CN112577653B - Method for measuring high-strength bolt fastening axial force of bridge - Google Patents
Method for measuring high-strength bolt fastening axial force of bridge Download PDFInfo
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- CN112577653B CN112577653B CN202011458025.8A CN202011458025A CN112577653B CN 112577653 B CN112577653 B CN 112577653B CN 202011458025 A CN202011458025 A CN 202011458025A CN 112577653 B CN112577653 B CN 112577653B
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01L—MEASURING FORCE, STRESS, TORQUE, WORK, MECHANICAL POWER, MECHANICAL EFFICIENCY, OR FLUID PRESSURE
- G01L5/00—Apparatus for, or methods of, measuring force, work, mechanical power, or torque, specially adapted for specific purposes
- G01L5/24—Apparatus for, or methods of, measuring force, work, mechanical power, or torque, specially adapted for specific purposes for determining value of torque or twisting moment for tightening a nut or other member which is similarly stressed
- G01L5/246—Apparatus for, or methods of, measuring force, work, mechanical power, or torque, specially adapted for specific purposes for determining value of torque or twisting moment for tightening a nut or other member which is similarly stressed using acoustic waves
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01L—MEASURING FORCE, STRESS, TORQUE, WORK, MECHANICAL POWER, MECHANICAL EFFICIENCY, OR FLUID PRESSURE
- G01L1/00—Measuring force or stress, in general
- G01L1/25—Measuring force or stress, in general using wave or particle radiation, e.g. X-rays, microwaves, neutrons
- G01L1/255—Measuring force or stress, in general using wave or particle radiation, e.g. X-rays, microwaves, neutrons using acoustic waves, or acoustic emission
Abstract
The application relates to a method for measuring the fastening axial force of a high-strength bolt of a bridge, which relates to the technical field of bridge detection, and comprises the steps of arranging a transverse wave wafer and a longitudinal wave wafer on an ultrasonic probe, respectively obtaining a first temperature and a second temperature, using the ultrasonic probe to pre-calibrate the transverse wave and longitudinal wave sound time ratio of an unfastened bolt at the first temperature, then using the ultrasonic probe to respectively measure the stress transverse wave sound time and the stress longitudinal wave sound time of the fastened bolt at the second temperature, and finally calculating the fastening axial force of the fastened bolt according to the pre-calibrated transverse wave and longitudinal wave sound time ratio of the fastened bolt at the second temperature and the measured stress transverse wave sound time and stress longitudinal wave sound time, wherein the fastening axial force of the fastened bolt can be calculated only by measuring the stress transverse wave sound time and the stress longitudinal wave sound time of the fastened bolt at the second temperature when the bolt in service state because the transverse wave and the transverse wave sound time of the same specification are fixed and unchanged, the detection efficiency and the detection precision of the high-strength bolt fastening axial force are improved.
Description
Technical Field
The application relates to the technical field of bridge detection, in particular to a method for measuring the high-strength bolt fastening axial force of a bridge.
Background
At present, in modern bridge engineering, steel structures are mainly connected through high-strength bolts, so that the safety of bridges is directly influenced by the connection of the high-strength bolts. In the actual use process, the main diseases of the high-strength bolt connection which endanger the safety of the bridge comprise the following three diseases: the three diseases are related to the fastening axial force state of the bolt according to research. Besides the common high-strength bolt, the fastening axial force of the high-strength bolt in a special form also affects the safety of the bridge, for example, when the fastening force of the cable clamp screw rod is insufficient, the cable clamp can slide on the main cable, so that the sling tilts and other serious problems are caused. Therefore, in the process of bridge construction and acceptance, accurate detection and evaluation of the fastening axial force of the high-strength bolt or screw are extremely important for the safety of the whole bridge structure.
The conventional detection method includes: the conventional detection methods have the technical problem that the state of the fastening axial force of the high-strength bolt or the screw cannot be accurately measured. With the development of detection technology, the currently mainstream detection method is an ultrasonic detection method, and compared with the traditional method, the ultrasonic detection method has the advantage that the axial fastening stress of the bolt can be accurately measured.
In the related art, the ultrasonic detection method generally adopts a single longitudinal wave form to firstly measure the sound propagation of the ultrasonic wave in the bolt along the axial direction before the bolt is fastened, i.e. the initial sound in a stress-free state, and then measure the change of the sound propagation of the ultrasonic wave in the bolt along the axial direction after the bolt is fastened, although the method can more accurately measure the axial fastening stress of the bolt. However, since bolts of the same specification inevitably have different length tolerances, and the size of the length tolerance directly affects the propagation sound values of single longitudinal waves in the bolts, that is, different bolts have different propagation sound values of single longitudinal waves, this method must detect the axial fastening stress of each bolt by measuring the initial sound values of all bolts on the bridge in an unstressed state one by one, and thus has a problem of low detection efficiency.
Disclosure of Invention
The embodiment of the application provides a method for measuring the high-strength bolt fastening axial force of a bridge, and aims to solve the problem of low detection efficiency caused by the fact that the axial fastening stress of a bolt is detected in a single longitudinal wave mode in the related art.
In a first aspect, a method for measuring the axle force of a high-strength bolt fastening of a bridge is provided, which comprises the following steps:
arranging the transverse wave wafer and the longitudinal wave wafer on an ultrasonic probe;
respectively acquiring a first temperature and a second temperature, and using an ultrasonic probe to pre-calibrate the ratio of the transverse wave sound to the longitudinal wave sound of the unfastened bolt at the first temperature;
respectively measuring the stress transverse wave sound time and the stress longitudinal wave sound time of the fastened bolt at a second temperature by using an ultrasonic probe;
and calculating the fastening axial force of the fastened bolt according to the transverse wave-longitudinal wave sound time ratio, the stress transverse wave sound time and the stress longitudinal wave sound time.
In some embodiments, the pre-calibrating the shear-longitudinal sound time ratio of the unfastened bolt at the first temperature using the ultrasonic probe comprises:
pre-calibrating the acoustic time variation of transverse waves and the acoustic time variation of longitudinal waves in the unfastened bolt by using an ultrasonic probe;
respectively measuring the stress-free transverse wave sound time and the stress-free longitudinal wave sound time of the unfastened bolt at a second temperature by using an ultrasonic probe;
and calculating the sound time ratio of the transverse wave and the longitudinal wave of the unfastened bolt at the first temperature according to the unstressed transverse wave sound time, the unstressed longitudinal wave sound time, the sound time variation quantity of the transverse wave and the sound time variation quantity of the longitudinal wave.
The concrete steps of using the ultrasonic probe to pre-calibrate the acoustic time variation of the transverse wave and the acoustic time variation of the longitudinal wave in the non-fastened bolt comprise:
acquiring the length of a bolt;
pre-calibrating an ultrasonic temperature coefficient of transverse waves and an ultrasonic temperature coefficient of longitudinal waves in the bolt by using an ultrasonic probe;
and calculating the sound time variation of the transverse wave and the sound time variation of the longitudinal wave in the unfastened bolt according to the first temperature, the second temperature, the ultrasonic temperature coefficient of the transverse wave, the ultrasonic temperature coefficient of the longitudinal wave and the bolt length.
The step of calculating the fastening axial force of the fastened bolt according to the shear wave sound time ratio, the stress shear wave sound time and the stress longitudinal wave sound time comprises the following steps:
pre-calibrating an ultrasonic stress coefficient of the bolt and a longitudinal wave velocity in the unfastened bolt at a first temperature by using an ultrasonic probe;
calculating the fastening axial force F of the fastened bolt, wherein the calculation formula is as follows:
in the formula, D is the nominal diameter of the bolt; kT0Is the ultrasonic stress coefficient t of the bolt at a first temperaturesσTWhen the fastened bolt is subjected to stress transverse wave sound at the second temperature; t is tpσTThe stress longitudinal wave sound of the fastened bolt at the second temperature; Δ ts0A sound time variation amount of a transverse wave in the unfastened bolt; Δ tp0A sound time variation amount of a longitudinal wave in the unfastened bolt; v ispT0Is the longitudinal wave velocity in the unsecured bolt at a first temperature; l is0The length of the area where the bolt is not stressed when fastened; n is a radical of0T0The ratio of the longitudinal and transverse wave sound times of the unfastened bolt at the first temperature is shown.
Length L of unstressed area of the bolt during fastening0The calculation formula of (2) is as follows:
Lσ＝r+D
L0＝L-Lσ
in the formula, LσIs the effective stress area of the bolt; r is the clamping length of the middle of the inner side of the bolt; d is the nominal diameter of the bolt; l is the length of the bolt.
And the ultrasonic temperature coefficients of the transverse waves are equal when the bolt is in a fastening state or a non-fastening state.
And the ultrasonic temperature coefficients of the longitudinal waves are equal when the bolt is in a fastening state or a non-fastening state.
After the time ratio of the longitudinal wave sound at the first temperature of the non-fastened bolt is calculated according to the unstressed transverse wave sound time, the unstressed longitudinal wave sound time, the sound time variation of the transverse wave and the sound time variation of the longitudinal wave, the method also comprises the following steps:
respectively measuring the stress-free transverse wave sound time and the stress-free longitudinal wave sound time of a plurality of non-fastened bolts at a second temperature by using an ultrasonic probe;
respectively calculating the sound time ratio of the transverse waves and the longitudinal waves of the plurality of the non-fastened bolts at a first temperature;
the average value of the ratio of the longitudinal and transverse wave sound times of the plurality of the non-fastened bolts at the first temperature is updated to the ratio of the longitudinal and transverse wave sound times of the current non-fastened bolts at the first temperature.
The transverse wave wafer and the longitudinal wave wafer are arranged in an overlapping mode.
The transverse wave wafer is the same in size as the longitudinal wave wafer.
The beneficial effect that technical scheme that this application provided brought includes: the detection efficiency of the fastening axial force of the high-strength bolt is improved, and the detection precision of the fastening axial force is also improved.
The embodiment of the application provides a method for measuring the fastening axial force of a high-strength bolt of a bridge, which comprises the steps of arranging a transverse wave wafer and a longitudinal wave wafer on an ultrasonic probe, respectively obtaining a first temperature and a second temperature, pre-calibrating the transverse wave and longitudinal wave sound time ratio of an unfastened bolt (namely in an unstressed state) at the first temperature by using the ultrasonic probe, respectively measuring the stress transverse wave sound time and the stress longitudinal wave sound time of the fastened bolt at the second temperature by using the ultrasonic probe, and finally calculating the fastening axial force of the fastened bolt according to the pre-calibrated transverse wave and longitudinal wave sound time ratio and the measured stress transverse wave sound time and stress longitudinal wave sound time; because the transverse-longitudinal wave sound time ratio of the bolts with the same specification is fixed and unchanged, and the size of the bolts is not influenced by the length tolerance, when the bolts (the fastened bolts) in the service state are measured, only the stress transverse wave sound time and the stress longitudinal wave sound time of the fastened bolts at the second temperature are measured, the fastening axial force of the fastened bolts can be calculated, the initial sound time of all the bolts in the stress-free state does not need to be measured one by one, and the detection speed of the fastening axial force of the bolts is effectively improved; and the axial force is calculated through ultrasonic sound at different temperatures, the influence of the temperature on the axial force measurement is fully considered, and the detection precision of the fastening axial force is improved. Therefore, the embodiment of the application not only improves the detection efficiency of the fastening axial force of the high-strength bolt, but also improves the detection precision of the fastening axial force.
Drawings
In order to more clearly illustrate the technical solutions in the embodiments of the present application, the drawings required to be used in the description of the embodiments are briefly introduced below, and it is obvious that the drawings in the description below are only some embodiments of the present application, and it is obvious for those skilled in the art to obtain other drawings without creative efforts.
Fig. 1 is a schematic flow chart of a method for measuring a fastening axial force of a high-strength bolt of a bridge according to an embodiment of the present application;
fig. 2 is a structural schematic diagram of a bolt size provided in an embodiment of the present application.
Detailed Description
In order to make the objects, technical solutions and advantages of the embodiments of the present application clearer, the technical solutions in the embodiments of the present application will be clearly and completely described below with reference to the drawings in the embodiments of the present application, and it is obvious that the described embodiments are some embodiments of the present application, but not all embodiments. All other embodiments, which can be derived by a person skilled in the art from the embodiments given herein without making any creative effort, shall fall within the protection scope of the present application.
The embodiment of the application provides a method for measuring the fastening shaft force of a high-strength bolt of a bridge, which can solve the problem of low detection efficiency caused by the adoption of a single longitudinal wave form for detecting the axial fastening stress of the bolt in the related art.
Fig. 1 is a schematic flow chart of a method for measuring a bridge high-strength bolt fastening axial force according to an embodiment of the present application, which includes the following steps:
s1: the transverse wave wafer and the longitudinal wave wafer are arranged on the ultrasonic probe.
S2: respectively acquiring a first temperature and a second temperature, and using an ultrasonic probe to pre-calibrate the ratio of the transverse wave sound to the longitudinal wave sound of the unfastened bolt at the first temperature.
S3: and respectively measuring the stress transverse wave sound time and the stress longitudinal wave sound time of the fastened bolt at the second temperature by using an ultrasonic probe.
S4: and calculating the fastening axial force of the fastened bolt according to the transverse wave-longitudinal wave sound time ratio, the stress transverse wave sound time and the stress longitudinal wave sound time.
The method comprises the steps that a transverse wave wafer and a longitudinal wave wafer are arranged on an ultrasonic probe, a first temperature and a second temperature are respectively obtained, the ultrasonic probe is used for pre-calibrating the transverse wave and longitudinal wave sound time ratio of an unfastened bolt (namely in an unstressed state) at the first temperature, then the ultrasonic probe is used for respectively measuring the stress transverse wave sound time and the stress longitudinal wave sound time of the fastened bolt at the second temperature, and finally the fastening axial force of the fastened bolt is calculated according to the pre-calibrated transverse wave and longitudinal wave sound time and the measured stress transverse wave sound time and stress longitudinal wave sound time; because the transverse-longitudinal wave sound time ratio of the bolts with the same specification is fixed and unchanged, and the size of the bolts is not influenced by the length tolerance, when the bolts (the fastened bolts) in the service state are measured, only the stress transverse wave sound time and the stress longitudinal wave sound time of the fastened bolts at the second temperature are measured, the fastening axial force of the fastened bolts can be calculated, the initial sound time of all the bolts in the stress-free state does not need to be measured one by one, and the detection speed of the fastening axial force of the bolts is effectively improved; and the axial force is calculated through ultrasonic sound at different temperatures, the influence of the temperature on the axial force measurement is fully considered, and the detection precision of the fastening axial force is improved. Therefore, the embodiment of the application not only improves the detection efficiency of the fastening axial force of the high-strength bolt, but also improves the detection precision of the fastening axial force.
Furthermore, in the embodiment of the present application, it is preferable that the shear wave wafer and the longitudinal wave wafer with the same size are stacked and disposed on the ultrasonic probe, so that the characteristics that the ultrasonic probe corresponding to the bounce point of the shear wave echo signal and the longitudinal wave echo signal is the same as and unique to the contact point of the end face of the high-strength bolt are ensured, the requirement on the smoothness of the end face of the bolt in the measurement process is reduced, and the precision of the bolt fastening axial force detection is improved.
Further, in the embodiment of the present application, the specific step of step S2 includes:
s21: pre-calibrating the acoustic time variation of transverse waves and the acoustic time variation of longitudinal waves in the unfastened bolt by using an ultrasonic probe;
s22: respectively measuring the stress-free transverse wave sound time and the stress-free longitudinal wave sound time of the non-fastened bolt at a second temperature by using an ultrasonic probe;
s23: and calculating the sound time ratio of the transverse wave and the longitudinal wave of the non-fastened bolt at the first temperature according to the unstressed transverse wave sound time, the unstressed longitudinal wave sound time, the sound time variation of the transverse wave and the sound time variation of the longitudinal wave.
Further, in the embodiment of the present application, the specific step of step S21 includes:
s211: acquiring the length of a bolt;
s212: pre-calibrating an ultrasonic temperature coefficient of transverse waves and an ultrasonic temperature coefficient of longitudinal waves in the bolt by using an ultrasonic probe;
s213: and calculating the sound time variation of the transverse wave and the sound time variation of the longitudinal wave in the unfastened bolt according to the first temperature, the second temperature, the ultrasonic temperature coefficient of the transverse wave, the ultrasonic temperature coefficient of the longitudinal wave and the bolt length.
Further, in the embodiment of the present application, the specific step of step S4 includes:
the method comprises the steps of using an ultrasonic probe to calibrate an ultrasonic stress coefficient of a bolt at a first temperature and a longitudinal wave speed in an unfastened bolt in advance, and then calculating a fastening axial force F of the fastened bolt according to a transverse-longitudinal wave sound time ratio, a stress transverse wave sound time, a stress longitudinal wave sound time, an ultrasonic stress coefficient and a longitudinal wave speed in the unfastened bolt, wherein the calculation formula is as follows:
in the formula, D is the nominal diameter of the bolt; kT0Is the ultrasonic stress coefficient t of the bolt at a first temperaturesσTWhen the fastened bolt is subjected to stress transverse wave sound at the second temperature; t is tpσTThe stress longitudinal wave sound of the fastened bolt at the second temperature; Δ ts0A sound time variation amount of a transverse wave in the unfastened bolt; Δ tp0A sound time variation amount of a longitudinal wave in the unfastened bolt; v ispT0Is the longitudinal wave velocity in the unsecured bolt at a first temperature; l is0The length of an unstressed area when the bolt is fastened; n is a radical of0T0The ratio of the longitudinal and transverse wave sound times of the unfastened bolt at the first temperature is shown.
In the embodiment of the present application, the ultrasonic temperature coefficients of the transverse waves are equal in both the fastened state and the unfastened state of the bolt, and the ultrasonic temperature coefficients of the longitudinal waves are equal in both the fastened state and the unfastened state of the bolt.
Further, in the embodiment of the present application, referring to fig. 2, the length L of the area where the bolt is not stressed when fastened is shown0Calculated by the following formula:
Lσ＝r+D
L0＝L-Lσ
in the formula, LσIs the effective stress area of the bolt; r is the clamping length of the middle of the inner side of the bolt; d is the nominal diameter of the bolt; l is the length of the bolt.
Further, in the embodiment of the present application, after calculating the shear wave sound time ratio of the non-fastened bolt at the first temperature from the unstressed shear wave sound time, the unstressed longitudinal wave sound time, the sound time variation amount of the shear wave, and the sound time variation amount of the longitudinal wave, the method further includes the steps of:
respectively measuring the stress-free transverse wave sound time and the stress-free longitudinal wave sound time of a plurality of non-fastened bolts at a second temperature by using an ultrasonic probe;
respectively calculating the sound time ratio of the transverse waves and the longitudinal waves of the plurality of the non-fastened bolts at a first temperature;
the average value of the ratio of the longitudinal and transverse wave sound times of the plurality of the non-fastened bolts at the first temperature is updated to the ratio of the longitudinal and transverse wave sound times of the current non-fastened bolts at the first temperature.
Specifically, the working principle of the method for measuring the bridge high-strength bolt fastening axial force in the embodiment of the application is as follows:
the length of the same batch of high strength bolts is L, the nominal diameter is D, and the time that the ultrasonic wave enters the bolt at the bolt end and propagates along the axial direction and reflects at another terminal surface includes: time of transverse wave sound tsAnd longitudinal wave sound time tp。
Wherein the high strength bolt is in an unstressed state at a first temperature T0When the temperature changes to the second temperature T, the acoustic time change quantity delta T of the transverse waves0And the acoustic time variation Δ t of the longitudinal wavep0Respectively as follows:
Δts0＝α·L·ΔT＝α·L·(T-T0) (1)
Δtp0＝β·L·ΔT＝β·L·(T-T0) (2)
in the formula, alpha is the ultrasonic temperature coefficient of transverse wave, beta is the ultrasonic temperature coefficient of longitudinal wave, wherein, both are obtained by test calibration test.
Since alpha and beta do not change when the bolt is in an unstressed or stressed state, the high-strength bolt is stressed from the first temperature T0When the temperature changes to the second temperature T, the acoustic time change quantity delta T of the transverse wavesσAnd the acoustic time variation Δ t of the longitudinal wavepσRespectively at a first temperature T in an unstressed state0Acoustic time variation Δ T of transverse wave at the time of change to the second temperature Ts0Time variation Δ t of longitudinal wavep0Are equal, i.e.
Δtsσ＝Δts0 (3)
Δtpσ＝Δtp0 (4)
Let t be the unstressed transverse wave sound of the high-strength bolt in an unstressed state at a first temperatures0T0When the longitudinal wave sound is unstressed, t is setp0T0The corresponding transverse wave and longitudinal wave acoustic time ratio N0T0Comprises the following steps:
N0T0＝ts0T0/tp0T0 (5)
then, the unstressed transverse wave sound time of the high-strength bolt in an unstressed state at a second temperature is set as ts0TFree of stress longitudinal wave soundIs set to tp0TThe corresponding transverse wave and longitudinal wave acoustic time ratio N0TComprises the following steps:
N0T＝ts0T/tp0T (6)
combining the formulas (1) to (6), the ratio N of the longitudinal and transverse wave sound time of the high-strength bolt in the unstressed state at the first temperature can be obtained0T0Comprises the following steps:
setting the stress transverse wave sound time of the fastened high-strength bolt at a first temperature as tsσT0With the stress longitudinal wave sound time set to tpσT0And t is set as the stress shear wave sound at the second temperature of the fastened high-strength boltsσTWith the stress longitudinal wave sound time set to tpσTThen, combining the above formulas, the following relationship can be obtained:
tsσT0＝tsσT-Δtsσ (8)
tpσT0＝tpσT-Δtpσ (9)
in addition, the effective stress area length L of the high-strength boltσAnd the length L of the unstressed area of the high-strength bolt during fastening0This can be obtained by the following formula:
Lσ＝r+D (10)
L0＝L-Lσ (11)
the fastening axial force F of the high-strength bolt is calculated by the following formula:
in the formula, KT0The ultrasonic stress coefficient of the bolt at the first temperature is obtained through a test calibration test; v issT0V and vpT0The propagation speeds of the ultrasonic transverse wave and the longitudinal wave in the high-strength bolt are respectively in an unstressed state and at a first temperature. Wherein, vsT0V and vpT0Exist in toThe following relationships:
νsT0＝νpT0/N0T0 (13)
substituting the formulas (7), (8), (9), (10), (11) and (13) into the formula (12) can obtain:
according to the derivation of the formula, when the fastening shaft force of the high-strength bolt in service state is measured on site, only 2 to 3 high-strength bolts of the same material and the same specification are selected to be subjected to unstressed state and unstressed transverse wave sound time t at the second temperature (namely the temperature of the high-strength bolt in service measurement site)s0TAnd time of unstressed longitudinal wave sound tp0TAnd measuring a current second temperature; substituting the above parameters into equation (7) to calculate the time ratio N of the shear wave to the longitudinal wave at the first temperature0T0And taking the average value as a measurement reference; finally, measuring the stress transverse wave sound time t of the high-strength bolt at the second temperaturesσTAnd time of longitudinal wave sound tpσTAnd substituting the formula (14) into the formula (14), the fastening axial force of the high-strength bolt in the service state can be calculated.
Therefore, the embodiment of the application can quickly and accurately measure the axial force state of the high-strength bolt of the in-service bridge and other similar bridge fastening rods, effectively considers the influence of the temperature and the length change of the effective stress area on the axial force measurement, improves the axial force detection precision, reduces the test calibration cost for the bolts under different specifications and different working conditions, can provide data support for the decision of construction management and maintenance units, and ensures the operation safety of the bridge.
In the description of the present application, it should be noted that the terms "upper", "lower", and the like indicate orientations or positional relationships based on the orientations or positional relationships shown in the drawings, which are merely for convenience of describing the present application and simplifying the description, but do not indicate or imply that the referred device or element must have a specific orientation, be configured and operated in a specific orientation, and thus, should not be construed as limiting the present application. Unless expressly stated or limited otherwise, the terms "mounted," "connected," and "connected" are intended to be inclusive and mean, for example, that they may be fixedly connected, detachably connected, or integrally connected; can be mechanically or electrically connected; they may be connected directly or indirectly through intervening media, or they may be interconnected between two elements. The specific meaning of the above terms in the present application can be understood by those of ordinary skill in the art as appropriate.
It is noted that, in the present application, relational terms such as "first" and "second", and the like, are used solely to distinguish one entity or action from another entity or action without necessarily requiring or implying any actual such relationship or order between such entities or actions. Also, the terms "comprises," "comprising," or any other variation thereof, are intended to cover a non-exclusive inclusion, such that a process, method, article, or apparatus that comprises a list of elements does not include only those elements but may include other elements not expressly listed or inherent to such process, method, article, or apparatus. Without further limitation, an element defined by the phrase "comprising an … …" does not exclude the presence of other identical elements in a process, method, article, or apparatus that comprises the element.
The above description is merely exemplary of the present application and is presented to enable those skilled in the art to understand and practice the present application. Various modifications to these embodiments will be readily apparent to those skilled in the art, and the generic principles defined herein may be applied to other embodiments without departing from the spirit or scope of the application. Thus, the present application is not intended to be limited to the embodiments shown herein but is to be accorded the widest scope consistent with the principles and novel features disclosed herein.
Claims (9)
1. A method for measuring the fastening shaft force of a high-strength bolt of a bridge is characterized by comprising the following steps:
arranging the transverse wave wafer and the longitudinal wave wafer on an ultrasonic probe;
respectively acquiring a first temperature and a second temperature, and using an ultrasonic probe to pre-calibrate the ratio of the transverse wave sound to the longitudinal wave sound of the unfastened bolt at the first temperature;
respectively measuring the stress transverse wave sound time and the stress longitudinal wave sound time of the fastened bolt at a second temperature by using an ultrasonic probe;
calculating the fastening axial force of the fastened bolt according to the transverse wave-longitudinal wave sound time ratio, the stress transverse wave sound time and the stress longitudinal wave sound time;
wherein, the step of calculating the fastening axial force of the fastened bolt according to the sound time ratio of the transverse wave and the longitudinal wave, the stress transverse wave and the stress longitudinal wave comprises the following steps:
pre-calibrating an ultrasonic stress coefficient of the bolt and a longitudinal wave velocity in the unfastened bolt at a first temperature by using an ultrasonic probe;
calculating the fastening axial force F of the fastened bolt, wherein the calculation formula is as follows:
in the formula, D is the nominal diameter of the bolt; kT0Is the ultrasonic stress coefficient, t, of the bolt at a first temperaturesσTWhen the fastened bolt is subjected to stress transverse wave sound at the second temperature; t is tpσTThe stress longitudinal wave sound of the fastened bolt at the second temperature; Δ ts0A sound time variation amount of a transverse wave in the unfastened bolt; Δ tp0A sound time variation amount of a longitudinal wave in the unfastened bolt; v ispT0Is the longitudinal wave velocity in the unsecured bolt at a first temperature; l is0The length of the area where the bolt is not stressed when fastened; n is a radical of0T0The ratio of the longitudinal and transverse wave sound times of the unfastened bolt at the first temperature is shown.
2. The method for measuring the axial force of the high-strength bolt fastened to the bridge according to claim 1, wherein the specific step of using the ultrasonic probe to pre-calibrate the ratio of the shear wave to the longitudinal wave sound time of the unfastened bolt at the first temperature comprises the following steps:
pre-calibrating the acoustic time variation of transverse waves and the acoustic time variation of longitudinal waves in the unfastened bolt by using an ultrasonic probe;
respectively measuring the stress-free transverse wave sound time and the stress-free longitudinal wave sound time of the unfastened bolt at a second temperature by using an ultrasonic probe;
and calculating the sound time ratio of the transverse wave and the longitudinal wave of the unfastened bolt at the first temperature according to the unstressed transverse wave sound time, the unstressed longitudinal wave sound time, the sound time variation quantity of the transverse wave and the sound time variation quantity of the longitudinal wave.
3. The method for measuring the axial force of the high-strength bolt fastened to the bridge according to claim 2, wherein the step of pre-calibrating the variation of the acoustic time of the transverse wave and the variation of the acoustic time of the longitudinal wave in the unfastened bolt by using the ultrasonic probe comprises the following steps:
acquiring the length of a bolt;
pre-calibrating an ultrasonic temperature coefficient of transverse waves and an ultrasonic temperature coefficient of longitudinal waves in the bolt by using an ultrasonic probe;
and calculating the sound time variation of the transverse wave and the sound time variation of the longitudinal wave in the unfastened bolt according to the first temperature, the second temperature, the ultrasonic temperature coefficient of the transverse wave, the ultrasonic temperature coefficient of the longitudinal wave and the bolt length.
4. The method for measuring the axle force of the high-strength bolt fastening of the bridge according to claim 1, is characterized in that: length L of unstressed area of the bolt during fastening0The calculation formula of (2) is as follows:
Lσ＝r+D
L0＝L-Lσ
in the formula, LσIs the effective stress area of the bolt; r is the clamping length of the middle of the inner side of the bolt; d is the nominal diameter of the bolt; l is the length of the bolt.
5. The method for measuring the axle force of the high-strength bolt fastening of the bridge according to claim 3, is characterized in that: and the ultrasonic temperature coefficients of the transverse waves are equal when the bolt is in a fastening state or a non-fastening state.
6. The method for measuring the axle force of the high-strength bolt fastening of the bridge according to claim 3, is characterized in that: and the ultrasonic temperature coefficients of the longitudinal waves are equal when the bolt is in a fastening state or a non-fastening state.
7. The method for measuring the axial force of the high-strength bolt fastened to the bridge according to claim 1, wherein after the shear wave acoustic time ratio of the unfastened bolt at the first temperature is calculated from the unstressed shear wave acoustic time, the unstressed longitudinal wave acoustic time, the acoustic time variation of the shear wave and the acoustic time variation of the longitudinal wave, the method further comprises the steps of:
respectively measuring the stress-free transverse wave sound time and the stress-free longitudinal wave sound time of a plurality of non-fastened bolts at a second temperature by using an ultrasonic probe;
respectively calculating the sound time ratio of the transverse waves and the longitudinal waves of the plurality of the non-fastened bolts at a first temperature;
the average value of the ratio of the longitudinal and transverse wave sound times of the plurality of the non-fastened bolts at the first temperature is updated to the ratio of the longitudinal and transverse wave sound times of the current non-fastened bolts at the first temperature.
8. The method for measuring the axle force of the high-strength bolt fastening of the bridge according to claim 1, is characterized in that: the transverse wave wafer and the longitudinal wave wafer are arranged in an overlapped mode.
9. The method for measuring the axle force of the high-strength bolt fastening of the bridge as claimed in claim 1, wherein: the transverse wave wafer is the same as the longitudinal wave wafer in size.
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| CN113405718B (en) * | 2021-05-20 | 2022-11-11 | 华东理工大学 | Ultrasonic probe for online measurement of high-temperature bolt axial force |
| CN113587992B (en) * | 2021-07-29 | 2022-07-12 | 律音科技(武汉)有限公司 | Ultrasonic double-wave measurement method, application and equipment for pretightening force and temperature of solid material |
| CN114487109B (en) * | 2022-01-19 | 2022-08-23 | 哈尔滨工业大学 | Non-baseline data stress online monitoring method, system, equipment and medium based on single-mode multi-frequency signal fusion |
| CN115855350B (en) * | 2022-11-25 | 2023-06-09 | 哈尔滨工业大学 | Bolt axial force measuring method based on combination of primary trailing wave and transverse wave |
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