CN112616405A - Method for preventing and treating apple mosaic disease based on microbial fertilizer - Google Patents
Method for preventing and treating apple mosaic disease based on microbial fertilizer Download PDFInfo
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01C—PLANTING; SOWING; FERTILISING
- A01C21/00—Methods of fertilising, sowing or planting
- A01C21/005—Following a specific plan, e.g. pattern
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
- A01G17/00—Cultivation of hops, vines, fruit trees, or like trees
- A01G17/005—Cultivation methods
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
- A01G7/00—Botany in general
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C05—FERTILISERS; MANUFACTURE THEREOF
- C05B—PHOSPHATIC FERTILISERS
- C05B1/00—Superphosphates, i.e. fertilisers produced by reacting rock or bone phosphates with sulfuric or phosphoric acid in such amounts and concentrations as to yield solid products directly
- C05B1/02—Superphosphates
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C05—FERTILISERS; MANUFACTURE THEREOF
- C05G—MIXTURES OF FERTILISERS COVERED INDIVIDUALLY BY DIFFERENT SUBCLASSES OF CLASS C05; MIXTURES OF ONE OR MORE FERTILISERS WITH MATERIALS NOT HAVING A SPECIFIC FERTILISING ACTIVITY, e.g. PESTICIDES, SOIL-CONDITIONERS, WETTING AGENTS; FERTILISERS CHARACTERISED BY THEIR FORM
- C05G3/00—Mixtures of one or more fertilisers with additives not having a specially fertilising activity
- C05G3/60—Biocides or preservatives, e.g. disinfectants, pesticides or herbicides; Pest repellants or attractants
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- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
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- Botany (AREA)
- Pest Control & Pesticides (AREA)
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
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- Ecology (AREA)
- Forests & Forestry (AREA)
- Plant Pathology (AREA)
- Fertilizers (AREA)
Abstract
The invention discloses a method for preventing and treating apple mosaic disease based on microbial fertilizers, which comprises the steps of digging annular grooves with the width and the depth of 30-40 cm respectively at the vertical projection positions of the periphery of a crown of an apple tree when a base fertilizer is applied in autumn, and mixing and applying a composite microbial fertilizer and a silicon-calcium-magnesium-potassium mineral fertilizer into the annular grooves, wherein the using amount of the composite microbial fertilizer is 4-8 kg per plant, and the using amount of the silicon-calcium-magnesium-potassium mineral fertilizer is 1-1.5 kg per plant; before flowering in spring, in the period of 3-4 months, watering is carried out once by combining with root system watering and watering liquid fertilizer liquid diluted by 400 times. The invention has both fertilizer and drug effects; the method does not increase the prevention and treatment cost, is safe to the environment and human beings, and finds a new way for green and organic apple production in the aspect of preventing and treating apple mosaic virus diseases.
Description
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the technical field of fruit tree disease control, and relates to a method for controlling apple mosaic disease based on a microbial fertilizer.
Background
The apple is an important economic crop and export fruit in China, and the cultivation area and the yield are in the top of the world. However, diseases severely restrict the sustainable development of the apple industry in China, and particularly the harm caused by the viral mosaic disease is extremely serious. The apple yield and quality in the disease-affected area are reduced, the fruit is basically changed into non-commodity fruit, and huge economic loss is caused to vast fruit growers and friends. In the organic, green and pollution-free apple production area in China, effective measures for biologically preventing and treating apple mosaic virus diseases are found, and the method is very important for improving the yield and quality of fruits, increasing the income of fruit growers and promoting the healthy and sustainable development of the apple industry.
Apple virus diseases are prominent problems affecting apple production in China. Research of professor Hanzhenhai of China university reports that 39 apple viruses are found in China, and the Apple Chlorotic Leaf Spot Virus (ACLSV), apple stem furrow virus (ASGV), Apple Stem Pox Virus (ASPV) and apple rust virus (ASSVd) which are seriously harmful to production currently exist. The fruit garden virus infection rate reaches 100% for 2144 samples of 50 fruit gardens of 8 fruit gardens of China; the incidence of ASGV, ACLSV and ASPV was 94.80%, 59.33% and 64.72%, respectively; the mixed infection rate is 59.05%. The apple seedling stock is widely applied in China, the seedling seedlings are almost used as the stock even if the dwarf interstock is dwarfed, and the apple stock seeds are not considered to transmit viruses in the past. In recent years, the rates of apple rust viruses detected by the seedlings of the Malus micromalus, the Malus spectabilis and the Malus hupehensis are respectively 30%, 26.7% and 100%; the toxicity rate of the catalpa bungei seedlings is 73.3 percent, and the complex infection rate of apple stem pox virus, apple chlorotic leaf spot virus and apple rust virus is 53.3 percent.
According to investigation, a large number of apple trees are infected with virus diseases all over the country, the rate of virus strains is as high as 60-80%, and the yield is generally reduced by 30-45%. Some main cultivated varieties are commonly hidden and become a hidden trouble for apple production. Apple rust disease symptoms are 3: the rust fruit type has 5 dark green water stain-shaped disease spots, is opposite to the ventricle, is intermittent, is dark brown and is suberized; the flower face shape is that the ripe fruit is alternate red and green, the coloring part is prominent, the fruit surface is uneven and takes the shape of a 'flower face'; and in a composite mode, the fruit surface has yellow-green patches and irregular edges, and the fruit surface has rusty spots and a flower face shape. In production, the flower-face type and the compound type are common, and the significance of preventing and treating apple flower-face virus diseases is great.
The main method for preventing and treating virus diseases in production is strict quarantine, but virus diseases are not clear in seedling stage and are inconvenient to detect. And the apple seedling system in China is mainly based on one family, self-reproduction and self-sale are realized, the seedling sale is generally not quarantine, if long-distance sale is needed, only a quarantine station is required to pay a quarantine certificate, and quarantine is not realized at all. Therefore, the method for preventing and controlling the seedling quarantine plays no role in production. Secondly, the diseased plants are found to be firmly planed in the orchard, the flowering virus disease trees can be seen clearly after the trees are grown for 7-8 years in the orchard and the fruiting begins, but the trees are formed at the moment, the crowns of the trees are large, the virus trees are transmitted to surrounding trees through management links such as root systems, trimming, fertilizing and watering, the plants in the orchard are generally toxic, the virus diseases can be controlled only by digging most of the trees in the orchard more severely and digging the rest trees, the orchard is almost useless, and the prevention and control effect is achieved, namely, the method is not feasible. Thirdly, the pesticide is used for preventing and treating, and the prior report shows that 50 ten thousand units of tetracycline or 150 ten thousand units of agricultural (for Shandong) streptomycin solution can be coated on the plant with the fruit rust disease (the faceting trees). But has no effect in production. Fourthly, establishing a virus-free nursery stock breeding base, and estimating to take 20-30 years to establish a virus-free nursery stock system in China, because the popularization of virus-free apple seedlings is proposed from the last 80 years in China, and the popularization area is less than 2 percent. Professor Han Zhenhai thinks that because apple virus-free detection technology and virus-free seedling breeding technology are not popularized enough, the production of virus-free apple seedlings in China has many problems, and the virus-free seedlings sold on the market are not really virus-free seedlings. Therefore, the existing high-quality non-toxic dwarfing self-rooted seedlings in China have extremely low supply capacity and cannot meet the future apple industry requirement at all.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention aims to provide a method for preventing and treating apple mosaic disease based on microbial fertilizer, which has fertilizer effect and pesticide effect; the method does not increase the prevention and treatment cost, is safe to the environment and human beings, and finds a new way for green and organic apple production in the aspect of preventing and treating apple mosaic virus diseases.
The invention is realized by the following technical scheme:
a method for preventing and treating apple mosaic disease based on microbial manure comprises the following operations:
when the base fertilizer is applied in autumn, annular grooves with the width and the depth of 30-40 cm are dug at the vertical projection position of the periphery of the apple tree crown, and the composite microbial fertilizer and the silicon-calcium-magnesium-potassium mineral fertilizer are mixed and applied into the annular grooves, wherein the using amount of the composite microbial fertilizer is 4-8 kg per plant, and the using amount of the silicon-calcium-magnesium-potassium mineral fertilizer is 1-1.5 kg per plant;
before flowering in spring, in the period of 3-4 months, watering is carried out once by combining with root system watering and watering liquid fertilizer liquid diluted by 400 times.
The compound microbial fertilizer is a Fengdan Baili organic fertilizer, and the silicon-calcium-magnesium-potassium mineral fertilizer is Watianjia.
The liquid fertilizer liquid is a ferment treasure, and the A, B two nutrient liquids contained in the liquid fertilizer liquid are mixed and then are immediately used.
The preparation method of the Fengdan Baili organic fertilizer comprises the following steps:
401) the raw materials and the dosage of each 1 ton of solid biological Fengdan Baili organic fertilizer are as follows: 900 kilograms of organic materials, 25 to 50 kilograms of calcium magnesium phosphate fertilizer, 25 to 50 kilograms of medical stone, 1 to 2 kilograms of compound microbial inoculum of the red maple, the largeleaf lily and 1 to 2 kilograms of brown sugar;
the organic materials comprise the following mixture:
poultry manure; straw; filter mud, bagasse or beet pulp from the sugar industry; beer mud and distiller's grains after beer fermentation; cake dregs; grass carbon; edible fungus dregs;
402) fermentation:
a primary fermentation stage: mixing various ingredients and a decomposing agent according to the ratio of 6: 4, mixing the materials according to a mass ratio, beating the materials into strips and low stacks, and controlling the water content to be 45-55% by mass; timing when the temperature of the pile body exceeds 45 ℃, using a turning and throwing vehicle to turn over and control the temperature when the temperature is higher than 70 ℃, and entering a secondary fermentation stage after maintaining for 15-20 days;
and (3) secondary fermentation stage: the product of the primary fermentation stage is again mixed with a decomposing agent according to the ratio of 7: 3, piling the mixture into a large stack with the height of 1 meter, and overturning the stack once in 7 to 10 days; after 3 times of turnover, detecting that no original excrement and worm eggs exist in the fermentation pile, and entering a finished product mixing stage;
and (3) a finished product mixing stage: and (3) adding the decomposed compost into the compost, then adding the compound microbial agent of the Fengdan and the Baili, and then crushing and screening to finish the production.
Compared with the prior art, the invention has the following beneficial technical effects:
the method provided by the invention adopts the compound microbial fertilizer of the red maple and the Baili and the fermented liquid fertilizer, and combines the addition of the silicon-calcium-magnesium-potassium fertilizer to prevent and control the mosaic disease of the apple trees, and has both fertilizer effect and pesticide effect. After apple trees are infected with rust fruit viruses, the apple trees not only show the symptoms of face and flower on the surfaces of the fruits and influence the appearance of the fruits, but also are often accompanied with the symptoms of fruit reduction, pulp crispness, less fruit juice and the like, the commodity of the fruits is reduced, the internal flavor quality of the fruits is influenced, and even the fruits completely lose edible value when the fruits are seriously ill. The application of the compound microbial fertilizer containing the red maple, the red peony and the lily improves the appearance and the internal quality of the fruits to different degrees while improving the disease condition of apple faces. Moreover, the tree vigor is enhanced through fertilization, the effect of preventing and treating diseases is achieved, and the effects of killing two crops at a time are achieved, so that the fertilizer is economical and practical. Does not increase the prevention and treatment cost of farmers, and is safe to the environment and human beings. Provides a new way for green and organic apple production in the aspect of preventing and treating apple mosaic virus diseases.
The compound microbial fertilizer contains various aerobic and anaerobic microorganisms, and is a beneficial microbial flora formed by compounding and superposing actinomycetes, nitrogen decomposing and fixing bacteria, photosynthetic bacteria and other strains, wherein some bacteria have an inhibiting effect on the manifestation of the mosaic virus, and the effect of preventing and controlling the mosaic virus is achieved.
At present, in 3800 ten thousand acres of apples in China, orchards with mosaic virus diseases account for more than 21 percent, the spreading trend is continuous and serious, and the popularization prospect of the invention is extremely wide. In the northern apple cultivation and production area of China, the method is suitable for popularization and application in the early stage of apple mosaic virus disease occurrence and in orchards with serious occurrence.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a schematic view of an apple with a mosaic disease.
FIG. 2 is a schematic view of an apple after the disease of the flowering face is prevented and treated.
Detailed Description
The present invention will now be described in further detail with reference to the following examples, which are intended to be illustrative, but not limiting, of the invention.
A method for preventing and treating apple mosaic disease based on microbial manure comprises the following operations:
when the base fertilizer is applied in autumn, annular grooves with the width and the depth of 30-40 cm are dug at the vertical projection position of the periphery of the apple tree crown, and the composite microbial fertilizer and the silicon-calcium-magnesium-potassium mineral fertilizer are mixed and applied into the annular grooves, wherein the using amount of the composite microbial fertilizer is 4-8 kg per plant, and the using amount of the silicon-calcium-magnesium-potassium mineral fertilizer is 1-1.5 kg per plant;
before flowering in spring, in the period of 3-4 months, watering is carried out once by combining with root system watering and watering liquid fertilizer liquid diluted by 400 times.
The compound microbial fertilizer is a Fengdan Baili organic fertilizer, and the silicon-calcium-magnesium-potassium mineral fertilizer is Watianjia.
The liquid fertilizer liquid is a ferment treasure, and the A, B two nutrient liquids contained in the liquid fertilizer liquid are mixed and then are immediately used.
The organic fertilizer and the compound microbial agent are commercially available, and in order to adapt to different application environments and soils, the preparation of the organic fertilizer based on different organic raw materials is provided below.
1. Raw materials and dosage of 1 ton of solid biological Fengdan Baili organic fertilizer produced
(1) Organic materials:
chicken manure, duck manure, goose manure, pig manure, cattle and sheep manure and the like;
straw, especially the straw of leguminous crops;
filter mud, bagasse, beet pulp, etc. of sugar industry;
beer lees, lees and the like from breweries;
various cakes: bean cake, cotton seed cake, rapeseed cake, etc.;
grass (peat) carbon; edible mushroom residue (bran);
(2) basic formula
Formulation examples
Example 1:
example 2:
example 3:
example 4:
example 5:
example 6:
example 7:
example 8:
(2) production process
A primary fermentation stage: mixing various ingredients and a decomposing agent according to the ratio of 6: 4, mixing at a ratio of 4, beating into strip-shaped low stacks (50 cm high), controlling the water content to be 45-55%, timing when the temperature of the stack body exceeds 45 ℃, using a dumping car to dump and control the temperature when the temperature is higher than 70 ℃, and entering a secondary fermentation stage after maintaining for 15-20 days;
and (3) secondary fermentation stage: the product of the primary fermentation stage is again mixed with a decomposing agent according to the ratio of 7: 3, mixing in proportion, piling into a large stack (height 1 m), overturning for 7-10 days, detecting after 3 times of overturning, and entering a finished product mixing stage when no raw manure, worm eggs and the like exist in the fermentation pile;
and (3) a finished product mixing stage: and (3) adding the decomposed compost into the compost, then adding the compound microbial agent of the Fengdan and the Baili, and then crushing and screening to finish the production.
The compound microbial agent comprises: is a multifunctional compound biological agent which is composed of more than 60 microbial floras such as aerobes (40 percent) and anaerobes (60 percent). The strain is mainly composed of a single microbial population (or genus), is mainly compounded and superposed by rhizomorph fertilizers, azotobacteria fertilizers, phosphate-solubilizing microbial fertilizers, silicate bacterial fertilizers (biological potassium fertilizers), photosynthetic bacterial fertilizers, bacillus preparations and other strains, and has the effects of improving soil, decomposing harmful substances, promoting root growth, balancing nutrient absorption, comprehensively reducing plant diseases and insect pests and the like.
2. Application method
When base fertilizer is applied in autumn, annular grooves with the width and the depth of 30-40 cm are dug at the vertical projection position of the periphery of a crown, and the Fengdan and Baili compound microbial fertilizer and the mineral fertilizer of the Pantiana I (silicon-calcium-magnesium-potassium fertilizer) are mixed and applied into the annular grooves, wherein the using amount of the Fengdan and Baili compound microbial fertilizer is 4-8 kg per plant, and the using amount of the mineral fertilizer of the Pantiana I (silicon-calcium-magnesium-potassium fertilizer) is 1-1.5 kg per plant; the specific fertilizer consumption can be adjusted correspondingly according to the age of the tree; before spring blooming (3-4 months), watering is carried out by combining with root system watering, and watering the liquid waste by 400 times (using a ferment treasure, mixing A, B two nutrient solutions and then immediately using).
3. Controlling effect
Effective table of Fengdan Baili for improving flower and face diseases and fruit quality
Note: 3 kilograms of compound fertilizer is applied to the control plants, and the fertilizer application amount is liquidambar formosana baili. Except for the control, the ferment powder is watered with 400 times of liquid once.
After apple trees are infected with rust fruit viruses, the apple trees not only show the symptoms of face and flower on the surfaces of the fruits and influence the appearance of the fruits, but also are often accompanied with the symptoms of fruit reduction, pulp crispness, less fruit juice and the like, the commodity of the fruits is reduced, the internal flavor quality of the fruits is influenced, and even the fruits completely lose edible value when the fruits are seriously ill. As shown in the table, the appearance and the internal quality of the fruits are improved to different degrees while the morbidity of apple faces is improved by applying the compound microbial fertilizer containing the red maple, the red peony and the bery. The disease index of the diseased trees growing in 11 years and 20 years is over 74.54, the disease index of 7.5 kg of the stauntonia chinensis is reduced to be below 9.22, the fruit value is obviously improved, and the expected prevention and treatment effect is basically achieved; moreover, the tree vigor is enhanced through fertilization, the effect of preventing and treating diseases is achieved, and the effects of killing two crops at a time are achieved, so that the fertilizer is economical and practical.
The compound microbial fertilizer contains various aerobic and anaerobic microorganisms, is a beneficial microbial flora formed by compounding and overlapping actinomycetes, nitrogen decomposing and fixing bacteria, photosynthetic bacteria and other strains, and has an inhibiting effect on the manifestation of the mosaic disease by some bacteria so as to achieve the effect of preventing and controlling the mosaic virus disease.
The embodiments given above are preferable examples for implementing the present invention, and the present invention is not limited to the above-described embodiments. Any non-essential addition and replacement made by the technical characteristics of the technical scheme of the invention by a person skilled in the art belong to the protection scope of the invention.
Claims (4)
1. A method for preventing and treating apple mosaic disease based on microbial manure is characterized by comprising the following operations:
when the base fertilizer is applied in autumn, annular grooves with the width and the depth of 30-40 cm are dug at the vertical projection position of the periphery of the apple tree crown, and the composite microbial fertilizer and the silicon-calcium-magnesium-potassium mineral fertilizer are mixed and applied into the annular grooves, wherein the using amount of the composite microbial fertilizer is 4-8 kg per plant, and the using amount of the silicon-calcium-magnesium-potassium mineral fertilizer is 1-1.5 kg per plant;
before flowering in spring, in the period of 3-4 months, watering is carried out once by combining with root system watering and watering liquid fertilizer liquid diluted by 400 times.
2. The method for preventing and treating apple mosaic disease based on microbial fertilizer as claimed in claim 1, wherein said compound microbial fertilizer is maple red baoli organic fertilizer, and said mineral fertilizer of silicon calcium magnesium potassium is wonderland beetle.
3. The method for preventing and treating apple mosaic disease based on microbial fertilizer as claimed in claim 1, wherein the liquid fertilizer liquid is Zhanbao, which comprises A, B two nutrient solutions which are mixed for immediate use.
4. The method for preventing and treating apple mosaic disease based on microbial fertilizer as claimed in claim 1, wherein the preparation of the maple red lily organic fertilizer comprises the following steps:
401) the raw materials and the dosage of each 1 ton of solid biological Fengdan Baili organic fertilizer are as follows: 900 kilograms of organic materials, 25 to 50 kilograms of calcium magnesium phosphate fertilizer, 25 to 50 kilograms of medical stone, 1 to 2 kilograms of compound microbial inoculum of the red maple, the largeleaf lily and 1 to 2 kilograms of brown sugar;
the organic materials comprise the following mixture:
poultry manure; straw; filter mud, bagasse or beet pulp from the sugar industry; beer mud and distiller's grains after beer fermentation; cake dregs; grass carbon; edible fungus dregs;
402) fermentation:
a primary fermentation stage: mixing various ingredients and a decomposing agent according to the ratio of 6: 4, mixing the materials according to a mass ratio, beating the materials into strips and low stacks, and controlling the water content to be 45-55% by mass; timing when the temperature of the pile body exceeds 45 ℃, using a turning and throwing vehicle to turn over and control the temperature when the temperature is higher than 70 ℃, and entering a secondary fermentation stage after maintaining for 15-20 days;
and (3) secondary fermentation stage: the product of the primary fermentation stage is again mixed with a decomposing agent according to the ratio of 7: 3, piling the mixture into a large stack with the height of 1 meter, and overturning the stack once in 7 to 10 days; after 3 times of turnover, detecting that no original excrement and worm eggs exist in the fermentation pile, and entering a finished product mixing stage;
and (3) a finished product mixing stage: and (3) adding the decomposed compost into the compost, then adding the compound microbial agent of the Fengdan and the Baili, and then crushing and screening to finish the production.
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