CN112689598A - 用于飞行器的混合推进总成 - Google Patents

用于飞行器的混合推进总成 Download PDF

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CN112689598A
CN112689598A CN201980059402.XA CN201980059402A CN112689598A CN 112689598 A CN112689598 A CN 112689598A CN 201980059402 A CN201980059402 A CN 201980059402A CN 112689598 A CN112689598 A CN 112689598A
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J-P·H·萨兰纳
S·佩蒂邦
F·罗吉尔
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Abstract

一种串联混合推进单元(40)，所述串联混合推进单元包括驱动具有n个输出相并向AC汇流条(46)供电的发电机(44)的机械轴的燃气轮机(42)、以及用于监测所述燃气轮机的速度的系统(48)，所述AC汇流条向多个AC分配通道(50)供电，每一AC分配通道包括电整流器(52)和共享向DC总线(54)供电所需的功率的电池(58)，所述DC总线进而向包括电逆变器(62)的多个推进子通道供电，所述电逆变器在控制模块(64)的监控下向驱动推力器(68)的电机(66)供电，所述单元还包括：电池充电器(70)，用于从所述DC总线为所述电池充电，为所述发电机递送功率参考的电源管理模块(72)，以及监测所述DC总线的电压的混合率管理模块(74)，所述电池经由无源组件(二极管60)直接连接在所述DC总线上，并且所述电整流器是无源转换器(二极管桥52)。

Description

用于飞行器的混合推进总成
发明背景
本发明涉及专用于飞行器的电力推进，并且更具体地涉及基于电力源的串联混合的新架构，其允许转子的数量成倍增加并且因此潜在地提高飞行器相对于转子故障的稳健性。
电力源的串联混合包括将涡轮发电机(燃气轮机+发电机)与电池组合在一起。这一混合允许组合每一源的性能，并允许受益于在失去电力源之一的情况下更安全的系统。
常规上并且如图7所示，串联混合推进单元10包括燃气轮机12(带有自由式或连接式涡轮)以及用于监测(测量和控制)燃气轮机的速度(固定转速N1)的系统18，燃气轮机12驱动具有n个输出相并向AC汇流条16供电的发电机14的机械轴。AC汇流条16向多个AC分配通道20供电，每一通道20包括受控整流器类型的向DC总线24供电的电整流器22、允许管理与可逆DC/DC转换器30串联的电池28的电荷释放(DC总线电压限制)的电存储或耗散设备26，可逆DC/DC转换器30允许管理电池的充电和放电并且与电整流器22并联地向DC总线24供电。DC总线24进而向包括电逆变器32的多个推进子通道供电，电逆变器32在推力控制模块34的作用下向驱动飞行器38的推进器的电机36供电。
此类架构的问题是可逆DC/DC转换器必然尺寸过大。事实上，后者管理电池的充电和放电，同时也管理电池和发电机之间的混合率，这共享为DC总线供电所需的电力。因此，转换器是相对于要提供的放电功率来确定尺寸的，也就是说，推力器的功率(或此功率的很大一部分)，例如对于锂离子电池，其代表电池再充电功率的三到六倍。转换器因此尺寸过大并且其重量和体积严重影响飞行器的重量并且因此影响可运输负荷。
发明的目标和概要
因此，本发明提出了克服上述缺陷的用于飞行器的串联混合推进单元的新架构。
这一目标是通过串联混合推进单元来实现的，该串联混合推进单元包括驱动具有n个输出相并向AC汇流条供电的发电机的机械轴的燃气轮机，以及用于监测燃气轮机的速度的系统，所述AC汇流条向多个AC分配通道供电，每一AC分配通道包括电整流器和共享向DC总线供电所需的功率的电池，所述DC总线进而向包括电逆变器的多个推进子通道供电，电逆变器在控制模块的监控下向驱动推力器的电机供电，所述单元的特征在于它还包括：
电池充电器，用于从所述DC总线为所述电池充电，
为所述发电机递送功率参考的功率管理模块，
混合率管理模块，用于通过监测所述DC总线的电压来管理在所述发电机和所述电池之间的功率共享，
以及其特征在于，所述电池经由无源组件直接连接在所述DC总线上，并且所述电整流器是无源转换器(非受控)。
有利地，所述无源组件由单个二极管形成，并且所述无源转换器由单个二极管桥形成。所述电池充电器由单个非可逆DC/DC转换器形成。
因而，通过使用二极管来用于电池的放电和不可逆DC/DC转换器，仅专用于电池的充电且针对电池来确定尺寸，减小单二极管桥电整流器并优化DC总线(其电压监测进一步允许有效地监测混合率)上的电池连接是可能的。
根据所设想的实施例，该单元包括用于限制DC总线的电压的自主设备，或者所述电池充电器在形成用于限制DC总线的电压的设备同时还确保电荷释放的管理。
根据特定实施例，所述混合率管理模块被配置成经由所述发电机的转速或经由所述发电机的输出电压来监测所述DC总线电压。当发电机是绕线转子发电机时，所述输出电压是经由施加在所述发电机的转子处的激励电流来监测的。
附图的简要说明
通过阅读以下藉助于参照附图指示但非限制给出的描述，本发明将被更好地理解，其中：
图1是根据本发明的串联混合动力推进单元的框图，
图2是经由燃气轮机的输出速度进行混合率监测的逻辑图，
图3解说了通过调节燃气轮机的速度来进行图2的监测的示例性实施例，
图4示出了图1的推进单元的特征点处的不同波形，
图5是经由发电机的输出电压进行混合率监测的逻辑图，
图6解说了通过调节发电机的电压来进行图4的监测的示例性实施例，以及
图7是根据现有技术的串联混合动力推进单元的框图。
本发明的实施例的详细描述
本发明更具体地发现在VTOL(垂直起飞和着陆)类型的推进应用中的应用，其中每一推力器与转换器相关联。
图1示出了根据本发明的串联混合推进单元40，串联混合推进单元40包括燃气轮机42(带有自由式或连接式涡轮)以及用于监测(测量和控制)燃气轮机的速度的系统48，燃气轮机42驱动具有n个输出相并为AC汇流条46供电的发电机44的机械轴。AC汇流条46为多个AC分配通道50供电，每一通道包括电整流器52、(可任选地)允许管理电荷释放(DC总线电压限制)的自主电存储或耗散设备56、经由单个二极管60直接连接在DC总线上的电池58，电整流器52是由向DC总线54供电的单个二极管桥形成的无源转换器，二极管60是允许其放电的无源组件。DC总线54进而向包括电逆变器62的多个推进子通道供电，电逆变器62在推力控制模块64的作用下向驱动飞行器的推进器(推力器68)的电机66供电。
根据本发明，这一串联混合推进单元还包括由单个非可逆DC/DC转换器形成的电池充电器70、功率管理模块72和混合率管理模块74，电池充电器70专用于对电池充电并连接到DC总线54。
功率管理模块72根据电池的荷电状态(SOC)和诸如高度、速度、温度、位置、燃料储备等其他有用信息来定义发电机44提供的功率参考PGen_Max，这允许发电机和电池58之间的功率共享。这一最大参考功率被提供给混合率管理模块74，该模块将监测DC总线54的电压以监测电池的放电速率并因此管理发电机和电池之间的这一功率共享。如果DC总线电压大于电池电压，则电池不能被放电，二极管60被阻塞。相反，如果DC总线电压低于电池电压，则电池将提供功率，二极管60则导通。电池可经由专用电池充电器70再充电。
可以根据两个不同实施例通过监测发电机的转速(并且因此监测燃气轮机的输出速度)或者通过监测这一发电机的交流输出电压，来监测DC总线54的电压。
图2通过逻辑图解说了通过监测燃气轮机的输出转速来监测混合率的策略，这可通过以下步骤来描述。
在第一步骤100中，混合率管理模块74确定不同电荷的功率需求，然后在步骤102中，由混合率管理模块74根据电池和热源中的每一者的容量来定义电池和热源之间的功率分配。然后在随后步骤104中，由混合率管理模块74定义DC总线的电压电平以获得所需功率共享，并且在最后步骤106中，由混合率管理模块74确保对热源的速度的监测以确保这一DC总线电压确实是所需的DC总线电压。
事实上，当使用永磁发电机(或具有恒定转子磁通的发电机)时，以下方程式可被写成第一近似：
Vdc_busbar＝k_gen*ω*k_rectifier
其中Vdc_busbar是DC总线电压，
k_gen是与发电机相关的系数，
ω是发电机的转速，
k_rectifier是与电整流器相关的增益。
参数k可被认为是常数，因此速度ω允许监测DC总线的电压并因此监测电池的放电率。
图3示出了使用图2的方法在混合管理模块74处实现混合策略的示例，N2是燃气轮机和发电机的速度，且PGen_Max是发电机提供的最大参考功率。在这种情形中，参考N2_ref将直接导致DC总线电压。速度N2被确定为限制燃气轮机提供的功率，将理解，电池将自然地提供剩余电荷。因而，当发电机的电压下降(等于速度N2)时，发电机提供更少功率，并且电池补偿与电荷需求相关的差异。另一方面，当发电机的电压升高时，发电机的功率增加，从而限制电池的使用。
图4示出了在本发明的推进单元内可以观察到的不同波形。图4a示出了提供给推力器68、电池58和发电机44的不同功率以及电源管理模块72将发电机的最大功率限制到PGen_Max。图4b示出了发电机的速度和参考速度N2_ref，并且可以在300中注意到对耗散设备(自主设备56或电池充电器70)的需要以避免燃气轮机42超速。图4c示出了DC总线电压和电池的电压。
图5通过逻辑图解说了通过监测发电机的输出电压来监测混合率的策略，这可通过以下步骤来描述。
在第一步骤200中，混合率管理模块74确定不同电荷的功率需求，然后在步骤202中，由混合率管理模块74根据电池和热源中的每一者的容量来定义电池和热源之间的功率分配。然后在随后步骤204中，由混合率管理模块74定义DC总线的电压电平以获得所需功率共享，并且在最后步骤206中，由混合率管理模块74确保对发电机的激励的监测以确保这一DC总线电压确实是所需的DC总线电压。
在使用绕线转子发电机时，可经由施加在该机器的转子处的激励电流来监测输出电压。下式可被写成第一近似：
Vdc_busbar＝k_gen*ω*Iexc*k_rectifier
其中Vdc_busbar是DC总线电压，
k_gen是与发电机相关的系数，
ω是发电机的转速，
Iexc是激励电流，
k_rectifier是与电整流器相关的增益。
由于参数k和ω可被认为是常数，因此激励电流Iexc允许监测DC总线的电压并从而监测电池放电率。
图6示出了使用图5的方法在混合管理模块74处实现混合策略的示例，Vgen是跨发电机的电压，且如上所述，PGen_Max是发电机可提供的最大功率。在这种情形中，参考Vgen_ref将直接导致DC总线电压。确定要限制燃气轮机提供的功率，将理解，如上所述，电池将自然地提供剩余电荷。并且如上所述，当发电机的电压下降时，发电机提供更少功率，并且电池补偿与电荷需求相关的差异。另一方面，当发电机的电压升高时，发电机的功率增加，从而限制电池的使用。
在电池经由单个无源组件连接以进行放电的情况下，本发明仍然能够通过对由热机、发电机和无源转换器组成的电源的电压监测，间接地将这一电池与这一发电机混合。因此，执行混合监测而无需使用现有技术所需的可控功率电子装置(电池再充电除外)。另外，当推进单元不包括用于释放电荷的特定设备时，电池充电器还可执行限制DC总线电压的功能。
在电池与无源组件连接的同时通过电源监测总线电压的这一间接混合能力从现有技术的角度来看特别具有创新性。

Claims (10)

1.一种串联混合推进单元(40)，所述串联混合推进单元包括驱动具有n个输出相并向AC汇流条(46)供电的发电机(44)的机械轴的燃气轮机(42)、以及用于监测所述燃气轮机的速度的系统(48)，所述AC汇流条向多个AC分配通道(50)供电，每一AC分配通道包括电整流器(52)和共享向DC总线(54)供电所需的功率的电池(58)，所述DC总线进而向包括电逆变器(62)的多个推进子通道供电，所述电逆变器在控制模块(64)的监控下向驱动推力器(68)的电机(66)供电，所述单元的特征在于它还包括：
电池充电器(70)，用于从所述DC总线为所述电池充电，
为所述发电机递送功率参考的电源管理模块(72)，
混合率管理模块(74)，用于通过监测所述DC总线的电压来管理在所述发电机和所述电池之间的功率共享，
并且其特征在于，所述电池经由无源组件(60)直接连接在所述DC总线上，并且所述电整流器是无源转换器。
2.如权利要求1所述的串联混合推进单元，其特征在于，所述无源组件由单个二极管(60)形成。
3.如权利要求1所述的串联混合推进单元，其特征在于，所述无源组件由单个二极管桥(52)形成。
4.如权利要求1所述的串联混合推进单元，其特征在于，所述电池充电器由单个非可逆DC/DC转换器形成。
5.如权利要求1所述的串联混合推进单元，其特征在于，它还包括用于限制所述DC总线的电压的自主设备(56)。
6.如权利要求1所述的串联混合推进单元，其特征在于，所述电池充电器形成用于限制所述DC总线的电压的设备，同时还确保电荷释放的管理。
7.如权利要求1到6中的任一项所述的串联混合推进单元，其特征在于，所述混合率管理模块被配置成经由所述发电机的转速来监测所述DC总线电压。
8.如权利要求1到6中的任一项所述的串联混合推进单元，其特征在于，所述混合率管理模块被配置成经由所述发电机的输出电压来监测所述DC总线电压。
9.如权利要求8所述的串联混合推进单元，其特征在于，所述发电机是绕线转子发电机，其特征在于所述输出电压是经由施加在所述发电机的转子处的激励电流来监测的。
10.如权利要求1到9中的任一项所述的串联混合推进单元，其特征在于，所述推力器是飞行器的推进器。
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