CN112683944A - Transient method heat conductivity testing method for heat insulation material - Google Patents
Transient method heat conductivity testing method for heat insulation material Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
The invention relates to a method for testing thermal conductivity of a thermal insulation material by a transient method, belongs to the technical field of thermal conductivity test, and solves the problem that the prior art cannot meet the requirement of thermal conductivity test of the thermal insulation material at the temperature of over 1400 ℃. The method comprises the following steps: step S1: heating the upper surface and the lower surface of the sample until the temperatures of the upper surface and the lower surface of the sample are stabilized at a temperature set value, and acquiring the compensation temperature at the moment; step S2: after the temperatures of the upper surface and the lower surface of the sample are stabilized at the temperature set values, controlling the upper surface of the heating sample based on the difference between the temperature represented by the temperature control signal and the temperature of the upper surface of the sample collected in real time, controlling the lower surface of the heating sample based on the compensation temperature, and collecting the temperatures of the upper surface and the lower surface of the sample in real time; step S3: and obtaining the thermal conductivity of the sample based on the temperatures of the upper and lower surfaces of the sample collected in real time in the step S2. The method can meet the requirement of thermal conductivity test of the thermal insulation material above 1400 ℃.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to the technical field of thermal conductivity test, in particular to a thermal conductivity test method for a transient-method thermal insulation material.
Background
In the existing thermal conductivity testing equipment for the heat insulating material, the structure of a hot plate method testing device is protected to be complex, and the test at the temperature of over 700 ℃ is difficult to realize; the heat flow meter method device limits the working temperature of the heat flow meter on one side of the cold surface of the sample (not exceeding 150 ℃), so when the hot surface of the sample exceeds 1000 ℃ and the cold surface does not exceed 150 ℃, the temperature difference in the thickness direction of the sample is too large, and the stability requirement can be met only by applying very large heat flow density, at the moment, the maximum surface power load requirement which needs to be met by a heating wire in a flat heater on the hot surface of the sample is very high and exceeds the surface power load allowed by common materials, and the heat conductivity test under the condition of large temperature difference above 1400 ℃ is difficult to realize by the heat conduction meter adopting the heat flow meter method; the heating plate in the quasi-stable plane heat source method device is not suitable for directly contacting the surface of the conductive material to carry out high-temperature thermal conductivity test. In other existing thermal conductivity test methods, a laser pulse method thermal conductivity instrument can realize thermal conductivity test of metal and dense ceramic materials at a temperature above 1600 ℃, but when the method is used for testing thermal insulation materials, the heating power of pulse laser is very low, so that the temperature response of the back of a sample is very low, effective measurement signals cannot be obtained frequently, and the thermal conductivity test of the thermal insulation materials at a temperature above 1400 ℃ cannot be met.
Therefore, test method research and test apparatus development are needed to address the thermal conductivity test requirements above 1400 ℃ for carbon aerogel or TUFROC materials with electrical conductivity.
Disclosure of Invention
In view of the above analysis, the embodiment of the present invention is directed to providing a method for testing thermal conductivity of an insulation material by a transient method, so as to solve the problem that the prior art cannot meet the requirement of thermal conductivity test of the insulation material at a temperature above 1400 ℃.
The embodiment of the invention provides a method for testing thermal conductivity of a transient heat insulation material, which comprises the following steps:
step S1: heating the upper surface and the lower surface of the sample until the temperatures of the upper surface and the lower surface of the sample are stabilized at a temperature set value, and acquiring the compensation temperature at the moment;
step S2: after the temperatures of the upper surface and the lower surface of the sample are stabilized at the temperature set values, controlling the upper surface of the heating sample based on the difference between the temperature represented by the temperature control signal and the temperature of the upper surface of the sample collected in real time, controlling the lower surface of the heating sample based on the compensation temperature, and collecting the temperatures of the upper surface and the lower surface of the sample in real time;
step S3: and obtaining the thermal conductivity of the sample based on the temperatures of the upper and lower surfaces of the sample collected in real time in the step S2.
On the basis of the scheme, the invention also makes the following improvements:
further, the step S3 includes:
step S31: obtaining the theoretical temperature of the lower surface of the sample at each sampling moment based on the temperature of the upper surface of the sample collected in real time and a formula (1);
wherein x is L;
m is 0,1,2,3 … …, L is the thickness of the sample, f (τ) is the temperature of the upper surface of the sample collected at the τ th time; α represents a thermal diffusion coefficient of the sample;
step S32: obtaining the thermal diffusion coefficient alpha of the sample based on the temperature theoretical value of the lower surface of the sample at each sampling moment and the temperature value acquired in real time;
step S33: and acquiring the thermal conductivity of the sample based on the thermal diffusion coefficient alpha of the sample.
Further, in the step S33, the thermal conductivity λ of the sample is obtained according to the formula (2):
λ＝αρCp (2)
where ρ is the sample(ii) a density of (d); cpIs the specific heat capacity of the sample.
Further, the step S32 includes:
obtaining an observed value matrix, a theoretical temperature matrix and an initial thermal diffusion coefficient alpha according to the previous k times of sampling0 kIteratively obtaining the thermal diffusion coefficient alpha of the first k times of samplingk(ii) a The observation value matrix is formed by the temperatures of the lower surface of the sample obtained by sampling for the first k times, and the theoretical temperature matrix is formed by the theoretical temperatures of the lower surface of the sample obtained by sampling for the first k times;
gradually increasing the sampling times, and obtaining the thermal diffusion coefficient of the current sampling times based on the thermal diffusion coefficient of the previous sampling times when the sampling times are increased for each time until the thermal diffusion coefficient is converged; and taking the converged thermal diffusivity as the thermal diffusivity of the sample.
Further, the thermal diffusion coefficient alpha of the first k times of sampling is obtained in iterationkIn the process, the thermal diffusivity is updated according to the formula (3):
αj+1 l＝αj l+(Pl T(αj l)Pl(αj l))-1·Pl T(αj l)(Yl-Ψl(αj l)) (3)
wherein the observation value matrix Yl＝[y1,y2,···,yi,···,yl]，yiIndicating the temperature of the lower surface of the sample collected at the ith time; theoretical temperature matrix Ψl＝[η1,η2,···,ηi,···,ηl]；ηi＝T1(L, i, alpha), alpha is a parameter to be solved; sensitivity coefficient matrix Pl＝[p1,p2,···,pi,···,pl]，
j is iteration times, and l represents sampling times; alpha is alpha0 lRepresenting the initial diffusion coefficient at the first sampling;
if the updated thermal diffusion coefficient is converged, ending the iteration, and taking the updated thermal diffusion coefficient as the thermal diffusion coefficient alpha of the previous k times of samplingk。
Further, every time the sampling frequency is increased, the initial thermal diffusion coefficient corresponding to the current sampling frequency is obtained according to the formula (4):
the thermal diffusivity is then updated according to equation (5):
if the updated thermal diffusion coefficient is converged, ending the iteration, and taking the updated thermal diffusion coefficient as the thermal diffusion coefficient alpha after each sampling time increasel+1。
Further, in the step S1, the lower surface of the sample is heated by a lower heating unit;
and taking the difference between the temperature of the lower surface of the sample and the temperature inside the lower heating assembly, which is acquired when the temperatures of the upper surface and the lower surface of the sample are stabilized at the temperature set values, as the compensation temperature.
Further, the temperature control signal is a signal for controlling the upper surface of the sample to be linearly heated from a temperature set value to a temperature test set value and to be kept warm for a set time.
Further, in step S2, the controlling the heating of the lower surface of the sample based on the compensated temperature includes:
acquiring the temperature sum of the compensation temperature and the temperature of the lower surface of the sample in real time in the process of controlling the temperature rise of the upper surface of the sample and preserving heat;
and controlling to heat the lower heating assembly based on the difference between the temperature and the temperature in the lower heating assembly acquired in real time.
Further, measuring the temperature of the upper surface of the sample by using a first temperature thermocouple in contact with the upper surface of the sample;
measuring the temperature of the upper surface of the sample by using a second temperature thermocouple in contact with the lower surface of the sample;
and measuring the internal temperature of the lower heating assembly by using a third temperature thermocouple in contact with the interior of the lower heating assembly.
Compared with the prior art, the invention can realize at least one of the following beneficial effects:
the method for testing the thermal conductivity of the thermal insulation material by the transient method provided by the invention realizes the following two different process controls by respectively controlling the temperature changes of the upper heating assembly and the lower heating assembly: 1. control of the preheating stage: the upper heating assembly and the lower heating assembly adopt the same temperature rise control program to heat the sample to a preset temperature and reach stability; 2. control of the testing phase: the upper heating assembly heats the upper surface of the sample according to a new temperature rising/preserving program, and the lower heating assembly is switched into a passive compensation heating control mode to realize the boundary condition of the lower surface of the sample approximate to an adiabatic wall surface. In the testing stage, the thermal conductivity of the sample is obtained by recording the time-varying curves of the temperatures of the upper surface and the lower surface of the sample in the processes of active heating of the upper surface and passive thermal compensation of the lower surface of the sample.
The thermal conductivity test method of the transient heat insulation material provided by the invention also provides a brand-new method for obtaining the thermal diffusion coefficient by detailed analysis of the transient heat transfer model of the back heat insulation, and the thermal conductivity test method is used for testing the thermal conductivity of the transient heat insulation material, so that the thermal conductivity of the transient heat insulation material can be rapidly and conveniently obtained; the thermal conductivity result obtained by the method is high in accuracy, and the requirement of testing the high-temperature thermal conductivity of the carbon aerogel or TUFROC material above 1400 ℃ can be met.
In the invention, the technical schemes can be combined with each other to realize more preferable combination schemes. Additional features and advantages of the invention will be set forth in the description which follows, and in part will be obvious from the description, or may be learned by practice of the invention. The objectives and other advantages of the invention will be realized and attained by the structure particularly pointed out in the written description and drawings.
Drawings
The drawings are only for purposes of illustrating particular embodiments and are not to be construed as limiting the invention, wherein like reference numerals are used to designate like parts throughout.
Fig. 1 is a schematic structural diagram of a transient thermal insulation material thermal conductivity testing apparatus provided in embodiment 1 of the present application;
fig. 2 is a schematic structural view of an upper heating plate and a lower heating plate provided in embodiment 1 of the present application;
fig. 3 is a schematic structural diagram of a heating and measurement control unit provided in embodiment 2 of the present application;
fig. 4 is a flowchart of a thermal conductivity testing method for transient insulation material provided in embodiment 3 of the present application.
Detailed Description
The accompanying drawings, which are incorporated in and constitute a part of this application, illustrate preferred embodiments of the invention and together with the description, serve to explain the principles of the invention and not to limit the scope of the invention.
Example 1
The invention discloses a device for testing the thermal conductivity of a thermal insulation material by a transient method, which has a schematic structural diagram shown in figure 1 and comprises an upper cold water plate, an upper heating assembly, a lower cold water plate and a heating and measuring control unit, wherein the upper cold water plate, the upper heating assembly, the lower heating assembly and the lower cold water plate are sequentially arranged from top to bottom; the device comprises an upper heating assembly, a lower heating assembly, a sample to be tested and a sample holder, wherein the sample to be tested is arranged between the upper heating assembly and the lower heating assembly; the heating and measuring control unit is used for controlling and heating based on the difference between the temperature represented by the temperature control signal and the temperature of the upper surface of the sample collected in real time after the temperatures of the upper surface and the lower surface of the sample are stabilized at the temperature set values, controlling and heating the upper heating assembly based on the compensation temperature of the lower heating assembly, and obtaining the thermal conductivity of the sample based on the temperatures of the upper surface and the lower surface of the sample collected in real time.
During implementation, a sample to be tested is placed between an upper heating assembly and a lower heating assembly, then the upper heating assembly and the lower heating assembly are heated simultaneously by a heating and measuring control unit until the temperatures of the upper surface and the lower surface of the sample are stabilized at set values, then the upper heating assembly is controlled and heated based on the difference value between the temperature represented by a temperature control signal and the temperature of the upper surface of the sample collected in real time, the lower heating assembly is controlled and heated based on the compensation temperature of the lower heating assembly, and the thermal conductivity of the sample is obtained based on the temperatures of the upper surface and the lower surface of the sample collected in real time.
Compared with the prior art, the thermal conductivity testing device for the transient heat insulating material provided by the embodiment realizes the following two different process controls by respectively controlling the temperature change of the upper heating assembly and the lower heating assembly: 1. control of the preheating stage: the upper heating assembly and the lower heating assembly adopt the same temperature rise control program to heat the sample to a preset temperature and reach stability; 2. control of the testing phase: the upper heating assembly heats the upper surface of the sample according to a new temperature rising/preserving program, and the lower heating assembly is switched into a passive compensation heating control mode to realize the boundary condition of the lower surface of the sample approximate to an adiabatic wall surface. In the testing stage, the thermal conductivity of the sample is obtained by recording the time-varying curves of the temperatures of the upper surface and the lower surface of the sample in the processes of active heating of the upper surface and passive thermal compensation of the lower surface of the sample. The testing device can realize the high-temperature thermal conductivity test of the carbon aerogel or TUFROC material above 1400 ℃.
Preferably, in the preheating stage, after the temperatures of the upper and lower surfaces of the sample reach the set temperature values and are stable, the upper and lower heating assemblies respectively have a small temperature difference with the upper and lower surfaces of the sample, so as to ensure that the heating assemblies conduct heat to the upper and lower surfaces of the sample, thereby making the temperature of the sample constant, and at this time, there is a small difference between the temperatures of the lower surface of the sample and the inner part of the lower heating assembly, which is close to the lower surface of the sample. When the sample gets into the test stage, the sample upper surface heaies up because of last heating element active heating, and this moment, if the lower surface of sample (being cold face) is under adiabatic boundary condition, because the heat of hot face (sample upper surface in this embodiment) department constantly transmits to cold face (sample lower surface in this embodiment), the temperature of cold face department also can rise gradually, if lower heating element keeps original heating power unchangeable, the sample cold face temperature rise will reverse downward heating element transfer heat after rising, just can't satisfy the adiabatic boundary hypothesis of sample lower surface. Therefore, in the actual test process, along with the increase of the temperature of the lower surface of the sample, the lower heating assembly also gradually increases the heating power, so that the temperature of the inner part of the lower heating assembly close to the lower surface of the sample is ensured to be consistent with the temperature of the lower surface of the sample as much as possible, and the approximate adiabatic boundary condition is realized. Based on the above consideration, in the actual heating control process, the difference between the temperature of the lower surface of the sample and the internal temperature of the lower heating assembly, which is acquired when the temperatures of the upper surface and the lower surface of the sample are both stabilized at the temperature set values, is used as the compensation temperature.
In order to realize the accurate measurement of the internal temperature of the upper surface, the lower surface and the lower heating element of the sample, the device in this embodiment further comprises: a first temperature thermocouple T1, a second temperature thermocouple T2 and a third temperature thermocouple T3; a first through hole is formed in the center of the upper cold water plate and the center of the upper heating assembly along the thickness direction, the first through hole extends to the upper surface of the sample, and the end of the first temperature thermocouple T1 penetrates through the first through hole to be in contact with the upper surface of the sample, so that the temperature of the upper surface of the sample can be obtained; a second through hole is formed in the center of the lower cold water plate and the center of the lower heating assembly along the thickness direction, the second through hole extends to the lower surface of the sample, and the end of the second temperature thermocouple T2 penetrates through the second through hole to be in contact with the lower surface of the sample, so that the temperature of the lower surface of the sample can be obtained; and the end of the third temperature thermocouple T3 penetrates through the second through hole to be in contact with the interior of the lower heating assembly, so that the internal temperature of the lower heating assembly is obtained. It should be noted that, in order to ensure the accuracy of the measured data, the end of the second thermocouple T2 and the end of the third thermocouple T3 are vertically spaced by 2-3 mm. Illustratively, the size of the first/second via is preferably a Φ 8mm via. Meanwhile, the first temperature thermocouple T1 can be a ceramic armored B-type thermocouple; the second temperature thermocouple T2 and the third temperature thermocouple T3 are B-type filament thermocouples, four leads of the two thermocouples are penetrated by four-hole ceramic tubes to ensure the insulation between the four leads, and the temperature measuring node of T3 is slightly lower than the node of T2.
Preferably, in this embodiment, the upper heating assembly sequentially comprises, in a direction away from the upper surface of the sample: an upper soaking plate, an upper heating plate and refractory bricks which are used for being attached to the upper surface of the sample; lower heating element includes in proper order along the direction of keeping away from the sample lower surface: the lower soaking plate, the lower heating plate and the refractory bricks are used for being attached to the lower surface of the sample; and the end of the third temperature thermocouple penetrates through the second through hole to be in contact with the inside of the lower soaking plate.
Preferably, in order to realize more accurate thermal conductivity test of the thermal insulation material, in the embodiment, the size of the upper soaking plate/the lower soaking plate is adapted to the sectional size of the sample. Illustratively, when the sectional size of the heat insulating material is 300mm × 300mm, the sectional size of the upper soaking plate/lower soaking plate is also 300mm × 300 mm. The upper soaking plate and the lower soaking plate are formed by two layers of structures, wherein one layer close to the upper heating plate and the lower heating plate (both made of tungsten-molybdenum alloy) is formed by boron nitride ceramics, and the high-temperature resistant, electric insulation and heat conduction effects are achieved; the layer close to the sample is made of a molybdenum alloy plate and is used for providing a conduction heating plane which is high temperature resistant, good in heat conduction and smooth in contact surface.
Preferably, the upper heating plate and the lower heating plate are both made of tungsten-molybdenum alloy flat plates, and the size of the upper heating plate and the size of the lower heating plate are also adaptive to the cross-sectional size of the sample. In consideration of the fact that the through-holes for the placement of the thermocouples penetrate the upper and lower heating plates, the through-holes are formed so as to avoid the positions of the tungsten-molybdenum alloy strips in the upper and lower heating plates, that is, the central points of the upper and lower heating plates are hollow. Illustratively, considering that the conventional sectional dimension of the heat insulating material (i.e., sample) is required to be 300mm × 300mm, the tungsten-molybdenum alloy plate is determined to have an outer dimension of 300mm × 300mm, and the thickness may be set to 1 mm. Meanwhile, S-shaped grooves with a width of 8mm and a width of 7mm of the alloy strip were cut on the flat plate by water cutting to form an upper heating plate and a lower heating plate. Electrode binding posts are led out from two ends of the upper heating plate and the lower heating plate and are used for being connected with the heating and measuring control unit so as to realize temperature control of the upper heating plate and the lower heating plate. The schematic structure of the upper heating plate and the lower heating plate is shown in fig. 2.
In addition, a layer of high-temperature refractory bricks with enough thickness is symmetrically arranged on the outer sides of the upper heating plate and the lower heating plate, a water cooling plate (namely an upper water cooling plate and a lower water cooling plate) which is made of stainless steel and internally provided with double-square-shaped channels is respectively arranged on the outer sides of the refractory bricks, and cooling circulating water is introduced into the flat plate to forcibly refrigerate and take away heat dissipated from the periphery of the heating plate. The central point of the outer plane of the water cooling plate is provided with a fixing device to fixedly install the thermocouple leading-out end at a determined position and prevent the thermocouple position from moving up and down. The periphery of the whole testing assembly (namely the periphery of the outer parts of the upper heating assembly, the upper cold water plate, the lower heating assembly and the lower cold water plate) is also made into a thermal protection layer by a layer of thick high-temperature refractory bricks, so that the heat dissipation of the side wall of the whole assembly towards the periphery is reduced.
Preferably, the signal for controlling the upper surface of the sample to linearly increase from the temperature set value to the temperature test set value and keep the temperature for the set time based on the temperature control signal is described in this embodiment;
preferably, controlling heating of the lower heating assembly based on the compensated temperature comprises:
acquiring the temperature sum of the compensation temperature and the temperature of the lower surface of the sample in real time in the process of controlling the temperature rise of the upper surface of the sample and preserving heat;
and controlling to heat the lower heating assembly based on the difference between the temperature and the temperature in the lower heating assembly acquired in real time.
Example 2
Embodiment 1 describes the functions of the heating and measurement control unit more comprehensively, and there are multiple implementation manners, and embodiment 2 discloses a specific implementation manner of the heating and measurement control unit, and a schematic structural diagram of the heating and measurement control unit is shown in fig. 3, and the implementation manner includes: the temperature control instrument comprises a computer, a data acquisition meter, a first temperature control instrument, a second temperature control instrument, a first heating power supply, a second heating power supply and a change-over switch.
Wherein, first accuse temperature appearance carries out temperature control through controlling first heating power supply to the upper heating plate, and second accuse temperature appearance carries out temperature control through controlling second heating power supply to the lower heating plate, when using the device, need correspond first heating power supply and upper heating plate and be connected, correspond second heating power supply and lower heating plate and be connected.
The measuring signal input end M of the first temperature controller is connected with a lead wire of a thermocouple T1, and the setting signal input end S is connected to a control computer and receives a temperature setting value signal sent by the computer. The leads of thermocouple T2 were split in parallel into two pairs. The pair of lead wires is connected with a data acquisition meter, the data acquisition meter is connected with a computer, and the data acquisition meter converts voltage signals transmitted by the lead wires into temperature signals and transmits the temperature signals to the computer for recording and processing. The other pair of leads is connected to the measurement signal input M of the second thermostat through a transfer switch. Similarly, the leads of the thermocouple T3 are also divided into two pairs in parallel, one pair is connected with the data acquisition meter, and the other pair is connected with the second temperature controller through a change-over switch. With the transfer switch, the second temperature control meter accepts the signal at T2 as the real-time measurement signal input value when in the preheat mode, and accepts the signal at T3 as the real-time measurement signal input value when in the test mode, the transfer switch being computer controlled.
Preferably, in the heating and measurement control unit, the heating process may be divided into a preheating type and a test mode. Wherein, preheating mode: the heating at 1400 ℃ is exemplified. The computer sends the temperature set value of 1400 ℃ to the two temperature control instruments through the set signal input end S, the measurement signal input end M of the first temperature control instrument receives the signal of the thermocouple T1, and the measurement signal input end M of the second temperature control instrument receives the signal of the thermocouple T2 through the change-over switch. The power supply is started to start heating. When the temperatures of the upper and lower surfaces of the sample both reached 1400 ℃ and stabilized, the preheating mode was ended. The term "stable" as used herein means that the temperature of the upper and lower surfaces of the sample does not deviate from the set temperature value within a predetermined time period, but does not deviate from the set temperature value within 10 seconds, for example, in a certain test process+0.1 ℃ indicates that stabilization is achieved. Computer according to preheating modeAnd (3) finishing the temperature of the upper surface and the lower surface of the sample collected at the moment, acquiring and recording the temperature difference delta T0 (T3-T2) of the lower surfaces T2 and T3 of the sample at the moment, and entering a test mode. In the stage of the test mode, the computer converts a change-over switch of the second temperature controller into a T3 receiving signal, sends a temperature rising signal of linearly rising the temperature from 1400 ℃ to 1450 ℃ and then preserving the temperature for 1800 seconds to the first temperature controller through a set signal input end S, and starts a first heating power supply to start heating. At this time, the data acquisition table starts to continuously acquire signals of the thermocouples T1, T2 and T3 and convert the signals into temperature values to be sent to the computer, the computer records the three groups of data, the actually measured temperature T2(T) of the thermocouple T2 is processed into (T2(T) + Δ T0), the (T2(T) + Δ T0) is sent to the setting signal input end S of the second temperature control instrument as a set value in real time, the actually measured temperature T3(T) of the thermocouple T3 is input to the measurement input end M of the second temperature control instrument, and the real-time set value (T2(T) + Δ T0) and the real-time measured value T3(T) are compared to generate a control signal to be sent to the second heating power supply so as to control the temperature state of the lower surface of the sample. The control process is the boundary condition that the upper surface of the sample is actively heated and the lower surface of the sample is passively compensated and heated to approximate the adiabatic wall surface. In the test mode, the computer continuously recorded data of T1 and T2 temperature changes with time and used it as measurement data to calculate the thermal conductivity of the sample. The temperature data of T3 was not referred to in the thermal conductivity calculations, but only as reference temperature data during the experiment. It should be noted that, in the above process, the manner in which the temperature controller generates the control signal based on the signals of the two input ends may be implemented by using the existing PID algorithm, and since the algorithm is the prior art, it is not described herein again.
Based on the measurement data, the computer performs the following operations to obtain the thermal conductivity of the sample:
after data of temperature changes of the upper surface and the lower surface of the sample along with time in the processes of active heating of the upper surface and passive thermal compensation of the lower surface of the sample are obtained, the following operations can be carried out to obtain the thermal conductivity of the sample:
step (1): obtaining the theoretical temperature of the lower surface of the sample at each sampling moment based on the temperature of the upper surface of the sample collected in real time and the following formula;
wherein x is L;
m is 0,1,2,3 … …, L is the thickness of the sample, f (τ) is the temperature of the upper surface of the sample collected at the τ th time; α represents a thermal diffusion coefficient of the sample;
step (2): obtaining the thermal diffusion coefficient of the sample through a nonlinear parameter evaluation algorithm based on the temperature theoretical value of the lower surface of the sample at each sampling moment and the temperature value acquired in real time;
and (3): acquiring the thermal conductivity lambda of the sample based on the thermal diffusion coefficient alpha of the sample:
λ＝αρCp
wherein ρ is the density of the sample; cpIs the specific heat capacity of the sample.
The formula and fitting iteration process used in the above steps are explained as follows:
transient heat transfer model for backside insulation: setting the thickness of a flat plate sample to be L and the initial temperature to be T0(refer to the temperature at all locations within the sample). When time t is>When 0, the temperature T ═ f (T) changes along with time at the boundary surface where x ═ 0, and the back surface of the sample, that is, the position where x ═ L does not exchange heat with the outside, the adiabatic boundary condition is taken. Wherein x represents the distance from any point in the sample to the hot surface, wherein the position of the plane where the hot surface of the sample is located is 0, the direction pointing to the other surface along the thickness direction is positive, and the distance from any point in the sample to the hot surface is zero. The hot side of the sample is located above and the cold side is located below, and thus the direction of thickness is downward. Therefore, in this embodiment, since the hot surface of the sample is located below the cold surface, x is 0, i.e., the upper surface of the sample. Accordingly, the place where x is L is the cold surface, i.e., the lower surface of the sample.
It should be noted that the temperatures of the upper and lower surfaces of the sample described in the preheating stage in this embodiment 1 are both stabilized at the temperature set values in order to satisfy the initial conditionsT(x,0)＝T0(ii) a The upper surface of the sample is actively heated in the testing stage in order to meet the boundary condition T (0, T) f (T), and the lower heating plate is switched to a special adiabatic boundary condition control mode in order to meet the boundary condition T (0, T) f (T)
The conditions of (1).
When the time T is greater than 0, the derivation process of the expression of the temperature distribution T (x, T) at any position in the sample is as follows:
the mathematical description of the heat transfer equation is given by:
in formula (3), T (0, T) means x is 0 and T is the temperature at time T, and the following expressions are the same. T (0, T) ═ f (T) denotes the temperature at time T where x is 0, and f (T) is a temperature-dependent value. This expression gives the boundary condition at x-0.
The solution of this equation is as follows:
1) order to
T＝T1(x，t)+T0 (4)
Substituting equation (4) into equation (3) yields:
thus, for the initial condition T (x,0) ═ T0State of (1), directly deducting T0And then simplification is carried out. Equation (5) is solved as follows.
2) The equation:
3) The equation:
wherein cos betamL is 0, i.e.
4) From the above 2), 3) can be derived equations
5) according to the duhamel's theorem, the solution of equation (5) can be expressed by the solution of equation (8) (i.e., expression (9)) in the following form:
wherein x represents the distance from any point in the sample to the upper surface of the sample, and when the theoretical temperature of the lower surface of the sample is calculated, x is L;
m is 0,1,2,3 … …, L is the thickness of the sample, f (τ) is the temperature of the upper surface of the sample collected at the τ th time; α represents a thermal diffusion coefficient of the sample, which is an unknown quantity;
in the above formula, the thermal diffusivity α is the thermal conductivity parameter to be evaluated, the temperature T1The differentiation of α by (x, t, α) yields:
wherein cos betamL is 0, i.e.
m is 0,1,2,3 … …, and when the theoretical temperature of the lower surface of the sample is calculated, x is L; l is the thickness of the sample, f (τ) is the temperature of the upper surface of the sample collected at the time τ; α represents a thermal diffusion coefficient of the sample, which is an unknown quantity;
from the analytical solution of the half-infinite flat plate one-surface heating and back-surface adiabatic model (10), it can be seen that the temperature distribution function of the model is a nonlinear function of the thermal diffusivity alpha. Therefore, if the thermal diffusion coefficient is inversely solved by using the temperature response curve, a nonlinear parameter estimation algorithm is needed. The derivation of the algorithm is as follows:
first, the following matrix is defined:
observation value matrix: y isl＝[y1,y2,···,yi,···,yl](ii) a Wherein, yiIndicating the temperature of the lower surface of the sample collected at the ith time; l represents the number of samplings;
theoretical temperature matrix: Ψl＝[η1,η2,···,ηi,···,ηl](ii) a Wherein eta isi＝T1(L, i, alpha), wherein alpha is a parameter to be solved;
sensitivity coefficient matrix Pl＝[p1,p2,···,pi,···,pl]Wherein, in the step (A),
the value of α is evaluated using the least squares method:
S＝(Y-Ψ)T·(Y-Ψ) (13)
therefore, it is not only easy to use
PTΨ＝PTY (15)
Since the matrices P and Ψ are both nonlinear functions of α, the above equation cannot be directly solved to obtain α, and Ψ needs to be solved at α ═ α0Linear expansion, first order approximation:
Ψ(α)＝Ψ(α0)+P(α0)·(α-α0) (16)
bringing formula (16) into (15) to obtain
PT(α0)Y≈PT(α0)Ψ(α0)+PT(α0)P(α0)(α-α0) (17)
After the treatment, a Gaussian iteration formula is obtained:
αj+1 l＝αj l+(Pl T(αj l)Pl(αj l))-1·Pl T(αj l)(Yl-Ψl(αj l)) (18)
wherein j is iteration times, and l represents sampling times; alpha is alpha0 lRepresenting the initial diffusion coefficient at the first sampling;
thus, the thermal diffusivity, α, is calculated when the previous k samples (i.e., t ═ k) are calculatedkWhen, an α can be assumed first0 kRepeating Gaussian iteration is carried out according to the formula (18) until alpha converges, and the converged alpha is taken as the thermal diffusion coefficient alpha of the previous k times of samplingk；
Wherein alpha iskSatisfies the following formula:
wherein alpha isv kIndicates that alpha is obtainedkThe result of the previous gaussian iteration; delta is typically taken to be 10-4，δ1Generally 10 is taken-100。
When one sample is added (i.e., l ═ k +1), the observation matrix can be expressed as:
namely, the block matrix form formed by combining the observation value matrix of the first k times of sampling and the observation value of the (k +1) th time of sampling is expressed; accordingly, the theoretical temperature matrix Ψ and the sensitivity coefficient matrix P may be processed in the same way, so as to obtain:
more generally, in calculating the thermal diffusivity corresponding to the first l +1(l ≧ k) samples, the Gaussian iteration can be described as follows:
in the process of iteration using equation (19), the starting value of the iteration may be determined according to equation (20).
That is, when calculating the thermal diffusion coefficient at the first sampling time of l +1(l ≧ k), the thermal diffusion coefficient determined at the previous time is substituted into the formula (10) and the formula (11) to calculate Pl，Pl T，Ψl，ηl+1And pl+1Then substituting the formula (20) to calculate alpha0 l+1Then, the iteration is carried out by using the formula (19) to respectively obtain
… until convergence, the thermal diffusivity alpha at the time of the front k +1 is obtainedk+1。
The thermal diffusivity at the subsequent time is obtained from the equations (10), (11), (19) and (20).
The above gives a non-linear evaluation algorithm for the parameter to be estimated. After the temperature f (t) of the upper surface of the sample and the temperature response of the inside or the back surface of the sample are measured, the thermal diffusivity can be inversely calculated by using the formula (10), the formula (11) and the formula (19).
Example 3
The invention discloses a method for testing thermal conductivity of a transient heat insulation material, and a flow chart of the method is shown in FIG. 4, and the method comprises the following steps:
step S1: heating the upper surface and the lower surface of the sample until the temperatures of the upper surface and the lower surface of the sample are stabilized at a temperature set value, and acquiring the compensation temperature at the moment;
step S2: after the temperatures of the upper surface and the lower surface of the sample are stabilized at the temperature set values, controlling the upper surface of the heating sample based on the difference between the temperature represented by the temperature control signal and the temperature of the upper surface of the sample collected in real time, controlling the lower surface of the heating sample based on the compensation temperature, and collecting the temperatures of the upper surface and the lower surface of the sample in real time;
step S3: and obtaining the thermal conductivity of the sample based on the temperatures of the upper and lower surfaces of the sample collected in real time in the step S2.
Step S31: obtaining the theoretical temperature of the lower surface of the sample at the corresponding sampling moment based on the temperature of the upper surface of the sample collected in real time and a formula (10);
step S32: obtaining the thermal diffusion coefficient alpha of the sample based on the temperature theoretical value of the lower surface of the sample at each sampling moment and the temperature value acquired in real time;
step S33: obtaining the thermal conductivity lambda of the sample based on the thermal diffusion coefficient alpha of the sample and a formula (21):
λ＝αρCp (21)
wherein ρ is the density of the sample; cpIs the specific heat capacity of the sample.
Preferably, step S32 includes:
observed value matrix and theory obtained according to previous k times of samplingTemperature matrix and initial thermal diffusivity, alpha0 kIteratively obtaining the thermal diffusion coefficient alpha of the first k times of samplingk(ii) a The observation value matrix is formed by the temperatures of the lower surface of the sample obtained by sampling for the first k times, and the theoretical temperature matrix is formed by the theoretical temperatures of the lower surface of the sample obtained by sampling for the first k times; thermal diffusion coefficient alpha of k samples before iterationkIn the process, the thermal diffusion coefficient is updated according to the formula (18); if the updated thermal diffusion coefficient is converged, ending the iteration, and taking the updated thermal diffusion coefficient as the thermal diffusion coefficient alpha of the previous k times of samplingk。
Gradually increasing the sampling times, and obtaining the thermal diffusion coefficient of the current sampling times based on the thermal diffusion coefficient of the previous sampling times when the sampling times are increased for each time until the thermal diffusion coefficient is converged; and taking the converged thermal diffusivity as the thermal diffusivity of the sample. In the process, every time the sampling frequency is increased, the initial thermal diffusion coefficient corresponding to the current sampling frequency is obtained according to a formula (20): the thermal diffusivity is then updated according to equation (19): if the updated thermal diffusion coefficient is converged, ending the iteration, and taking the updated thermal diffusion coefficient as the thermal diffusion coefficient alpha after each sampling time increasel+1。
In addition, it should be noted that data used in the embodiment of the method can be acquired by the apparatus in embodiment 1 or embodiment 2, and thus, for a specific implementation process of the embodiment of the present invention, reference may be made to the above apparatus embodiment, and details of the embodiment are not described herein again. Since the principle of the present embodiment is the same as that of the above device embodiment, the present method also has the corresponding technical effects of the above device embodiment.
Those skilled in the art will appreciate that all or part of the flow of the method implementing the above embodiments may be implemented by a computer program, which is stored in a computer readable storage medium, to instruct related hardware. The computer readable storage medium is a magnetic disk, an optical disk, a read-only memory or a random access memory.
The above description is only for the preferred embodiment of the present invention, but the scope of the present invention is not limited thereto, and any changes or substitutions that can be easily conceived by those skilled in the art within the technical scope of the present invention are included in the scope of the present invention.
Claims (10)
1. A thermal conductivity testing method for a transient heat insulation material is characterized by comprising the following steps:
step S1: heating the upper surface and the lower surface of the sample until the temperatures of the upper surface and the lower surface of the sample are stabilized at a temperature set value, and acquiring the compensation temperature at the moment;
step S2: after the temperatures of the upper surface and the lower surface of the sample are stabilized at the temperature set values, controlling the upper surface of the heating sample based on the difference between the temperature represented by the temperature control signal and the temperature of the upper surface of the sample collected in real time, controlling the lower surface of the heating sample based on the compensation temperature, and collecting the temperatures of the upper surface and the lower surface of the sample in real time;
step S3: and obtaining the thermal conductivity of the sample based on the temperatures of the upper and lower surfaces of the sample collected in real time in the step S2.
2. The method for testing thermal conductivity of a transient heat insulating material according to claim 1, wherein the step S3 comprises:
step S31: obtaining the theoretical temperature of the lower surface of the sample at each sampling moment based on the temperature of the upper surface of the sample collected in real time and a formula (1);
wherein x is L;
l is the thickness of the sample, f (τ) is the temperature of the upper surface of the sample collected at the time τ; α represents a thermal diffusion coefficient of the sample;
step S32: obtaining the thermal diffusion coefficient alpha of the sample based on the temperature theoretical value of the lower surface of the sample at each sampling moment and the temperature value acquired in real time;
step S33: and acquiring the thermal conductivity of the sample based on the thermal diffusion coefficient alpha of the sample.
3. The method for testing thermal conductivity of a transient heat insulating material according to claim 2, wherein in the step S33, the thermal conductivity λ of the sample is obtained according to formula (2):
λ＝αρCp (2)
wherein ρ is the density of the sample; cpIs the specific heat capacity of the sample.
4. The method for testing thermal conductivity of a transient heat insulating material according to claim 2, wherein the step S32 comprises:
obtaining an observed value matrix, a theoretical temperature matrix and an initial thermal diffusion coefficient alpha according to the previous k times of sampling0 kIteratively obtaining the thermal diffusion coefficient alpha of the first k times of samplingk(ii) a The observation value matrix is formed by the temperatures of the lower surface of the sample obtained by sampling for the first k times, and the theoretical temperature matrix is formed by the theoretical temperatures of the lower surface of the sample obtained by sampling for the first k times;
gradually increasing the sampling times, and obtaining the thermal diffusion coefficient of the current sampling times based on the thermal diffusion coefficient of the previous sampling times when the sampling times are increased for each time until the thermal diffusion coefficient is converged; and taking the converged thermal diffusivity as the thermal diffusivity of the sample.
5. The method for testing thermal conductivity of a transient heat insulating material according to claim 4, wherein the thermal diffusivity α of the first k samples is obtained in iterationkIn the process, the thermal diffusivity is updated according to the formula (3):
αj+1 l＝αj l+(Pl T(αj l)Pl(αj l))-1·Pl T(αj l)(Yl-Ψl(αj l)) (3)
wherein the observation value matrix Yl＝[y1,y2,···,yi,···,yl]，yiIndicating the temperature of the lower surface of the sample collected at the ith time; theoretical temperature matrix Ψl＝[η1,η2,···,ηi,···,ηl]；ηi＝T1(L, i, alpha), alpha is a parameter to be solved; sensitivity coefficient matrix Pl＝[p1,p2,···,pi,···,pl]，
j is iteration times, and l represents sampling times; alpha is alpha0 lRepresenting the initial diffusion coefficient at the first sampling;
if the updated thermal diffusion coefficient is converged, ending the iteration, and taking the updated thermal diffusion coefficient as the thermal diffusion coefficient alpha of the previous k times of samplingk。
6. The method for testing the thermal conductivity of the transient heat insulating material according to claim 5, wherein each time the sampling frequency is increased, the initial thermal diffusivity corresponding to the current sampling frequency is obtained according to the formula (4):
the thermal diffusivity is then updated according to equation (5):
if the updated thermal diffusion coefficient is converged, ending the iteration, and taking the updated thermal diffusion coefficient as the thermal diffusion coefficient alpha after each sampling time increasel+1。
7. The transient thermal insulation material thermal conductivity test method according to any one of claims 1 to 6,
in the step S1, heating the lower surface of the sample by a lower heating unit;
and taking the difference between the temperature of the lower surface of the sample and the temperature inside the lower heating assembly, which is acquired when the temperatures of the upper surface and the lower surface of the sample are stabilized at the temperature set values, as the compensation temperature.
8. The method for testing thermal conductivity of a transient heat insulating material according to claim 7, wherein the temperature control signal is a signal for controlling the upper surface of the sample to linearly increase from a temperature set value to a temperature test set value and keep the temperature for a set time.
9. The method for testing thermal conductivity of a transient heat insulating material according to claim 8, wherein in the step S2, the controlling the heating of the lower surface of the sample based on the compensation temperature comprises:
acquiring the temperature sum of the compensation temperature and the temperature of the lower surface of the sample in real time in the process of controlling the temperature rise of the upper surface of the sample and preserving heat;
and controlling to heat the lower heating assembly based on the difference between the temperature and the temperature in the lower heating assembly acquired in real time.
10. The method for testing thermal conductivity of transient heat insulating material according to claim 7,
measuring the temperature of the upper surface of the sample by using a first temperature thermocouple in contact with the upper surface of the sample;
measuring the temperature of the upper surface of the sample by using a second temperature thermocouple in contact with the lower surface of the sample;
and measuring the internal temperature of the lower heating assembly by using a third temperature thermocouple in contact with the interior of the lower heating assembly.
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