CN113685172B - Method and processing device for evaluating acoustic cementing quality while drilling - Google Patents
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Abstract
The invention discloses a method and a device for evaluating the quality of acoustic cementing while drilling, wherein the method comprises the following steps: preprocessing while-drilling data to obtain full wave train data of an array sound wave; step two, eliminating the influence of drill collar waves in the head waves; step three, calculating the energy of the first wave, and calculating the energy of the inner sleeve wave in the window according to the window length; calculating a head wave array attenuation factor, and calculating a corresponding array attenuation factor according to the obtained head wave energy; calculating a cementation index, and calculating the cementation index by using a cementation index calculation formula according to a fitting formula of the block attenuation factor and the CBL; step six, comprehensively evaluating the well cementation quality by using a cementation index curve; and step seven, judging whether all the depth points are processed, if so, ending the processing, and if not, repeating the steps until all the depth points are processed. The invention can solve the problems of long time consumption and high cost when the cable logging is used for evaluating the well cementation quality of the highly deviated well and the horizontal well.
Description
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the field of geophysical acoustic logging, and particularly relates to a method and a processing device for well cementation quality evaluation by using acoustic logging while drilling.
Background
The quality of well cementation directly affects the service life of the well and whether the whole injection and production process can be smoothly carried out. Conventional cable instruments face some challenges in developing well cementation quality assessment: firstly, the conventional cable instrument in the highly inclined well/horizontal well is difficult to collect data; secondly, under the influence of gravity, the cable instrument is small in size and cannot be well centered, so that the data quality is seriously influenced; thirdly, the conventional cable instrument is difficult to operate in a high-temperature high-pressure high-risk well, and in addition, the cable logging is long in time consumption and low in efficiency, so that the operation cost is greatly increased. These contradictions are more pronounced at sea.
Acoustic logging while drilling technology is currently widely used for measuring the speed of formations under complex well conditions. During drilling, the while-drilling instrument may make measurements of the cased well during the lifting and lowering of the wellbore. The sliding eye measurement mode ensures the data quality and the acquisition speed, greatly shortens the logging time, has the effects of reducing the cost and enhancing the efficiency, and is particularly suitable for deep water and deep logging environments. In addition, the characteristics of the logging while drilling instrument can be utilized to replace a cable crawler, the logging while drilling instrument is large in size, the logging instrument can be well centered in a large-size casing, and the well cementation quality can be accurately and comprehensively evaluated through the measured acoustic information. The specific advantages of the acoustic logging while drilling enable the well cementation while drilling quality evaluation to have a wide development prospect.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention aims to provide a method and a device for evaluating the well cementation quality of acoustic while drilling, which are used for evaluating the well cementation quality by using sleeve waves of a monopole sound source according to the principle that acoustic while drilling has a sound insulation stop band so as to solve the problems of long time consumption and high cost when cable logging is used for evaluating the well cementation quality of a highly deviated well and a horizontal well.
In order to realize the method, the invention adopts the following treatment scheme:
a method for evaluating the quality of acoustic cementing while drilling,
firstly, preprocessing while-drilling data, restoring a waveform curve, acquiring full wave train data of an array sound wave, and performing filtering processing according to requirements, namely removing logging noise with low frequency and high frequency in the wave train;
step two, filtering treatment is carried out according to the inherent stop band of the while-drilling instrument, and the influence of the drill collar wave in the head wave is eliminated;
step three, calculating the energy of the initial wave, and calculating the propagation time from the transmitter to each receiver, namely the arrival of the sleeve wave, according to the slowness of the sleeve wave and the source distance of the array receivers; determining the sleeve wave arrival time by utilizing the arrival time, and calculating the wave energy of the sleeve wave in the window according to the window length;
calculating a head wave array attenuation factor, and calculating a corresponding array attenuation factor according to the obtained head wave energy;
calculating a cementation index, and calculating the cementation index by using a cementation index calculation formula according to a fitting formula of the block attenuation factor and the CBL;
step six, well cementation quality evaluation, namely comprehensively evaluating the well cementation quality by utilizing a cementing index curve according to the well cementation quality evaluation standard of the oil field;
and step seven, judging whether all the depth points are processed, if yes, ending the processing, and if not, repeating the steps two to six until all the depth points are processed.
The second step is specifically as follows: and filtering according to the inherent drill collar wave sound insulation stop band of the acoustic insulator of the while-drilling instrument, filtering the drill collar wave in the head wave to the maximum extent, and reserving the sleeve wave so as to obtain the subsequent sleeve wave amplitude and attenuation.
The third step is specifically as follows: extracting a sleeve wave time difference curve in the while-drilling waveform by using a time-slowness correlation method (STC), obtaining a head wave time difference (S) from the sleeve wave time difference curve, and determining the arrival time (T) of the sleeve wave according to a formula 1:
T＝S×D (1)
where D represents the distance between each receiver to the transmitter.
According to the determined arrival time of the sleeve wave, determining a corresponding time window of the head wave in a full wave train, wherein the window length is 2-3 periods of the head wave, and calculating the amplitude (or average energy) A of the head wave in m receivers by using a formula 2 m ：
Where AMP is the received waveform data and N is the number of samples in the time window.
The fourth step is specifically as follows:
assuming that the amplitude spectrum of the waveform received by the receiver with depth z satisfies equation 3
Wherein S (w) and R (w) represent the amplitude spectra of the sound source and the receiver, respectively; g (w, z) is a green's function controlling the geometric diffusion of sound waves from the source to the receiver; t is the propagation time of the wave; q is the quality factor.
For different depths z 1 、z 2 The spectral ratio on satisfies equation 4
Where f is frequency and V is wave velocity, it is generally assumed that the geometric diffusion G is independent of frequency, so the last term in equation 4 is a constant independent of frequency. At the same frequency, there is a linear relationship between the natural logarithm of the spectral ratio and the distance between the two receivers, between which a linear fit can be made.
Thus we define the attenuation factor α=pi/QV, for acoustic logging while drilling instrument, since there is a plurality of receivers, a linear relationship exists between any two receivers, taking the first receiver as an example, satisfying equation 5
Wherein the method comprises the steps of
The array attenuation coefficient received by the array receiver can be obtained by a least square linear fitting method in value, so that the attenuation factor between any two receivers can be represented.
The fifth step is specifically as follows:
calculating the intersection of attenuation factors (ATTN) in five to twenty wells of the block and a conventional well cementation quality evaluation method (CBL), and fitting out the functional relation between the ATTN and an acoustic amplitude logging, wherein the cementation index can be calculated according to a formula 6:
wherein CBL FP Representing the amplitude value of the head wave at the free casing, CBL MN Representing the amplitude of the head wave at full bond. Therefore, the well cementation quality evaluation can be carried out according to well cementation quality evaluation standards of different oil fields.
The invention also provides a processing device for evaluating the well cementation quality by using the acoustic wave while drilling, which comprises the following steps:
comprises a processor, a memory, a control unit and a control unit, wherein the processor is suitable for realizing various instructions; and a storage device adapted to store a plurality of instructions, the instructions being adapted to be loaded and executed by the processor;
wave form preprocessing and band-pass filtering; the digital signal processor can be used for filtering the waveform of the acquisition array, eliminating low-frequency and high-frequency logging noise, and then carrying out band-pass filtering by utilizing the inherent sound insulation stop band of the while-drilling instrument, so as to eliminate the interference of the drill collar wave in the head wave;
calculating head wave energy; presetting sleeve wave slowness, calculating the arrival of the sleeve wave, and windowing to calculate waveform energy so as to obtain head wave energy on a plurality of receivers;
calculating an attenuation factor; performing linear fitting according to the head wave energy obtained by the plurality of receivers to obtain head wave attenuation factors in the array span;
calculating a cementation index; according to the relation and the cementation index calculation formula obtained by the fitting of the attenuation factors and CBL, the cementation index can be calculated by directly utilizing the attenuation factors.
The invention has the following advantages and positive effects:
the invention considers the field practical application, and in the drilling process, the instrument while drilling can measure the last well cementation quality in the process of lifting and lowering the sliding eyes. The sliding eye measurement mode ensures the data quality and the acquisition speed, greatly shortens the logging time, has the effects of reducing the cost and enhancing the efficiency, and is particularly suitable for deep water and deep logging environments. In addition, the characteristics of the logging while drilling instrument can be utilized to replace a cable crawler, the logging instrument can be well centered in a large-size casing, and the measured acoustic information can accurately and comprehensively evaluate the well cementation quality.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram of a while-drilling acoustic logging model and apparatus according to the present invention.
Fig. 2 is a process flow of a method for evaluating well cementation quality by using acoustic logging while drilling data.
FIG. 3 is a structural diagram of the device for evaluating well cementation quality by acoustic logging while drilling.
FIG. 4-a is a graph of a spectrum of a certain while drilling instrument; fig. 4-b is a waveform comparison before and after filtering with a sound-proof stop band.
FIG. 5 is a plot of the attenuation factor ATTN versus CBL for a cable case;
fig. 6 is a graph of the results of an acoustic cementing while drilling process.
Numbering in the figures: 1. mud, 2, drill collars, 3, a sleeve, 4, stratum, 5, a cement sheath, 6, a sound insulation stop band of an instrument while drilling, 7, an inherent stop band filter wave pattern while drilling, 8, and an inherent stop band filter wave pattern while drilling.
The specific embodiment is as follows:
as shown in fig. 1 and 2, the invention provides a method for evaluating well cementation quality by acoustic while drilling, which comprises the following working procedures:
step one, preprocessing while-drilling data, restoring a waveform curve, acquiring full wave train data of while-drilling sound waves, and performing filtering processing according to requirements, namely removing logging noise with low frequency and high frequency in the wave train;
step two, according to the inherent stopband of the logging while drilling instrument, for example, fig. 4-a is the inherent stopband of a logging while drilling instrument, the band-pass filtering processing is performed by using the frequency range, fig. 4-b is a waveform chart while drilling before and after the band-pass filtering in sequence from top to bottom, and it can be seen that the drill collar wave in the head wave after the filtering is suppressed, and the rest is mainly the casing wave;
step three, calculating the energy of the initial wave, and calculating the propagation time from the transmitter to each receiver, namely the arrival of the sleeve wave, according to the slowness of the sleeve wave and the source distance of the array receivers; determining the sleeve wave arrival time by utilizing the arrival time, and calculating the head wave energy in the window according to the window length;
calculating array attenuation, and performing least square linear fitting under a natural logarithmic coordinate system according to the obtained sleeve wave energy, wherein the slope obtained by fitting is the calculated array attenuation factor;
and fifthly, calculating a cementing index, wherein the cementing index BI under the condition of drilling can be calculated according to a calculation formula for calculating the cementing index by using the CBL by utilizing the same borehole condition of the block and the intersection of an attenuation factor obtained by logging by using the same cable logging instrument and a sound amplitude logging (CBL) to obtain a relation (shown in figure 5) through fitting.
Step six, well cementation quality evaluation, namely carrying out comprehensive well cementation quality evaluation by utilizing a cementing index curve according to different oilfield well cementation quality evaluation standards;
and step seven, judging whether all the depth points are processed, if yes, ending the processing, and if not, repeating the steps two to six until all the depth points are processed.
The second step is specifically as follows: and filtering according to the inherent drill collar wave sound insulation stop band of the while-drilling instrument, filtering the drill collar wave in the head wave to the maximum extent, and reserving the sleeve wave so as to obtain the amplitude and attenuation of the subsequent sleeve wave.
The third step is specifically as follows: extracting a sleeve wave time difference curve in the while-drilling waveform by using a time-slowness correlation method (STC), obtaining a head wave time difference (S) from the sleeve wave time difference curve, and determining the arrival time (T) of the sleeve wave according to a formula 1:
T＝S×D (1)
where D represents the distance between each receiver to the transmitter.
According to the determined arrival time of the sleeve wave, determining a corresponding time window of the head wave in a full wave train, wherein the window length is 2-3 periods of the head wave, and calculating the amplitude (or average energy) A of the head wave in m receivers by using a formula 2 m ：
Where AMP is the received waveform data and N is the number of samples in the time window.
The fourth step is specifically as follows: using the receiver head wave amplitude obtained in the above steps, performing least square linear fitting (formula 3) under natural logarithmic coordinates,
wherein the method comprises the steps of
The array attenuation coefficient received by the array receiver can be obtained by a least square linear fitting method in value, so that the attenuation factor between any two receivers can be represented.
The fifth step is specifically as follows: solving an acoustic amplitude curve of the well by using the attenuation factors and the CBL fitting formula formed in the block, and calculating a cementing index of the well by using formula 4:
based on the same conception, the embodiment of the invention also provides a device for evaluating and processing the well cementation quality by using the acoustic wave while drilling, as described in the following embodiment. Because the principle of the device for solving the problem is similar to that of the method for evaluating the well cementation quality by using the acoustic wave while drilling, the implementation of the device can refer to the implementation of the method for evaluating the well cementation quality by using the acoustic wave while drilling, and the repetition is omitted. As used below, the term "module" may be a combination of software and/or hardware that implements a predetermined function. While the means described in the examples below are preferably implemented in software, implementations in hardware, or a combination of software and hardware, are also contemplated. Referring to fig. 3, a structure diagram of a device for evaluating quality of well cementation by acoustic while drilling according to an embodiment of the present application is shown, where the device includes a processor adapted to implement various instructions; and a storage device adapted to store a plurality of instructions, the instructions being adapted to be loaded and executed by the processor;
the waveform preprocessing and the band-pass filtering can be carried out, particularly, a digital signal processor can be used for filtering the waveform of the acquisition array, so that low-frequency and high-frequency logging noise is eliminated, and then the band-pass filtering is carried out by utilizing an inherent sound insulation stop band of the while-drilling instrument, so that the interference of the drill collar wave in the head wave is eliminated;
calculating the energy of the head wave, namely calculating the arrival of the head wave according to the preset sleeve wave slowness, and windowing to calculate the energy of the waveform to obtain the energy of the head wave on a plurality of receivers;
the attenuation factor calculation can be carried out according to the head wave energy obtained by a plurality of receivers, so as to obtain the head wave attenuation factor in the array span;
and (3) calculating the cementation index, wherein the cementation index can be directly calculated by using the attenuation factor according to a relational expression obtained by fitting the attenuation factor and CBL and a cementation index calculation formula.
The application effect of the method for evaluating the well cementation quality by acoustic logging while drilling is further described below by combining specific example processing results.
FIG. 6 shows the result of a long-source-distance while-drilling array sonic cementing process. The first path in the graph is a natural gamma curve; the second path is a monopole full-wave column waveform; the third is the waveform data obtained by filtering the full-wave column waveform between 9kHz and 13 kHz; the fourth path is a time difference curve and a coherent diagram of the sleeve wave and the longitudinal wave after 9kHz-13kHz filtering; the fifth path is waveform data of drill collar waves obtained by filtering the full-wave-train waveform between 2kHz and 4 kHz; the sixth time is the time difference curve of the drill collar wave and the longitudinal wave after 2kHz-4kHz filtering and a coherent diagram thereof; the seventh channel is the windowing time for extracting the third channel waveform data; the eighth channel is a sleeve wave amplitude curve extracted from the seventh channel of waveform; the ninth path is the comparison of the CBL curve and the amplitude of the sleeve wave received by the first receiver with a long source distance; the tenth lane is the array decay curve; eleventh lane is the cementation index calculated using CBL and array decay, respectively; the twelfth lane is the cementing index calculated by using the long-source-distance sleeve wave amplitude; the tenth trace is acoustic impedance curve; the fourteenth lane is an acoustic impedance imaging; the fifteenth channel is the drill collar wave amplitude extracted by the fifth channel wave form; sixteenth is the array attenuation of the drill collar wave.
The result graph shows that the amplitude and attenuation curve calculated by the method for evaluating the quality of the acoustic cementing while drilling has better display on the quality of the cementing. However, as the acoustic logging while drilling and the ultrasonic impedance (MUIL) logging time are later than the conventional well cementation quality logging (CBL) time and a series of operations such as adding well cementation liquid, fracturing and the like exist between the acoustic logging while drilling and the ultrasonic impedance (MUIL) logging, a certain deviation exists before two well cementation conclusions. The cementing quality of the upper well section (630-745 m) is poor, the amplitude of the head wave is low, and the attenuation factor is small; the cementing quality of the middle well section (745-945 m) is good, the amplitudes of CBL and the head are both reduced, the attenuation factor value is increased, and the well sections are matched with the conventional well cementation quality evaluation and acoustic impedance well cementation quality evaluation results. Therefore, the method is accurate in well cementation quality evaluation. The good anastomosis and correspondence shown by the field application example prove the feasibility and wide application prospect of the method.
Claims (3)
1. A method for evaluating the quality of acoustic cementing while drilling comprises the following steps:
firstly, preprocessing while-drilling data, restoring a waveform curve, acquiring full wave train data of an array sound wave, and performing filtering processing according to requirements, namely removing logging noise with low frequency and high frequency in the wave train;
step two, filtering treatment is carried out according to the inherent stop band of the while-drilling instrument, and the influence of the drill collar wave in the head wave is eliminated;
step three, calculating the energy of the initial wave, and calculating the propagation time from the transmitter to each receiver, namely the arrival of the sleeve wave, according to the slowness of the sleeve wave and the source distance of the array receivers; determining the sleeve wave arrival time by utilizing the arrival time, and calculating the wave energy of the sleeve wave in the window according to the window length;
calculating a head wave array attenuation factor, and calculating a corresponding array attenuation factor according to the obtained head wave energy;
calculating a cementation index, and calculating the cementation index by using a cementation index calculation formula according to a fitting formula of the block attenuation factors and the acoustic amplitude logging;
step six, well cementation quality evaluation, namely comprehensively evaluating the well cementation quality by utilizing a cementing index curve according to the well cementation quality evaluation standard of the oil field;
step seven, judging whether all depth points are processed, if yes, ending the processing, and if not, repeating the steps two to six until all depth points are processed;
the second step is specifically as follows: filtering treatment is carried out according to a drill collar wave sound insulation stop band inherent to a sound insulator of the instrument while drilling, so that drill collar waves in the head waves are filtered to the greatest extent, sleeve waves are reserved, and the amplitude and attenuation of subsequent sleeve waves are calculated;
the third step is specifically as follows: extracting a sleeve wave time difference curve in the while-drilling waveform by using a time-slowness correlation method, obtaining a head wave time difference S from the sleeve wave time difference curve, and determining the arrival time T of the sleeve wave according to a formula (1):
T＝S×D (1)
wherein D represents the distance between each receiver to the transmitter;
according to the determined arrival time of the sleeve wave, determining a corresponding head wave time window in a full wave column, wherein the window length is 2-3 periods of the head wave, and calculating the amplitude A of the head wave in m receivers by using a formula (2) m ：
Wherein AMP is the received waveform data, N is the sampling point number in the time window;
the fourth step is specifically as follows:
assume that the amplitude spectrum of the waveform received by the receiver with depth z satisfies equation (3)
Wherein S (w) and R (w) represent the amplitude spectra of the sound source and the receiver, respectively; g (w, z) is a green's function controlling the geometric diffusion of sound waves from the source to the receiver; t is the propagation time of the wave; q is a quality factor;
for different depths z 1 、z 2 The above spectral ratio satisfies the formula (4)
Where f is frequency and V is wave velocity, it is generally assumed that the geometric diffusion G is independent of frequency, so the last term in equation (4) is a constant independent of frequency; under the same frequency, the natural logarithm of the spectrum ratio and the distance between the two receivers have a linear relation, and linear fitting can be carried out between the natural logarithm of the spectrum ratio and the distance between the two receivers;
thus we define the attenuation factor α=pi/QV, for acoustic logging while drilling instrument, since there is a plurality of receivers, a linear relationship exists between any two receivers, taking the first receiver as an example, satisfying equation (5)
Wherein the method comprises the steps of
The array attenuation coefficient received by the array receiver can be obtained by a least square linear fitting method in value, so that the attenuation factor between any two receivers can be represented.
2. The method for evaluating the quality of acoustic cementing while drilling according to claim 1, wherein the fifth step comprises the following steps:
and (3) carrying out intersection between the attenuation factors in five to twenty wells in the statistical block and a conventional well cementation quality evaluation method, and fitting out a functional relation between the attenuation factors and the acoustic amplitude logging, wherein the cementation index can be calculated according to a formula (6):
wherein CBL FP Representing the amplitude value of the head wave at the free casing, CBL MN Representing the amplitude of the head wave at full bond; thus, according to different oil fieldsAnd (5) performing well cementation quality evaluation by using well cementation quality evaluation standards.
3. The evaluation method of the acoustic while drilling well cementation quality evaluation processing device according to claim 1, comprising a processor adapted to implement various instructions; and a storage device adapted to store a plurality of instructions, the instructions being adapted to be loaded and executed by the processor;
wave form preprocessing and band-pass filtering; the digital signal processor can be used for filtering the waveform of the acquisition array, eliminating low-frequency and high-frequency logging noise, and then carrying out band-pass filtering by utilizing the inherent sound insulation stop band of the while-drilling instrument, so as to eliminate the interference of the drill collar wave in the head wave;
calculating head wave energy; presetting sleeve wave slowness, calculating the arrival of the sleeve wave, and windowing to calculate waveform energy so as to obtain head wave energy on a plurality of receivers;
calculating an attenuation factor; performing linear fitting according to the head wave energy obtained by the plurality of receivers to obtain head wave attenuation factors in the array span;
calculating a cementation index; according to the relation and the cementation index calculation formula obtained by fitting the attenuation factors and the acoustic amplitude logging, the cementation index can be calculated directly by using the attenuation factors.
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