing byproduct in the second mixed daily ration is preferably 10-12%. The mass percentage of the dregs in the second mixed daily ration is preferably 12-18%, and more preferably 12-14%. The mass percentage of the hay and/or the straw in the second mixed ration is preferably 8-20%, and more preferably 10%. The mass percentage of the crude protein in the second mixed daily ration is preferably 13-15%, and the digestion energy is preferably 3.5 Mcal/kg. In the raw materials of the second mixed ration, the raw materials of the grain crop seed deep processing byproduct preferably comprise corn and rice. In the raw materials of the second mixed ration of the present invention, the vitamin complex preferably includes: the vitamin A-vitamin D-vitamin E compound comprises vitamin A, vitamin D and vitamin E, wherein the content of the vitamin A is preferably 1800-2600 IU/kg, the content of the vitamin D is preferably 150-260 IU/kg, and the content of the vitamin E is preferably 20-60 IU/kg. In the raw materials of the second mixed ration of the present invention, the trace elements preferably include: iron, copper, manganese, zinc, selenium, iodine and cobalt, the concentrations of the trace elements in the second mixed ration are preferably respectively: 50-100 mg/kg of iron, 4-10 mg/kg of copper, 20-40 mg/kg of manganese, 20-40 mg/kg of zinc, 0.05-0.3 mg/kg of selenium, 0.2-2.0 mg/kg of iodine and 0.07-0.11 mg/kg of cobalt. In the raw materials of the second mixed daily ration, the mineral additive preferably comprises calcium, phosphorus, sodium, potassium and magnesium, and the mass percentage of the mineral additive in the second mixed daily ration is preferably as follows: 0.4-0.7% of calcium, 0.2-0.3% of phosphorus, 0.06-0.10% of sodium, 0.5-0.7% of potassium and 0.05-0.25% of magnesium. The raw material source in the second mixed ration is not particularly limited, and the second mixed ration is preferably derived from agricultural and sideline products of Heilongjiang province, and the local raw material is used, so that the feed cost is reduced. The feed density of the feed is 6-8 square meters per head at 6-12 months of age, the average daily gain is more than 1.4kg, and the weight of the feed at 12 months of age is more than 500 kg.
The third mixed ration is freely taken when the weight of the third mixed ration is over 600kg at the age of 13-16 months; the third mixed daily ration comprises the following raw materials in percentage by weight: 55-75% of steam-pressed grains, 5-10% of cakes, 5-10% of grain crop seed deep-processing byproducts, 5-10% of dregs, 5-15% of hay and/or straws, 0.5-1% of compound vitamins, 1-1.5% of trace elements and 1.5-2.5% of mineral additives. In the third mixed daily ration, steam-pressed grains, cakes, grain crop seed deep-processing byproducts and dregs are used as fine materials, hay and/or straws are used as coarse feed, and the fine-coarse ratio is preferably 85-95: 5-15. The mass percentage of the steam-flaked grains in the third mixed ration is preferably 65-75%, and more preferably 68-72%. The mass percentage of the cakes in the third mixed ration is preferably 5-8%, and more preferably 6-8%. The mass percentage of the grain crop seed deep processing byproduct in the third mixed daily ration is preferably 6-10%, and more preferably 7-8%. The mass percentage content of the dregs in the third mixed daily ration is preferably 5-8%, and more preferably 6-8%. In the third mixed ration, hay and/or straws are preferably dry straws, and the dry straws are preferably 5-12% by mass, and more preferably 7-10% by mass. The mass percentage of the crude protein in the third mixed daily ration is preferably 10-12%, and the digestion energy is preferably 3.5 Mcal/kg. In the third mixed daily ration of the present invention, the raw material of the byproduct of deep processing of the seeds of the grain crop preferably includes corn and rice. In the raw materials of the third mixed ration of the present invention, the vitamin complex preferably includes: vitamin a, vitamin D and vitamin E; the content of vitamin A in the third mixed daily ration is preferably 2500-3200 IU/kg, the content of vitamin D in the third mixed daily ration is preferably 150-260 IU/kg, and the content of vitamin E in the third mixed daily ration is preferably 20-60 IU/kg. In the raw materials of the third mixed ration, the trace elements preferably include: iron, copper, manganese, zinc, selenium, iodine and cobalt, the concentration of the trace elements in the third mixed ration preferably being: 50-100 mg/kg of iron, 4-10 mg/kg of copper, 20-40 mg/kg of manganese, 20-40 mg/kg of zinc, 0.05-0.3 mg/kg of selenium, 0.2-2.0 mg/kg of iodine and 0.07-0.11 mg/kg of cobalt. In the preferable raw materials of the third mixed daily ration, the mineral additive comprises calcium, phosphorus, sodium, potassium and magnesium, and the mass percentage of the mineral additive in the third mixed daily ration is respectively as follows: 0.4-0.7% of calcium, 0.2-0.3% of phosphorus, 0.06-0.10% of sodium, 0.5-0.7% of potassium and 0.05-0.25% of magnesium. The raw material source in the third mixed ration is not particularly limited, and the third mixed ration is preferably derived from agricultural and sideline products of Heilongjiang province, and the local raw material is used, so that the feed cost is reduced. The feeding density of the feed is preferably 8-12 square meters/head at 13-16 months of age, the average daily gain is more than 1.0kg, and the weight of the feed for the slaughtered feed at 16 months of age is more than 600 kg.
The method for raising marbled beef by holstein cattle according to the present invention will be described in detail with reference to the following examples, but they should not be construed as limiting the scope of the present invention.
Example 1
1. A place: yilong Islamic food Co., Ltd, Longjiang county, Heilongjiang province
2. Time: 2018.5.31-2019.5.13
3. A cattle source: sublidized Yuda dairy farm in Heilongjiang province
4. The number of heads: 52 of the test cows, wherein 20 of the 3-4-month-old holstein castrated cows and bull calves respectively, 12 of the 18-month-old holstein castrated cows are born in a Yuda dairy farm, and the test cows are fed by linear fattening after weaning at 2 months.
5. The breeding method comprises the following steps: 2018.6.1-2018.7.31, the proportion of dry matter is 92:8, the mixed concentrated feed for free-feeding mixed ration and the kneaded corn straw, wherein the formula of the mixed concentrated feed is as follows: 61% of steam-pressed grains, 15% of cakes, 12% of grain crop seed deep-processing byproducts, 8% of hay and/or straws, 1% of compound vitamins, 1.2% of trace elements and 1.8% of mineral additives.
2018.8.1 to 2018.10.10, mixed ration is freely taken, steam pressed grains are 52 percent, cakes are 12 percent, grain crop seed deep processing byproducts are 10 percent, dregs feed is 12 percent, hay and/or straws are 10 percent, compound vitamin is 1 percent, trace elements are 1.2 percent, and mineral additives are 1.8 percent.
2018.10.11-2019.1.15, free feed mix ration: 50% of steam-pressed grains, 12% of cakes, 12% of grain crop seed deep-processing byproducts, 12% of dregs, 10% of hay and/or straws, 1% of compound vitamin, 1.2% of trace elements and 1.8% of mineral additives.
2019.1.16 to marketing, freely eating mixed daily ration: 68% of steam-pressed grains, 6% of cakes, 7% of grain crop seed deep-processing byproducts, 7% of dregs, 8% of hay and/or straws, 0.5-1% of compound vitamins, 1-1.5% of trace elements and 1.5-2.5% of mineral additives.
6. As a result:
6.1 weight results at different ages of the month after feeding the four months old Holstein castrate and bull according to the method of the invention are shown in Table 1
TABLE 1 weight statistics for different months of age for Hesteman and Bull
| Bull castrating device | Bull (Bull) | |
| Age of day | 60 | 60 |
| Body weight | 85±6.0 | 86±5.83 |
| Age of day | 139 | 139 |
| Body weight | 164±13.23 | 172±14.65 |
| Age of day | 162 | 162 |
| Body weight | 220.86±22.80 | 235.60±24.89 |
| Age of day | 382 | 382 |
| Body weight | 558.38±51.25 | 592.86±41.42 |
| Age of day | 469 | 469 |
| Body weight | 628.50±76.57 | 676.25±40.80 |
6.2 slaughter determination the basic conditions of the test cattle are shown in Table 2,
TABLE 2 slaughter test results
6.3 according to Japanese rating standard, the carcass marbling rating results are shown in Table 3 and figures 1-3, wherein figure 1 is the big marbling rating of 26-month-old Holstein castors; FIG. 2 is marbling rating for 15.5 month old Holstein castrated cows; FIG. 3 is a marbling rating for 15.5 month old Holstein bulls, all rated beef from 6-7 longissimus dorsi.
TABLE 3 carcass marbling rating results
The invention provides a feeding method for producing marbled beef by using Holstein cattle, which is characterized in that the Holstein castrate of 15.5 months old is linearly fattened by the method, the grade 2 and the grade 3 respectively account for 50%, the slaughter month age of the Marbled beef produced by the Holstein castrate is advanced by 10 months, and the feed cost is greatly reduced.
The foregoing is only a preferred embodiment of the present invention, and it should be noted that, for those skilled in the art, various modifications and decorations can be made without departing from the principle of the present invention, and these modifications and decorations should also be regarded as the protection scope of the present invention.
Claims (10)
1. A feeding method for producing marbled beef by Hestan castrated cattle is characterized by comprising the following steps: (1) ligating and castrating newborn holstein bull calves within 1 week, and weaning at 2 months;
(2) and when the feed is 3-6 months old, freely eating a first mixed daily ration, wherein the first mixed daily ration comprises the following raw materials in percentage by weight: 45-70% of steam-pressed grains, 15-25% of cakes, 10-18% of grain crop seed deep-processing byproducts, 5-15% of hay and/or straws, 0.5-1% of compound vitamins, 1-1.5% of trace elements and 1.5-2.5% of mineral additives;
(3) and when the second mixed daily ration is 7-12 months old, freely eating the second mixed daily ration, wherein the second mixed daily ration comprises the following raw materials in percentage by weight: 45-65% of steam-pressed grains, 10-15% of cakes, 10-15% of grain crop seed deep-processing byproducts, 10-20% of dregs, 8-20% of hay and/or straws, 0.5-1% of compound vitamins, 1-1.5% of trace elements and 1.5-2.5% of mineral additives;
(4) freely taking the third mixed ration when the third mixed ration is 13-16 months old, and marketing when the weight reaches over 600 kg; the third mixed daily ration comprises the following raw materials in percentage by weight: 55-75% of steam-pressed grains, 5-10% of cakes, 5-10% of grain crop seed deep-processing byproducts, 5-10% of dregs, 5-15% of hay and/or straws, 0.5-1% of compound vitamins, 1-1.5% of trace elements and 1.5-2.5% of mineral additives.
2. The feeding method according to claim 1, wherein the step (1) of feeding the newborn holstein bull calf from birth to 2 months of age comprises: feeding more than 4kg of colostrum within 12 hours of birth of the newborn holstein male calf; feeding fresh cow milk or acidified milk for three times at the age of 1-45 days, wherein the average daily breast feeding amount is 8% of the weight of the newborn Holstein male calf; feeding the acidified milk twice a day at the age of 46-55 days, wherein the total feeding amount of the two times is 2 kg/head; feeding acidified milk for one time every 56-60 days, wherein the feeding amount for one time is 2 kg/head.
3. The raising method according to claim 2, wherein cold boiled water is freely drunk from 3 days of the newborn holstein bull calf, and the calf granule is supplementarily fed from 7 days of the newborn holstein bull calf, and the mass percentage of crude protein in the calf granule is 22-25%.
4. The feeding method according to claim 1, wherein the first mixed ration in the step (2) has a crude protein content of 18 to 22% by mass and a digestion energy of 3.3 Mcal/kg.
5. The feeding method according to claim 1, wherein the crude protein content in the second mixed ration in the step (3) is 13 to 15% by mass, and the digestion energy is 3.5 Mcal/kg.
6. The feeding method according to claim 1, wherein the crude protein content in the third mixed ration in the step (4) is 10 to 12% by mass, and the digestion energy is 3.5 Mcal/kg.
7. The feeding method as set forth in any one of claims 1 or 4 to 6, wherein the raw materials of the grain crop seed further processed by-products include corn and rice among the raw materials of the first mixed ration, the second mixed ration and the third mixed ration.
8. The feeding method according to any one of claims 1 or 4 to 6, wherein the multivitamins in the raw materials of the first mixed ration, the second mixed ration and the third mixed ration comprise: vitamin a, vitamin D and vitamin E; the content of vitamin A in the first mixed daily ration is 1800-2600 IU/kg, the content of vitamin D is 150-260 IU/kg, and the content of vitamin E is 20-60 IU/kg; in the second mixed daily ration, the content of vitamin A is 1800-2600 IU/kg, the content of vitamin D is 150-260 IU/kg, and the content of vitamin E is 20-60 IU/kg; the content of vitamin A in the third mixed daily ration is 2500-3200 IU/kg, the content of vitamin D in the third mixed daily ration is 150-260 IU/kg, and the content of vitamin E in the third mixed daily ration is 20-60 IU/kg.
9. The feeding method according to any one of claims 1 or 4 to 6, wherein the trace elements in the raw materials of the first mixed ration, the second mixed ration and the third mixed ration include: iron, copper, manganese, zinc, selenium, iodine and cobalt, wherein the concentrations of trace elements in the first mixed ration, the second mixed ration and the third mixed ration are respectively as follows: 50-100 mg/kg of iron, 4-10 mg/kg of copper, 20-40 mg/kg of manganese, 20-40 mg/kg of zinc, 0.05-0.3 mg/kg of selenium, 0.2-2.0 mg/kg of iodine and 0.07-0.11 mg/kg of cobalt.
10. The feeding method according to any one of claims 1 to 4 to 6, wherein the mineral additives comprise calcium, phosphorus, sodium, potassium and magnesium in the raw materials of the first mixed ration, the second mixed ration and the third mixed ration, and the mass percentages of the mineral additives in the first mixed ration, the second mixed ration and the third mixed ration are respectively as follows: 0.4-0.7% of calcium, 0.2-0.3% of phosphorus, 0.06-0.10% of sodium, 0.5-0.7% of potassium and 0.05-0.25% of magnesium.
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