CN112753892B - Australian Murray cod feed and preparation method and application thereof - Google Patents

Australian Murray cod feed and preparation method and application thereof Download PDF

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CN112753892B
CN112753892B CN202110079765.9A CN202110079765A CN112753892B CN 112753892 B CN112753892 B CN 112753892B CN 202110079765 A CN202110079765 A CN 202110079765A CN 112753892 B CN112753892 B CN 112753892B
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cod
parts
feed
meal
fish
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CN112753892A (en
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彭凯
王国霞
孙育平
郑春田
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Institute of Animal Science of Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences
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    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
    • A23K—FODDER
    • A23K50/00—Feeding-stuffs specially adapted for particular animals
    • A23K50/80—Feeding-stuffs specially adapted for particular animals for aquatic animals, e.g. fish, crustaceans or molluscs
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
    • A01K—ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; CARE OF BIRDS, FISHES, INSECTS; FISHING; REARING OR BREEDING ANIMALS, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NEW BREEDS OF ANIMALS
    • A01K61/00—Culture of aquatic animals
    • A01K61/10—Culture of aquatic animals of fish
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
    • A23K—FODDER
    • A23K10/00—Animal feeding-stuffs
    • A23K10/20—Animal feeding-stuffs from material of animal origin
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
    • A23K—FODDER
    • A23K10/00—Animal feeding-stuffs
    • A23K10/20—Animal feeding-stuffs from material of animal origin
    • A23K10/22—Animal feeding-stuffs from material of animal origin from fish
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
    • A23K—FODDER
    • A23K10/00—Animal feeding-stuffs
    • A23K10/20—Animal feeding-stuffs from material of animal origin
    • A23K10/24—Animal feeding-stuffs from material of animal origin from blood
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
    • A23K—FODDER
    • A23K20/00—Accessory food factors for animal feeding-stuffs
    • A23K20/10—Organic substances
    • A23K20/105—Aliphatic or alicyclic compounds
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
    • A23K—FODDER
    • A23K20/00—Accessory food factors for animal feeding-stuffs
    • A23K20/10—Organic substances
    • A23K20/116—Heterocyclic compounds
    • A23K20/121—Heterocyclic compounds containing oxygen or sulfur as hetero atom
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
    • A23K—FODDER
    • A23K20/00—Accessory food factors for animal feeding-stuffs
    • A23K20/10—Organic substances
    • A23K20/142—Amino acids; Derivatives thereof
    • A23K20/147—Polymeric derivatives, e.g. peptides or proteins
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
    • A23K—FODDER
    • A23K20/00—Accessory food factors for animal feeding-stuffs
    • A23K20/10—Organic substances
    • A23K20/158—Fatty acids; Fats; Products containing oils or fats
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
    • A23K—FODDER
    • A23K20/00—Accessory food factors for animal feeding-stuffs
    • A23K20/10—Organic substances
    • A23K20/163—Sugars; Polysaccharides
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
    • A23K—FODDER
    • A23K20/00—Accessory food factors for animal feeding-stuffs
    • A23K20/10—Organic substances
    • A23K20/174—Vitamins
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
    • A23K—FODDER
    • A23K20/00—Accessory food factors for animal feeding-stuffs
    • A23K20/20—Inorganic substances, e.g. oligoelements
    • A23K20/26—Compounds containing phosphorus
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
    • A23K—FODDER
    • A23K20/00—Accessory food factors for animal feeding-stuffs
    • A23K20/20—Inorganic substances, e.g. oligoelements
    • A23K20/30—Oligoelements
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02P—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE PRODUCTION OR PROCESSING OF GOODS
    • Y02P60/00—Technologies relating to agriculture, livestock or agroalimentary industries
    • Y02P60/80—Food processing, e.g. use of renewable energies or variable speed drives in handling, conveying or stacking
    • Y02P60/87—Re-use of by-products of food processing for fodder production

Abstract

The invention discloses a Mackerel cod feed as well as a preparation method and application thereof. The Australian Murray cod feed contains barley pest larva powder, condensed tannin, fish meal, peeled soybean meal, blood meal, corn protein powder, alpha starch, betaine, monocalcium phosphate, choline chloride, soybean lecithin, soybean oil, fish oil, vitamin premix, mineral premix and microcrystalline cellulose. According to the invention, through a high-protein low-starch feed strategy, unconventional anti-nutritional factor condensed tannin is added to further regulate and control fat metabolism of the Australian Murray cod, and the feed has the effects of promoting the growth of the cod, reducing fat content in abdominal cavities and serum of the cod, reducing the volume of fat cells and improving the fat metabolism of fish bodies.

Description

Australian Murray cod feed and preparation method and application thereof
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the field of aquaculture, and particularly relates to a Murray cod feed as well as a preparation method and application thereof.
Background
Mackerel cod (Mackerel cod, Macculochella peelii) belongs to Perciform, Percochthyidae, and Macculochella. The Australian Murray cod is one of the largest freshwater fishes in the world, has special appearance and delicious taste, and has extremely high economic value and nutritional value.
The Australian Murray cod is a new carnivorous fish variety introduced from Australia, no special commercial compound feed is available at present, and in the related technology, fish feeds such as grouper, weever and the like are used for feeding instead. However, in the actual culture process, the fish feed such as the grouper, the weever and the like is not suitable for the Australian Murray cod, the problems of slow growth, lipid metabolism disorder, high abdominal fat rate (commonly called big belly fish), fatty liver and the like are easily caused in the culture process, and the health of the fish body is seriously influenced.
Condensed tannins are polyphenolic compounds formed by the polymerization of flavanol monomers, which contain 4 chemical bonds, namely hydrogen bonds, covalent bonds, ionic bonds and hydrophobic interactions. These various chemical bonds can precipitate proteins in food and feed, and condensed tannins can enter the body and can be combined with digestive enzymes and hormones to reduce their activities, thereby affecting the utilization rate of proteins. Condensed tannins also undergo various cross-linking reactions with proteins, which combine with colloidal proteins to form insoluble complexes that allow the proteins to settle out of the dispersion, which is the most important qualitative feature of condensed tannins, namely astringency or astringency. This greatly limits the use of condensed tannins in food and feed.
Therefore, in view of the above problems, it is desired to develop a fish feed capable of effectively utilizing condensed tannins and targeting the characteristics of the mackerel cod, so as to reduce the difficulty of breeding the mackerel cod and improve the effective development and utilization of the condensed tannins.
Disclosure of Invention
The present invention is directed to solving at least one of the problems of the prior art described above. Therefore, the invention provides the cod feed which can achieve the effects of promoting the growth of the cod, reducing the abdominal cavity and serum fat content of the cod, reducing the volume of fat cells of the cod and improving the fat metabolism of fish bodies.
In a first aspect of the present invention, there is provided a cod feed comprising barley pest larva powder and condensed tannin.
The barley pest larva powder is rich in a large amount of protein, and the crude protein can reach 49.51 percent based on dry matter. The barley pest larva powder is rich in various vitamins, and the content of VE in fat-soluble vitamins is the highest, namely 23.49 (+/-0.06) mg/kg; the content of VC in water-soluble vitamins is 16.04 (+ -0.03) mg/kg at most, and VB is added2And was 13.60 (+ -0.09) mg/kg. Also contains various macro elements such as potassium (K), phosphorus (P) and calcium (Ca); the microelements contain zinc (Zn), iron (Fe), copper (Cu) and manganese (Mn). The barley pest larva powder contains 17 kinds of amino acids, and the total amount of amino acids is about 41.92g (per 100g larva powder), wherein the essential amino acids account for 44.80% of the total amount of amino acids. The nutritional composition of the barley pest larva powder has important significance for fish breeding, especially for the construction of feed components of fish species requiring high protein and low starch.
Condensed tannins have been widely recognized as "anti-nutritional factors" and have limited their use in feed and farming. The inventor finds that the high concentration of condensed tannin does affect the palatability of the feed and reduces the digestibility of the animals, but the low dosage of condensed tannin does not affect the growth of the animals but has good biological activity. In the invention, the inventor adds low dosage of condensed tannin to achieve the biological effect of reducing the fat rate of the abdominal cavity of the cod (0.2% of condensed tannin is added) on the basis of a high-protein low-starch feed formula, and aims to regulate and control the fat metabolism of the Australian Murray cod.
According to an embodiment of the present invention, at least the following advantages are provided:
the invention provides a special compound feed for Australian Murray cod for the first time, and fills the blank of the field; the feed for the Australian Murray cod is balanced in nutrition, a feed strategy with high protein and low starch is adopted, and unconventional anti-nutritional factor condensed tannin is added to further regulate and control fat metabolism of the Australian Murray cod, so that the feed has the effects of promoting growth of the cod, reducing fat content in abdominal cavities and serum of the cod, reducing fat cell volume of the cod and improving fat metabolism of fish bodies.
According to the first aspect of the present invention, in some embodiments of the present invention, the cod feed further comprises fish meal, dehulled soybean meal, blood meal, corn gluten meal, alpha starch, betaine, monocalcium phosphate, choline chloride, soybean lecithin, soybean oil, fish oil, a vitamin premix, a mineral premix, and microcrystalline cellulose.
Wherein the mineral premix contains at least one of magnesium, calcium, iodine, potassium, copper, zinc, iron, cobalt or selenium; in some preferred embodiments of the invention, the mineral premix comprises MgSO4·H2O，Ca(IO3)2KCl, methionine Cu, ZnSO4·H2O，FeSO4·H2O, methionine Co, NaSeO3。
In some more preferred embodiments of the invention, MgSO is contained per kg of mineral premix4·H2O 12g，Ca(IO3)29g, KCl 36g, methionine Cu 1.5g, ZnSO4·H2O 10g，FeSO4·H2O1 g, methionine Co0.25g, NaSeO3 0.0036g。
The vitamin premix contains at least one of VA, VB, VD, VE, VK, calcium pantothenate, inositol or biotin; in some preferred embodiments of the present invention, the vitamin premix preferably contains VA and VB1，VB2，VB6Nicotinic acid, folic acid, VB12VD, VE, VK, calcium pantothenate, inositol, biotin.
In some more preferred embodiments of the invention, VA is 3.23X 10 per kg of vitamin premix6IU，VB14g，VB2 8g，VB64.8g, 28g nicotinic acid, 1.28g folic acid and VB12 0.016g，VD 1.6×106IU, VE 16g, VK 4g, calcium pantothenate 16g, inositol 40g, biotin 0.064 g.
The blood powder is an unconventional animal source feed, and is prepared by coagulating the blood of livestock or poultry into blocks, steaming at high temperature, removing juice, airing, drying and crushing, and because of the high bacterial content, the blood powder can not be directly used for processing and mixing the feed without sterilization processing. The invention adds the blood meal, and aims to construct a high-protein feed construction strategy for the cod by utilizing the amino acids such as lysine, arginine, methionine, cystine and the like contained in the blood meal.
The alpha starch is a macromolecular carbohydrate polymerized by glucose molecules, is formed by modifying common starch through pre-gelatinization, has obviously better cohesiveness than the common starch, and is an ideal raw material for preparing expanded feed. The alpha starch is added in the invention, so as to be used as a binder in the preparation of the expanded feed.
In some embodiments of the present invention, the cod feed comprises 40 to 44 parts of fish meal, 8 to 12 parts of barley pest larva powder, 8 to 12 parts of dehulled soybean meal, 9 to 13 parts of blood meal, 3 to 7 parts of corn gluten meal, 8 to 12 parts of alpha starch, 0.5 to 2 parts of betaine, 1 to 2 parts of monocalcium phosphate, 0.1 to 1 part of choline chloride, 1 to 3 parts of soybean lecithin, 1 to 3 parts of soybean oil, 1 to 3 parts of fish oil, 0.1 to 0.5 part of condensed tannin, 0.5 to 1.5 parts of vitamin premix, 0.5 to 1.5 parts of mineral premix, and 0.5 to 1 part of microcrystalline cellulose.
In some preferred embodiments of the present invention, the cod feed comprises 40-42 parts of fish meal, 8-10 parts of barley pest larva powder, 8-10 parts of dehulled soybean meal, 9-11 parts of blood meal, 3-5 parts of corn protein powder, 8-10 parts of alpha starch, 0.5-1 part of betaine, 1-1.5 parts of monocalcium phosphate, 0.1-0.5 part of choline chloride, 1-2 parts of soybean lecithin, 1-2 parts of soybean oil, 1-2 parts of fish oil, 0.1-0.2 part of condensed tannin, 0.5-1.5 parts of vitamin premix, 0.5-1.5 parts of mineral premix, and 0.5-0.8 part of microcrystalline cellulose.
In some more preferred embodiments of the present invention, the cod feed comprises 42% of fish meal, 10% of barley pest larva powder, 10% of dehulled soybean meal, 11% of blood meal, 5% of corn gluten meal, 10% of alpha starch, 1% of betaine, 1.5% of monocalcium phosphate, 0.5% of choline chloride, 2% of soybean lecithin, 2% of soybean oil, 2% of fish oil, 0.2% of condensed tannin, 1% of vitamin premix, 1% of mineral premix, and 0.8% of microcrystalline cellulose.
In a second aspect of the present invention, there is provided a method for preparing a cod feed according to the first aspect of the present invention, comprising the steps of:
(1) weighing the components of the cod feed of the first aspect of the invention, crushing and mixing;
(2) and (3) carrying out microwave tempering, high-temperature puffing and cooling on the mixed components to obtain the product.
According to the second aspect of the present invention, in some embodiments of the present invention, the power of the microwave conditioning in step (2) is 800-.
Microwave tempering is the improvement of feed quality by utilizing the thermal effect generated by the microwave electromagnetic field. Compared with the traditional steam conditioning method, the method has the advantages that:
(1) the hardening and tempering time is shortened. Microwave heating belongs to an internal heating mode, electromagnetic energy directly acts on medium molecules to be converted into heat energy, the medium is heated inside and outside simultaneously through transmission, heat conduction is not needed, and therefore the purpose of rapid and uniform heating can be achieved.
(2) And (4) uniformly heating. The microwave conditioning does not limit the shape of the feed, and the microwave can uniformly permeate regardless of the shape of the microwave, so the heating uniformity is greatly improved.
(3) Energy conservation and high efficiency. The heating chamber for microwave tempering is a closed cavity for electromagnetic waves, the electromagnetic waves cannot leak out and can only be absorbed by a heated object, and air in the heating chamber and a metal wall surface cannot be heated, so that the heat efficiency is high. Meanwhile, the environmental temperature outside the conditioner is not increased, so that the energy conservation and the environmental protection are achieved.
(4) Easy to control. The control of the microwave power is adjusted by a switch and a knob, and the microwave power is ready to use when being started, has no thermal inertia, is continuously adjustable in power and is easy to automate.
(5) Reducing the loss rate of nutrient substances. Compared with the traditional steam conditioning, the microwave conditioning time is greatly shortened, the protection of vitamins, trace elements, condensed tannin and other nutrients in the feed is facilitated, and the feed quality is improved.
In a third aspect of the present invention there is provided use of the cod feed of the first aspect of the present invention or the cod feed produced by the method of the second aspect of the present invention in the breeding and feeding of cod.
In some embodiments of the invention, the cod comprises mackerel cod.
In some preferred embodiments of the present invention, the cod is mackerel cod.
The Australian Murray cod is a new carnivorous fish variety introduced from Australia, and because no special commercial compound feed is available, the feed is often fed by replacing fish feeds such as grouper, weever and the like, but the starch content in the conventional feed is about 18-30%. In the actual culture process, the problems of slow growth, lipid metabolism disorder, high abdominal fat rate (commonly called big-belly fish), fatty liver and the like easily occur in the culture process of the cod when the cod is fed by the conventional feed, and the health is seriously influenced. The inventor finds that the Murray pollack is sensitive to feed starch components, cannot tolerate high starch, and the high starch content in the feed easily causes the Murray pollack to have a metabolic disorder problem, so a feed strategy with high protein and low starch is adopted, and condensed tannin is supplemented on the basis, so that the abdominal fat rate of the pollack is further controlled. Meanwhile, the invention does not adopt the conventional flour as a sugar source of the feed, but adopts the alpha starch as the sugar source, the addition amount is controlled to be about 10 percent, compared with the conventional feed, the growth performance of the Australian Murray cod is obviously improved, the abdominal fat rate is obviously reduced, and the fat metabolism of the fish body is obviously improved.
In a fourth aspect of the present invention there is provided the use of a cod feed according to the first aspect of the present invention or a cod feed produced by the method of the second aspect of the present invention in the preparation of a cod body fat improving formulation.
In some embodiments of the invention, the cod comprises mackerel cod.
In some preferred embodiments of the present invention, the cod is mackerel cod.
In a fifth aspect of the present invention there is provided use of the cod feed of the first aspect of the present invention or the cod feed produced by the method of the second aspect of the present invention in the preparation of a cod growth promoting formulation.
In some embodiments of the invention, the cod comprises mackerel cod.
In some preferred embodiments of the present invention, the cod is mackerel cod.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is an image of abdominal fat slices of cod fed with the feed formulation of example 1 in an example of the present invention;
FIG. 2 is an image of abdominal fat slices of cod fed with the feed formulation of example 2 in an example of the present invention;
FIG. 3 is an image of abdominal fat slices of cod fed with the feed formulation of example 3 in an example of the present invention;
FIG. 4 is an image of abdominal fat sections of cod fed with the feed formulation of comparative example 1 in an example of the present invention;
FIG. 5 is an image of abdominal fat sections of cod fed with the feed formulation of comparative example 2 in an example of the present invention;
FIG. 6 is an image of abdominal fat sections of cod raised with the feed formulation of comparative example 3 in an example of the present invention.
Detailed Description
The idea of the present invention and the resulting technical effects will be clearly and completely described below in conjunction with the embodiments and the accompanying drawings to fully understand the objects, features and effects of the present invention. It is obvious that the described embodiments are only a part of the embodiments of the present invention, and not all embodiments, and those skilled in the art can obtain other embodiments without inventive effort based on the embodiments of the present invention, and all embodiments are within the protection scope of the present invention.
Experimental Material
The condensed tannins used in the following examples were prepared by the following steps:
1) the plant samples were freeze dried and crushed to pass all through a 1.0mm standard sieve.
2) Adding extractive solution (laccase 10U/mL, cellulase 150U/mL, and pectinase 20U/mL) for extraction for 40min, wherein the extraction temperature is 45 deg.C, the pH of the extractive solution is 5.0, and the material-to-liquid ratio is 1:20 g/mL. And carrying out vacuum filtration and freeze-drying on the extracting solution to obtain a crude extract.
3) Dissolving the crude extract in 80% methanol solution, filtering to remove impurities, adding the filtrate into crosslinked dextran column, stirring, standing for 30min, and vacuum filtering. Repeating the steps for a plurality of times until the solution obtained after vacuum filtration becomes colorless. The filtrate was discarded.
4) The Sephadex column was washed repeatedly with 50% acetone solution (containing 0.1% ascorbic acid) until the eluate became colorless.
5) Evaporating and concentrating the eluate (40 deg.C, 30min), and lyophilizing to obtain high purity plant condensed tannin.
Wherein the plants in the step 1) comprise one or more of purple dalbergia, wine grape pomace and stylosanthes guianensis.
The extracted condensed tannin is characterized by comprising the following components by identification: the purity of the product was 96.5%, the degree of polymerization was 17, the mass ratio of procyanidin tannin to delphinidin tannin in the condensed tannin was 3.3, the content of extended unit epicatechin was 68.8%, and the content of extended unit epigallocatechin was 28.0%.
In the following examples, VA 3.23X 10 was contained per kg of vitamin premix6IU，VB1 4g，VB2 8g，VB64.8g, 28g nicotinic acid, 1.28g folic acid and VB12 0.016g，VD 1.6×106IU, VE 16g, VK 4g, calcium pantothenate 16g, inositol 40g, biotin 0.064 g.
Each kg of mineral premix contains MgSO4·H2O 12g，Ca(IO3)29g, KCl 36g, methionine Cu 1.5g, ZnSO4·H2O 10g，FeSO4·H2O1 g, methionine Co0.25g, NaSeO3 0.0036g。
Example 1
The feed for the Australian Murray cod comprises the following components: 42% of fish meal, 10% of barley pest larva powder, 10% of peeled soybean meal, 11% of blood meal, 5% of corn protein powder, 10% of alpha starch, 1% of betaine, 1.5% of monocalcium phosphate, 0.5% of choline chloride, 2% of soybean lecithin, 2% of soybean oil, 2% of fish oil, 0.2% of condensed tannin, 1% of vitamin premix, 1% of mineral premix and 0.8% of microcrystalline cellulose.
Weighing the raw materials of the components according to the content of the components, and uniformly mixing the raw materials after being crushed by a crusher. And (3) carrying out microwave tempering on the mixed raw materials of the components, wherein the microwave power is 1000W, and the microwave treatment time is 90 s. Then, the raw materials of the components after the microwave treatment are put into a bulking machine, the bulking temperature is 110 ℃, the pressure of a bulking cavity is 1.83Mpa, and the Australian Murray cod feed is obtained after cooling.
Example 2
The feed for the Australian Murray cod comprises the following components: 44% of fish meal, 8% of barley pest larva powder, 10% of peeled soybean meal, 11% of blood meal, 5% of corn protein powder, 10% of alpha starch, 1% of betaine, 1.5% of monocalcium phosphate, 0.5% of choline chloride, 2% of soybean lecithin, 2% of soybean oil, 2% of fish oil, 0.2% of condensed tannin, 1% of vitamin premix, 1% of mineral premix and 0.8% of microcrystalline cellulose.
Weighing the raw materials of the components according to the content of the components, and uniformly mixing the raw materials after being crushed by a crusher. And (3) carrying out microwave treatment on the mixed raw materials of the components, wherein the microwave power is 1000W, and the microwave treatment time is 90 s. Then, the raw materials of the components after the microwave treatment are put into a bulking machine, the bulking temperature is 110 ℃, the pressure of a bulking cavity is 1.83Mpa, and the Australian Murray cod feed is obtained after cooling.
Example 3
A feed for Murray Merrill cod comprises the following components: 42% of fish meal, 10% of barley pest larva powder, 10% of peeled soybean meal, 11% of blood meal, 5% of corn protein powder, 10% of alpha starch, 1% of betaine, 1.5% of monocalcium phosphate, 0.5% of choline chloride, 2% of soybean lecithin, 2% of soybean oil, 2% of fish oil, 0.1% of condensed tannin, 1% of vitamin premix, 1% of mineral premix and 0.9% of microcrystalline cellulose.
Weighing the raw materials of the components according to the content of the components, and uniformly mixing the raw materials after being crushed by a crusher. And (3) carrying out microwave treatment on the mixed raw materials of the components, wherein the microwave power is 1000W, and the microwave treatment time is 90 s. Then, the raw materials of the components after the microwave treatment are put into a bulking machine, the bulking temperature is 110 ℃, the pressure of a bulking cavity is 1.83Mpa, and the Australian Murray cod feed is obtained after cooling.
Comparative example 1
A fish feed, comprising the following components: 52% of fish meal, 10% of peeled soybean meal, 11% of blood meal, 5% of corn protein powder, 10% of alpha starch, 1% of betaine, 1.5% of monocalcium phosphate, 0.5% of choline chloride, 2% of soybean lecithin, 2% of soybean oil, 2% of fish oil, 0.2% of condensed tannin, 1% of vitamin premix, 1% of mineral premix and 0.8% of microcrystalline cellulose.
Weighing the raw materials of the components according to the content of the components, and uniformly mixing the raw materials after being crushed by a crusher. And (3) carrying out microwave treatment on the mixed raw materials of the components, wherein the microwave power is 1000W, and the microwave treatment time is 90 s. Then, the raw materials of the components after the microwave treatment are put into a bulking machine, the bulking temperature is 110 ℃, the pressure of a bulking cavity is 1.83Mpa, and the Australian Murray cod feed is obtained after cooling.
Wherein, compared with example 1, comparative example 1 does not contain barley pest larva powder.
Comparative example 2
A fish feed, comprising the following components: 42% of fish meal, 10% of barley pest larva powder, 10% of peeled soybean meal, 11% of blood meal, 5% of corn protein powder, 10% of alpha starch, 1% of betaine, 1.5% of monocalcium phosphate, 0.5% of choline chloride, 2% of soybean lecithin, 2% of soybean oil, 2% of fish oil, 1% of vitamin premix, 1% of mineral premix and 1% of microcrystalline cellulose.
Weighing the raw materials of the components according to the content of the components, and uniformly mixing the raw materials after being crushed by a crusher. And (3) carrying out microwave treatment on the mixed raw materials of the components, wherein the microwave power is 1000W, and the microwave treatment time is 90 s. And then putting the raw materials of the components subjected to microwave treatment into a bulking machine, bulking at the temperature of 110 ℃, and cooling under the pressure of 1.83Mpa in a bulking cavity to obtain the Australian Murray cod feed.
Of these, comparative example 2 compared to example 1, comparative example 2 contained no condensed tannin.
Comparative example 3
A fish feed, comprising the following components: 45% of fish meal, 10% of peeled soybean meal, 11% of blood meal, 5% of corn protein powder, 18% of common starch, 1% of betaine, 1.5% of monocalcium phosphate, 0.5% of choline chloride, 2% of soybean lecithin, 2% of soybean oil, 2% of fish oil, 1% of vitamin premix and 1% of mineral premix.
Weighing the raw materials of the components according to the content of the components, and uniformly mixing the raw materials after being crushed by a crusher. And (3) carrying out microwave treatment on the mixed raw materials of the components, wherein the microwave power is 1000W, and the microwave treatment time is 90 s. And then putting the raw materials of the components subjected to microwave treatment into a bulking machine, bulking at the temperature of 110 ℃, and cooling under the pressure of 1.83Mpa in a bulking cavity to obtain the Australian Murray cod feed.
Wherein, compared with the embodiment 1, the embodiment 3 has the advantages that the alpha starch in the embodiment 1 is replaced by the common starch in the embodiment 3, and the content is increased.
Effect verification
The formulations of examples 1 to 3 and comparative examples 1 to 3 were selected as test subjects, and the effect of the test subjects was verified by feeding Australian Murray cod.
Wherein the initial average weight of Australian Murray cod is about 250 g/tail, and the breeding test is carried out in a cement pond (200 m)3Water, 10 mx 2m), 3 replicates per group, 1000 fish per replicate, with a 10 week culture period.
(1) The effect comparison of the feed on the growth performance of the cod is as follows:
the results are shown in Table 1.
TABLE 1 Effect of different feeds on the growth behavior of cod
Figure BDA0002908780650000081
Figure BDA0002908780650000091
Note: the same row of data and marked with different lower case letters indicate significant difference (P < 0.05), and the same or no letter indicates insignificant difference (P > 0.05).
As can be seen from Table 1, the cod fed by the formulas in examples 1 to 3 has a weight average ratio, a weight gain ratio and a specific growth rate which are all significantly higher than those of comparative examples 1 and 3, a feed coefficient which is significantly lower than those of comparative examples 1 and 3, and a abdominal fat ratio and a visceral body ratio which are all significantly lower than those of comparative examples 1 to 3; the powder average weight, the weight gain rate and the specific growth rate of the cod fed by the formula in the embodiment 1 are all obviously higher than those of the comparative examples 1-3, and the feed coefficient is obviously lower than that of the comparative examples 1-3; the final average weight, weight gain rate and specific growth rate of the cod fed by the formulas in example 2 and example 3 are not significantly different from those of comparative example 2, but are significantly higher than those of comparative example 1 and comparative example 3; the feed coefficient of the cod fed by the formula in example 2 is significantly lower than that of the cod fed by the formula in comparative examples 1-3. According to comprehensive analysis, the growth performance and abdominal fat content of the cod fed by the formula in the examples 1-3 are improved to different degrees compared with the ratio of 1-3, wherein the effect of the example 1 is the best. In conclusion, the formula in the embodiment can not only obviously improve the growth performance of the cod, but also reduce the fat content in the abdominal cavity and promote the health of the fish body.
(2) The effect comparison of the feed on the biochemical indexes of the cod is as follows:
the results are shown in Table 2.
TABLE 2 influence of different feeds on the biochemical index of cod
Figure BDA0002908780650000092
Figure BDA0002908780650000101
Note: the same row of data and marked with different lower case letters indicate significant difference (P < 0.05), and the same or no letter indicates insignificant difference (P > 0.05).
As can be seen from Table 2, the total cholesterol and triglyceride contents of the cod serum fed by the formula in the examples 1-3 are significantly lower than those of the comparative examples 1-3, which shows that the formula in the above examples can significantly reduce the fat content of the cod serum and improve the fat metabolism of fish bodies.
(3) Effect of feed on cod adipocyte volume:
the results are shown in FIGS. 1 to 6. FIGS. 1 to 3 are images of abdominal fat sections of cod raised with the feed formulations of examples 1 to 3, and FIGS. 4 to 6 are images of abdominal fat sections of cod raised with the feed formulations of comparative examples 1 to 3, respectively, and it can be found that the volume of cod adipocytes raised with the feed formulations of examples 1 to 3 is significantly lower than that of comparative examples 1 to 3.
The embodiments of the present invention have been described in detail with reference to the accompanying drawings, but the present invention is not limited to the above embodiments, and various changes can be made within the knowledge of those skilled in the art without departing from the gist of the present invention. Furthermore, the embodiments of the present invention and the features of the embodiments may be combined with each other without conflict.

Claims (10)

1. The cod feed is characterized by comprising, by mass, 40-44 parts of fish meal, 8-12 parts of barley pest larva powder, 8-12 parts of peeled soybean meal, 9-13 parts of blood meal, 3-7 parts of corn protein powder, 8-12 parts of alpha starch, 0.5-2 parts of betaine, 1-2 parts of monocalcium phosphate, 0.1-1 part of choline chloride, 1-3 parts of soybean lecithin, 1-3 parts of soybean oil, 1-3 parts of fish oil, 0.1-0.5 part of condensed tannin, 0.5-1.5 parts of vitamin premix, 0.5-1.5 parts of mineral premix and 0.5-1 part of microcrystalline cellulose.
2. The cod feed of claim 1, further comprising fish meal, dehulled soybean meal, blood meal, corn gluten meal, alpha starch, betaine, monocalcium phosphate, choline chloride, soy lecithin, soybean oil, fish oil, vitamin premix, mineral premix, microcrystalline cellulose;
wherein the mineral premix contains at least one of magnesium, calcium, iodine, potassium, copper, zinc, iron, cobalt or selenium;
the vitamin premix contains at least one of VA, VB, VD, VE, VK, calcium pantothenate, inositol or biotin.
3. Cod feed according to claim 2, characterised in that the mineral premix contains MgSO4‧H2O，Ca(IO3)2KCl, methionine Cu, ZnSO4‧H2O，FeSO4‧H2O, methionine Co, NaSeO3(ii) a The vitamin premix contains VA and VB1，VB2，VB6Nicotinic acid, folic acid, VB12VD, VE, VK, calcium pantothenate, inositol, biotin.
4. The cod feed of claim 3, wherein the cod feed comprises, by mass, 40-42 parts of fish meal, 8-10 parts of barley pest larva powder, 8-10 parts of peeled soybean meal, 9-11 parts of blood meal, 3-5 parts of corn protein powder, 8-10 parts of alpha starch, 0.5-1 part of betaine, 1-1.5 parts of monocalcium phosphate, 0.1-0.5 part of choline chloride, 1-2 parts of soybean lecithin, 1-2 parts of soybean oil, 1-2 parts of fish oil, 0.1-0.2 part of condensed tannin, 0.5-1.5 parts of vitamin premix, 0.5-1.5 parts of mineral premix, and 0.5-0.8 part of microcrystalline cellulose.
5. A process for the preparation of a cod feed as claimed in any one of claims 1 to 4, comprising the steps of:
(1) weighing the components of the cod feed of any one of claims 1 to 4, grinding, mixing;
(2) and (3) carrying out microwave tempering, high-temperature puffing and cooling on the mixed components to obtain the product.
6. The method as claimed in claim 5, wherein the microwave conditioning power in step (2) is 800-1200W, and the microwave conditioning time is 80-100 s.
7. Use of cod feed according to any one of claims 1 to 4 or of cod feed prepared by the method of preparation according to claim 5 or 6 for the propagation and feeding of cod.
8. Use according to claim 7, wherein the cod comprises Mackerel cod, Australia.
9. Use of cod feed as defined in any one of claims 1 to 4 or of cod feed produced by the method of preparation defined in claim 5 or 6, in the preparation of a cod body fat improving formulation; wherein the cod comprises Australian Murray cod.
10. Use of cod feed as defined in any one of claims 1 to 4 or of cod feed produced by the method of manufacture defined in claim 5 or claim 6 in the manufacture of a cod growth promoting formulation; wherein the cod comprises Australian Murray cod.
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