CN112593922A - Method and device for evaluating cementing quality of two well cementation interfaces through array acoustic logging - Google Patents
Method and device for evaluating cementing quality of two well cementation interfaces through array acoustic logging Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
The invention discloses a method for evaluating cementing quality of a well cementation two-interface by array acoustic logging, which comprises the following steps: preprocessing an array waveform, restoring a waveform curve, and acquiring full-wave column data of an array sound wave; extracting a casing wave time difference by using a time-slowness correlation (STC) method, and calculating a casing wave arrival according to the casing wave slowness and the source distance of the array receiver; extracting the amplitude of the casing wave in the time window according to the arrival time of the casing wave, and calibrating the amplitude by free casing data to obtain a relative amplitude curve; step four, synthesizing a new well cementation quality evaluation curve by integrating the casing wave arrival and the relative amplitude curve; and fifthly, evaluating the well cementation quality. The method can solve the technical problem of difficult evaluation of the cementing quality of the two interfaces of the well cementation, further excavates the data information of the latent acoustic waveform without increasing the cost of field logging operation, and has good application prospect.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to the field of geophysical acoustic logging, in particular to a method for evaluating cementing quality of cased wells by using array acoustic logging data.
Background
Each technical measure in the well cementing operation is closely related to the final yield, and the quality of the technical measures is related to the integrity of oil and water wells and the sustainability of oil and gas exploitation. In order to accurately evaluate the quality of well cementation, research and development and application of various detection technologies form an industry, and acoustic logging is one of the most important evaluation technologies. After decades of development, the evaluation technology for the cementation condition of the first interface (the interface between the casing and the cement sheath) tends to be mature, but the evaluation technology for the cementation condition of the second interface (the interface between the cement sheath and the stratum) is still under development, and the evaluation of the second interface becomes the difficulty of the evaluation of the cementing quality. However, the evaluation of the two interfaces is the key to verify whether oil, gas and water are communicated, and practice proves that the poor cementation of the second interface often causes channeling and other phenomena (Guanbo, Xue Yu, Zhao Yangjun, etc. the method for quantitatively evaluating the well cementation quality by using acoustic wave full wave series well logging information is well logging technology 2002,26(5): 383-.
The cementing conditions of a first interface and a second interface of a well cementation (Liu Zheng Feng, Wang Tian wave, New sea section and the like) can be evaluated by calculating and analyzing casing wave and stratum wave energy parameters of a sound amplitude variable density logging (CBL-VDL).
The measurement result of the ultrasonic pulse reflection method can indicate the circumferential cementing condition, and the two-interface evaluation (simulation experiment for evaluating the second well cementation interface by the ultrasonic pulse reflection method, well logging technology, 1996,20(3): 192-.
Due to the long source distance, the array acoustic logging can record casing waves and formation signals simultaneously. If the array acoustic logging data can be used for well cementation quality evaluation, the logging time and cost can be greatly saved.
Disclosure of Invention
In order to overcome the technical problem of evaluating the cementation quality of the two interfaces by the traditional well cementation quality evaluation method, the invention provides a method and a device for processing cased well array acoustic logging. And acoustic waveform data information is further submerged under the condition of not increasing the cost of field logging operation.
In order to realize the method, the invention adopts the following technical scheme:
the method comprises the following steps of firstly, preprocessing an array waveform, restoring a waveform curve, acquiring full-wave array data of the array acoustic wave, carrying out filtering processing (removing low-frequency Stoneley waves and high-frequency logging noises in the array) according to requirements, and keeping the main components of a casing wave;
extracting a casing wave time difference by using a time-slowness correlation (STC) method, and calculating a casing wave arrival according to the casing wave slowness and the source distance of the array receiver;
extracting the amplitude of the casing wave in the time window according to the casing wave arrival time, and calibrating the amplitude by free casing data to obtain a relative amplitude curve;
step four, synthesizing a novel well cementation quality evaluation curve, namely an IV curve, by integrating the casing wave arrival and the relative amplitude curve;
fifthly, evaluating the cementing quality, namely comprehensively evaluating the cementing quality of the cementing two interfaces according to a cementing quality evaluation index IV curve;
and step six, judging whether all the depth points are processed or not, if so, ending the processing, otherwise, repeating the steps from two to five until all the depth points are processed.
The second step is specifically as follows: the time-slowness correlation method is used to extract the casing wave time Difference (DTCS) in the array waveform, and the arrival time (TTCS) of the casing wave is determined according to equation 1:
TTCS＝DTCS·TR (1)
where TR denotes the distance between each receiver and the transmitter.
The third step is specifically as follows:
determining a corresponding casing wave time window in the full wave train according to the determined casing wave arrival time TTCS, and calculating the casing wave amplitude (average energy) received by the nth receiver in the time window by using a formula 2:
wherein WnFor received waveform data, TwFor the time window length, T is the time at which the time window begins.
The fourth step is specifically as follows:
for cased wells, when cementing a well with good cementation at the first interface and cementing a well with poor cementation at the second interface, the casing-cement system is equivalent to an equivalent waveguide, and the first wave in the array waveform is a wave propagating in the equivalent waveguide (also referred to as casing wave), and compared with a free casing, the casing wave velocity and amplitude are reduced due to the presence of cement. As figure 4 is a comparison graph of theoretical waveforms under different cementation conditions, a micro-fluid ring with the thickness of 2mm is arranged between cement and a stratum to simulate the condition of poor cementation of two interfaces, when the cementation of the two interfaces is poor, the arrival time of a casing wave is obviously delayed and the amplitude is reduced compared with the condition of poor cementation of a free casing and a cementing interface, and when the cementation of the cement is good, the full-wave waveform has no casing wave.
In order to comprehensively consider the variation of the casing wave arrival time and amplitude under different cementation conditions, the response characteristic variation under different cementation conditions is more obvious. The invention synthesizes the two into a curve by a simple mathematical formula, which is called as an evaluation Index (IV).
The principle of the idea is as follows: as described above, when the cementing quality of the second cementing interface is poor (at this time, the cementing quality of the first cementing interface is good), the arrival time of the casing wave in the full-wave waveform is significantly delayed (the time difference is increased) and the amplitude is reduced, so that the two are considered to be divided, the variation characteristics are amplified, and the method can be more accurate in evaluating the cementing quality of the second cementing interface. Specifically, it can be expressed as:
or
The AMP is casing wave amplitude data calibrated according to free casing well section data, the TTCS is casing wave arrival time, and the DTCS is casing wave time difference.
The fifth step is specifically as follows:
when the cementing of the first interface of the well cementation is good and the cementing of the second interface is poor, the arrival time of the casing wave is obviously delayed and the amplitude is reduced, and the corresponding evaluation index value is larger at the moment; when the cementing-interface cementation is in the same grade, the evaluation index value is reduced compared with the former; when the cementing of the well cementation interface is poor, the evaluation index value is the lowest. Therefore, the cementing quality of the cementing interface can be judged under the condition that the cementing interface is good.
The application also provides a processing apparatus for evaluating the cementing quality of the array sound wave, which comprises:
the waveform preprocessing module is used for filtering the acquired array waveform by using a digital signal processor;
the time difference extraction module is used for processing the filtered waveform by using a time difference-slowness correlation method to obtain a casing wave time difference and a arrival curve;
the amplitude calculation module is used for windowing and calculating waveform energy according to the slowness and arrival of the casing waves to obtain the casing wave amplitudes on the receivers;
and the evaluation index calculation module is used for obtaining an evaluation index curve according to the division of the casing wave arrival and the relative amplitude.
The invention has the following advantages:
the invention fully utilizes the sound wave full wave waveform data collected by a plurality of receivers in the array sound wave instrument, processes and analyzes the waveform characteristics (arrival time and amplitude) of casing waves, and is used for evaluating the cementing quality of a well cementation two-interface. Under the condition that the field logging operation cost is not increased, waveform data information in the latent array acoustic logging data is further excavated and used for evaluating the cementing quality of the two well cementation interfaces, a good application effect is obtained, the defect of the existing cementing quality logging technology in evaluating the cementing quality of the two interfaces is overcome, the cost is greatly saved, the working efficiency is improved, and the method has a good application prospect.
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FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram of an array acoustic logging model and apparatus of the present invention.
FIG. 2 is a processing flow of the method for evaluating cementing quality of a well cementation two-interface by using array acoustic logging data provided by the invention.
FIG. 3 is a structural diagram of the cementing quality processing device of the array acoustic logging evaluation well cementation two-interface provided by the invention.
FIG. 4 is a graph of arrival time and amplitude of a theoretical waveform casing wave in different cementation cases, and in FIG. 4, the abscissa unit is time (. mu.s) and is represented by the upper to lower curves: the waveform curve when the cementation is good is firstly two interfaces of 2mm micro-rings, secondly one interface of 2mm micro-rings, thirdly a free sleeve and fourthly. Namely, the conditions of poor cementing of the two interfaces (the cementing of the first interface of the well cementation is good), poor cementing of the first interface of the well cementation (the cementing of the second interface of the well cementation is good) and good cementing of the free casing are sequentially from top to bottom. Wherein the free casing condition is simulated by filling all fluid rings between the casing and the formation, and the condition of poor cementing of the cementing-interface (or two-interface) is simulated by filling 2mm micro-fluid rings between the casing and the cement (or the cement and the formation).
FIG. 5 is a diagram of the evaluation results of the array acoustic cementing quality, and different well sections with poor cementing quality (upper part of the well section), medium cementing quality (middle lower part of the well section) and good cementing quality (lower part of the well section) are selected as the processing results. The first trace in the graph is a variable density waveform; the second channel is a monopole full wave train; the third path is a sleeve wave waveform coherence map and an extracted sleeve wave time difference curve; the fourth path is a casing wave arrival time curve; the fifth path is a casing wave amplitude curve obtained by windowing and normalizing the arrival time of the casing wave; the sixth trace is a CBL log; the seventh way is the evaluation index obtained by calculation, and the formula (3) is adopted in the calculation; and finally, the two cementing conditions corresponding to each well section.
FIG. 6 is a graph of the relative amplitude distribution of the corresponding casing wave for different cements.
Detailed Description
The schematic diagram of the array acoustic logging model and the device of the invention is shown in figure 1. In FIG. 1, 1 is casing, 2 is formation, 3 is cement, T is transmitter, and R is receiver.
As shown in FIG. 2, the invention provides a method for evaluating cementing quality of a well cementation two-interface by using array acoustic logging data, which comprises the following working procedures:
the method comprises the steps of preprocessing an array waveform, restoring a waveform curve, acquiring full-wave array data of the array acoustic wave, filtering according to requirements (removing logging noises of low-frequency Stoneley waves and high-frequency waves in the array), and storing main components of a casing wave.
And step two, extracting the casing wave time difference by using a time-slowness correlation method, and calculating the casing wave arrival according to the casing wave slowness and the source distance of the array receiver.
And step three, calculating the amplitude of the casing wave, and calculating the propagation time from the transmitter to each receiver according to the slowness of the casing wave. And determining the window length by using the arrival time to extract the casing wave, and extracting the energy of the waveform in the corresponding time window according to the arrival time of the casing wave. To ensure stable calculation, the amplitude is usually calculated by a root mean square method and calibrated by free casing data to obtain a relative amplitude curve.
And step four, synthesizing evaluation indexes, and obtaining a novel well cementation quality evaluation curve (IV) by using a formula (3) or a formula (4) according to the obtained casing wave time difference curve, the obtained wave arrival curve and the obtained relative amplitude curve.
And fifthly, evaluating the cementing quality, and comprehensively evaluating the cementing quality of the cementing two interfaces according to the evaluation index IV curve. When the cementing of the first interface of the well cementation is good and the cementing of the second interface is poor, the arrival time of the casing wave is obviously delayed and the amplitude is reduced, and the corresponding evaluation index value is larger at the moment; when the cementing-interface cementation is in the same grade, the evaluation index value is reduced compared with the former; when the cementing of the well cementation interface is poor, the evaluation index value is the lowest.
The second step is specifically as follows: the time-slowness correlation method is used to extract the casing wave time Difference (DTCS) in the array waveform, and the arrival time (TTCS) of the casing wave is determined according to equation 1:
TTCS＝DTCS·TR (1)
where TR denotes the distance between each receiver and the transmitter.
The third step is specifically as follows:
determining a corresponding casing wave time window in the full wave train according to the determined casing wave arrival time TTCS, and calculating the casing wave amplitude (average energy) received by the nth receiver in the time window by using a formula 2:
wherein WnFor received waveform data, TwFor the time window length, T is the time at which the time window begins.
The fourth step is specifically as follows:
for cased wells, when cementing a well with good cementation at the first interface and cementing a well with poor cementation at the second interface, the casing-cement system is equivalent to an equivalent waveguide, and the first wave in the array waveform is a wave propagating in the equivalent waveguide (also referred to as casing wave), and compared with a free casing, the casing wave velocity and amplitude are reduced due to the presence of cement. As figure 4 is a comparison graph of theoretical waveforms under different cementation conditions, a micro-fluid ring with the thickness of 2mm is arranged between cement and a stratum to simulate the condition of poor cementation of two interfaces, when the cementation of the two interfaces is poor, the arrival time of a casing wave is obviously delayed and the amplitude is reduced compared with the condition of poor cementation of a free casing and a cementing interface, and when the cementation of the cement is good, the full-wave waveform has no casing wave.
In order to comprehensively consider the variation of the casing wave arrival time and amplitude under different cementation conditions, the response characteristic variation under different cementation conditions is more obvious. The invention synthesizes the two into a curve by a simple mathematical formula, which is called as an evaluation Index (IV).
The principle of the idea is as follows: as described above, when the cementing quality of the second cementing interface is poor (at this time, the cementing quality of the first cementing interface is good), the arrival time of the casing wave in the full-wave waveform is significantly delayed (the time difference is increased) and the amplitude is reduced, so that the two are considered to be divided, the variation characteristics are amplified, and the method can be more accurate in evaluating the cementing quality of the second cementing interface. Specifically, it can be expressed as:
or
The AMP is casing wave amplitude data calibrated according to free casing well section data, the TTCS is casing wave arrival time, and the DTCS is casing wave time difference.
The fifth step is specifically as follows:
when the cementing of the first interface of the well cementation is good and the cementing of the second interface is poor, the arrival time of casing waves is obviously delayed and the amplitude is reduced, and the corresponding evaluation index value is larger (for example, larger than 140); when the cementing-interface cementation is in the same grade, the evaluation index value is reduced compared with the former; when the cementing of the well cementation interface is poor, the evaluation index value is the lowest. Therefore, the cementing quality of the cementing interface can be judged under the condition that the cementing interface is good. For the evaluation index of interfacial gelation, see the following description of the example of the field application of fig. 5.
In the logging field, an evaluator qualitatively divides the well cementation quality into 3 types by using a CBL logging curve: good, medium and bad; in some areas, when the relative value of the sound amplitude of the CBL is less than 15%, the well cementation quality is good, when the relative value of the sound amplitude of the CBL is between 15% and 30%, the well cementation quality is medium, and when the relative value of the sound amplitude of the CBL is more than 30%, the well cementation quality is poor. The above criteria may be used in the present patent expression.
Based on the same inventive concept, the embodiment of the invention also provides a processing device for evaluating the cementing quality by using the array sound wave, which is described in the following embodiment. Because the principle of solving the problems of the device is similar to the method for carrying out the well cementation quality evaluation treatment by the array sound wave, the implementation of the device can refer to the implementation of the method for carrying out the well cementation quality evaluation by the array sound wave, and repeated parts are not described again. As used hereinafter, the term "module" may include a combination of software and/or hardware that implements a predetermined function. Although the means described in the embodiments below are preferably implemented in software, an implementation in hardware, or a combination of software and hardware is also possible and contemplated. Referring to fig. 3, a structural diagram of a processing apparatus for evaluating the cementing quality by using array acoustic waves according to an embodiment of the present disclosure is shown, where the apparatus may include: the waveform preprocessing module, the time difference extraction module, the amplitude calculation module and the evaluation index calculation module are specifically described below.
The waveform preprocessing module can specifically filter the acquired array waveform by using a digital signal processor;
the time difference extraction module is used for processing the filtered waveform by using a time difference-slowness correlation method to obtain a casing wave time difference and a arrival curve;
the amplitude calculation module is used for windowing and calculating waveform energy according to the slowness and arrival of the casing waves to obtain the casing wave amplitudes on the receivers;
and the evaluation index calculation module is used for obtaining an evaluation index curve by dividing the casing wave arrival by the relative amplitude.
The application effect of the method for evaluating cementing quality of the well cementation II interface by array acoustic logging is further explained by combining a specific logging example processing result.
FIG. 5 is a graph of the results of in situ acoustic array logging data processing using the method of the present invention. Different well sections with poor well cementation quality (upper part of the well section), medium two-interface cementation quality (middle upper part of the well section), medium well cementation one-interface cementation quality (middle lower part of the well section) and good well cementation quality (lower part of the well section) are respectively selected as processing results. The fourth and fifth are respectively the calculated casing wave arrival time and relative amplitude curves, in the middle and upper well sections, the casing wave arrival time is obviously delayed, the relative amplitude is lower, and the evaluation Index Value (IV) calculated according to the formula (3) in the seventh section is larger. However, the CBL logging curve in the sixth trace indicates that the cementing quality of the well section is good, the VDL logging curve in the first trace has no obvious stratum wave change characteristic, and the cementing quality of the second interface of the well section can be qualitatively judged to be slightly poor by combining the CBL logging data and the VDL logging data. The feasibility of the method and the wide application prospect are proved by the good correspondence displayed by the field application example.
Figure 6 is a plot of casing wave amplitude versus different bond resolution. In fig. 6, the abscissa is relative amplitude and the ordinate is number, and four peaks from left to right represent: the cementing property is good, the interface cementing property is poor, and the well cementation quality is poor. The amplitude of the casing wave is extracted according to the arrival time of the casing wave, and the amplitudes of the casing wave are different under different cementing conditions. When the well cementation quality is poor, the amplitude of the casing wave is mainly distributed near the peak value of 58, and the amplitude value is higher; the cementing difference of the first cementing interface, the cementing difference of the second cementing interface and the casing wave amplitude with good cementing are reduced in sequence. Therefore, the cement bond condition can be comprehensively evaluated according to the relative magnitude of the casing wave amplitude and the arrival time of the casing wave.
Claims (8)
1. A method for evaluating cementing quality of a well cementation two-interface by array acoustic logging comprises the following steps:
the method comprises the following steps of firstly, preprocessing an array waveform, restoring a waveform curve, acquiring full-wave column data of an array sound wave, carrying out filtering processing according to requirements, and reserving main components of a casing wave;
extracting a casing wave time difference by using a time-slowness correlation (STC) method, and calculating a casing wave arrival according to the casing wave slowness and the source distance of the array receiver;
extracting the amplitude of the casing wave in the time window according to the casing wave arrival time, and calibrating the amplitude by free casing data to obtain a relative amplitude curve;
step four, synthesizing a novel well cementation quality evaluation curve, namely an IV curve, by integrating the casing wave arrival and the relative amplitude curve;
fifthly, evaluating the cementing quality, namely comprehensively evaluating the cementing quality of the cementing two interfaces according to a cementing quality evaluation index IV curve;
and step six, judging whether all the depth points are processed or not, if so, ending the processing, otherwise, repeating the steps from two to five until all the depth points are processed.
2. The method for evaluating the cementing quality of the well cementation secondary interface by array acoustic logging according to claim 1, wherein the second step is specifically as follows: extracting a sleeve wave time difference DTCS in the array waveform by using a time-slowness correlation method, and determining a time-to-arrival TTCS of a sleeve wave according to a formula 1:
TTCS＝DTCS·TR (1)
where TR denotes the distance between each receiver and the transmitter.
3. The method for evaluating the cementing quality of a well cementation secondary interface according to claim 1, wherein the third step is specifically as follows:
determining a corresponding casing wave time window in the full wave train according to the determined casing wave arrival time TTCS, and calculating the casing wave amplitude received by the nth receiver in the time window by using a formula 2, namely average energy An：
Wherein WnFor received waveform data, TwFor the time window length, T is the time at which the time window begins.
4. The method for evaluating the cementing quality of the well cementation secondary interface by array acoustic logging according to claim 1, wherein the fourth step is specifically as follows:
when the cementing-interface cementation of the cased well is good and the cementing-interface of the cased well is poor, the casing-cement system is equivalent to an equivalent waveguide, and the first wave in the array waveform is a wave propagated in the equivalent waveguide and is also called as a casing wave; the micro-fluid ring is arranged between cement and a stratum to simulate the condition of poor cementation of the two interfaces, when the cementation of the two interfaces is poor, the arrival time of a casing wave is obviously delayed and the amplitude is reduced compared with that when the cementation of a free casing and a well cementation-first interface is poor, and when the cementation of the cement is good, the full-wave waveform of the cement has no casing wave;
synthesizing the arrival time and the amplitude of the casing wave into a curve by a simple mathematical formula, and calling the curve as an evaluation index IV;
when the cementing of the second cementing interface is poor and the cementing of the first cementing interface is good, the arrival time of the casing wave in the full-wave waveform is obviously delayed, the instant difference is increased and the amplitude is reduced, so that the two are considered to be divided, and the change characteristics of the two are amplified; specifically, it can be expressed as:
or
The AMP is casing wave amplitude data calibrated according to free casing well section data, the TTCS is casing wave arrival time, and the DTCS is casing wave time difference.
5. The method for evaluating the cementing quality of the well cementation secondary interface by array acoustic logging according to claim 1, wherein the step five is specifically as follows:
when the cementing of the first interface of the well cementation is good and the cementing of the second interface is poor, the arrival time of the casing wave is obviously delayed and the amplitude is reduced, and the corresponding evaluation index value is larger at the moment; when the cementing-interface cementation is in the same grade, the evaluation index value is reduced compared with the former; when cementing of a well cementation interface is poor, the evaluation index value is the lowest; therefore, the cementing quality of the cementing interface can be judged under the condition that the cementing interface is good.
6. The method for evaluating the cementing quality of a well cementation secondary interface according to claim 1, wherein the step of acquiring full wave column data of the array sound waves and performing filtering processing according to requirements is to remove low-frequency Stoneley wave and high-frequency logging noise in a wave column.
7. The method for evaluating the cementation quality of a well cementation two interfaces of claim 1, wherein the poor cementation of the two interfaces is simulated by arranging a micro-fluid ring with the thickness of 2mm between cement and a stratum.
8. An array acoustic logging device for evaluating cementing quality of a well cementation two-interface, which is characterized in that the array acoustic logging device for evaluating the cementing quality by implementing the method of the claims 1-8 comprises:
the waveform preprocessing module is used for filtering the acquired array waveform by using a digital signal processor;
the time difference extraction module is used for processing the filtered waveform by using a time difference-slowness correlation method to obtain a casing wave time difference and a arrival curve;
the amplitude calculation module is used for windowing and calculating waveform energy according to the slowness and arrival of the casing waves to obtain the casing wave amplitudes on the receivers;
and the evaluation index calculation module is used for obtaining an evaluation index curve according to the division of the casing wave arrival and the relative amplitude.
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| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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