CN112537385B - Hydrogen fuel cell motorcycle - Google Patents
Hydrogen fuel cell motorcycle Download PDFInfo
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- CN112537385B CN112537385B CN202011613000.0A CN202011613000A CN112537385B CN 112537385 B CN112537385 B CN 112537385B CN 202011613000 A CN202011613000 A CN 202011613000A CN 112537385 B CN112537385 B CN 112537385B
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- fuel cell
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B62—LAND VEHICLES FOR TRAVELLING OTHERWISE THAN ON RAILS
- B62J—CYCLE SADDLES OR SEATS; AUXILIARY DEVICES OR ACCESSORIES SPECIALLY ADAPTED TO CYCLES AND NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR, e.g. ARTICLE CARRIERS OR CYCLE PROTECTORS
- B62J43/00—Arrangements of batteries
- B62J43/10—Arrangements of batteries for propulsion
- B62J43/16—Arrangements of batteries for propulsion on motorcycles or the like
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
- B60L—PROPULSION OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; SUPPLYING ELECTRIC POWER FOR AUXILIARY EQUIPMENT OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRODYNAMIC BRAKE SYSTEMS FOR VEHICLES IN GENERAL; MAGNETIC SUSPENSION OR LEVITATION FOR VEHICLES; MONITORING OPERATING VARIABLES OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRIC SAFETY DEVICES FOR ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES
- B60L50/00—Electric propulsion with power supplied within the vehicle
- B60L50/50—Electric propulsion with power supplied within the vehicle using propulsion power supplied by batteries or fuel cells
- B60L50/75—Electric propulsion with power supplied within the vehicle using propulsion power supplied by batteries or fuel cells using propulsion power supplied by both fuel cells and batteries
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M10/60—Heating or cooling; Temperature control
- H01M10/61—Types of temperature control
- H01M10/615—Heating or keeping warm
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M10/60—Heating or cooling; Temperature control
- H01M10/62—Heating or cooling; Temperature control specially adapted for specific applications
- H01M10/625—Vehicles
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M10/60—Heating or cooling; Temperature control
- H01M10/65—Means for temperature control structurally associated with the cells
- H01M10/659—Means for temperature control structurally associated with the cells by heat storage or buffering, e.g. heat capacity or liquid-solid phase changes or transition
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M8/04—Auxiliary arrangements, e.g. for control of pressure or for circulation of fluids
- H01M8/04298—Processes for controlling fuel cells or fuel cell systems
- H01M8/04694—Processes for controlling fuel cells or fuel cell systems characterised by variables to be controlled
- H01M8/04955—Shut-off or shut-down of fuel cells
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
- Y02E60/10—Energy storage using batteries
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
- Y02E60/30—Hydrogen technology
- Y02E60/50—Fuel cells
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02T—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO TRANSPORTATION
- Y02T10/00—Road transport of goods or passengers
- Y02T10/60—Other road transportation technologies with climate change mitigation effect
- Y02T10/70—Energy storage systems for electromobility, e.g. batteries
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02T—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO TRANSPORTATION
- Y02T90/00—Enabling technologies or technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
- Y02T90/40—Application of hydrogen technology to transportation, e.g. using fuel cells
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- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Manufacturing & Machinery (AREA)
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- Electrochemistry (AREA)
- General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Sustainable Development (AREA)
- Sustainable Energy (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- Power Engineering (AREA)
- Transportation (AREA)
- Secondary Cells (AREA)
- Electric Propulsion And Braking For Vehicles (AREA)
Abstract
A hydrogen fuel cell motorcycle comprises a hydrogen fuel cell system and a storage battery, wherein the hydrogen fuel cell system comprises a hydrogen fuel cell and a hydrogen storage bottle connected with the hydrogen fuel cell, the hydrogen fuel cell is connected with the storage battery in series, and a fuel switch is arranged in the hydrogen fuel cell system and used for controlling the operation of the fuel cell system. According to the motorcycle, the hydrogen fuel cell system and the storage battery are connected in series, the hydrogen fuel cell system supplements electric quantity for the storage battery through the hydrogen fuel cell, a guarantee is provided for a user to travel in a long distance, and the number of charging times in the traveling process is reduced.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to the field of electric motorcycles, in particular to a hydrogen fuel cell motorcycle.
Background
The existing electric motorcycles are generally powered by storage batteries or hydrogen fuel cells. The hydrogen fuel cell is used for supplying power, so that the hydrogen fuel can be supplemented at any time and any place, and the hydrogen fuel needs to be supplemented at any time and any place.
Disclosure of Invention
Aiming at the defects of the prior art, the invention aims to provide the electric motorcycle which can be driven for a long distance and has less charging times.
A hydrogen fuel cell motorcycle comprises a hydrogen fuel cell system and a storage battery, wherein the hydrogen fuel cell system comprises a hydrogen fuel cell and a hydrogen storage bottle connected with the hydrogen fuel cell, the hydrogen fuel cell and the storage battery are connected in series, and a fuel switch is arranged in the hydrogen fuel cell system and used for controlling the fuel cell system to work. In the technical scheme, the hydrogen fuel cell system and the storage battery are connected in series, when the electric quantity of the storage battery is insufficient, the fuel switch is turned on, the hydrogen fuel cell system supplements the electric quantity for the storage battery through the hydrogen fuel cell, a guarantee is provided for long-distance driving of a user, and the charging times in the driving process are reduced.
Preferably, the storage battery is connected with an electricity meter. The arrangement of the electricity meter is convenient for a user to master the electricity quantity of the storage battery in time, and provides accurate guarantee for the starting time of the fuel switch in the hydrogen fuel cell system.
Preferably, the outer surface of the storage battery is provided with a first phase change layer. The storage battery is in cold environment, and the storage capacity is poor, and through being provided with phase transition layer one at the surface of storage battery, when the user is far away in cold environment, can collect, save the heat that the storage battery discharge in-process produced, keep warm to the storage battery, guarantee the storage capacity of storage battery when charging, further provide the guarantee to the distant range of motorcycle.
Preferably, a heat insulation layer is arranged on the hydrogen storage bottle. The arrangement of the heat insulation layer prevents the gas in the hydrogen storage bottle from being thermally expanded, on one hand, the filling amount of the hydrogen storage bottle during gas filling is improved, and on the other hand, the safety of the motorcycle during driving is improved.
Preferably, the electric motorcycle further comprises a frame, the frame comprises a hydrogen storage bottle mounting rack, the hydrogen storage bottle mounting rack comprises a lower supporting part with a lower half groove and an upper cover part with an upper half groove, the lower half groove and the upper half groove form a mounting cavity for mounting the hydrogen storage bottle, and a phase change layer II connected with the phase change layer I is arranged in the lower half groove.
Preferably, the second phase change layer comprises a flexible layer having an inner cavity filled with a solid-liquid phase change material. After phase change layer one heat absorption, can be with heat transfer to phase change layer two, phase change layer two is after the heat absorption, inside phase change material becomes liquid by the solid-state, phase change layer two becomes the soft state, phase change layer two under the soft state can play better cushioning effect, play better cushioning effect to the hydrogen storage bottle, therefore, when the motorcycle traveles, play better cushioning effect to the hydrogen storage bottle, prevent to take place strong impact to the hydrogen storage bottle because of jolting, play the effect of protection hydrogen storage bottle, improve the security performance when traveling, and phase change layer two is for traditional mechanical buffer structure, the shape design is more nimble, can more rational utilization space, be fit for using in this kind of relative constrictive space of motorcycle frame, and phase change layer two relies on the morphological change of itself to cushion, fatigue damage is littleer, long service life.
Preferably, a plurality of abdicating grooves are further formed in the lower half groove. And the existence of the abdicating groove provides a movement space for the deformation of the second phase change layer.
Preferably, the upper cover part is provided with a plurality of buffer devices for abutting against the heat insulation layer, and each buffer device comprises an abutting column penetrating through the upper cover part, a buffer spring connected with the abutting column, and a spring mounting rack arranged on the outer wall of the upper cover part and used for mounting the buffer spring.
Preferably, the upper cover part is provided with a plurality of buffer devices for abutting against the heat insulation layer, and each buffer device comprises an abutting column penetrating through the upper cover part, a buffer spring connected with the abutting column, and a spring mounting rack arranged on the outer wall of the upper cover part and used for mounting the buffer spring. The buffer device can further reduce the impact of the hydrogen storage bottle in the bumping state of the motorcycle.
Preferably, the phase change materials are mixed according to the following mass ratio: 32% of calcium chloride hexahydrate, 5% of glycerol, 4.5% of potassium persulfate, 4% of hydroxyethyl methacrylate, 6.2% of acrylic acid, 2.8% of sodium chloride and 45.5% of water.
In conclusion, the invention has the following beneficial effects:
1: the hydrogen fuel cell system and the storage battery are connected in series, and the hydrogen fuel cell system supplements the electric quantity for the storage battery through the hydrogen fuel cell, so that the long-distance running of a user is guaranteed, and the charging times in the running process are reduced;
2: the first phase change layer is arranged on the outer surface of the storage battery, so that when a user walks in a cold environment, heat generated in the discharging process of the storage battery can be collected and stored, the storage battery is kept warm, the storage capacity of the storage battery during charging is ensured, and the walking of a motorcycle is further guaranteed;
3: through being connected with phase change layer one with the phase change layer two in the half groove down, after phase change layer one absorbs heat, can be with heat transfer to phase change layer two, phase change layer two is after the heat absorption, and inside phase change material becomes liquid by solid-state, and phase change layer two becomes the soft state, and phase change layer two under the soft state can play the cushioning effect better, plays the cushioning effect better to hydrogen storage bottle.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram of the connection of a hydrogen fuel cell to a battery;
FIG. 2 is a schematic structural diagram of an electric motorcycle;
FIG. 3 is a schematic view of the installation of the storage battery and the hydrogen storage bottle on the frame;
FIG. 4 is a schematic diagram of a second phase change layer.
Detailed Description
The invention will be further explained by means of specific embodiments with reference to the drawings.
Example (b): as shown in fig. 1, a hydrogen fuel cell motorcycle includes a hydrogen fuel cell system and a storage battery 1, wherein the hydrogen fuel cell system includes a hydrogen fuel cell and a hydrogen storage bottle 2 connected with the hydrogen fuel cell, the hydrogen fuel cell is connected with the storage battery 1 in series, and a fuel switch is arranged in the hydrogen fuel cell system for controlling the operation of the fuel cell system. In the technical scheme, the hydrogen fuel cell system and the storage battery 1 are connected in series, when the electric quantity of the storage battery 1 is insufficient, the fuel switch is turned on, the hydrogen fuel cell system supplements the electric quantity for the storage battery 1 through the hydrogen fuel cell, a guarantee is provided for long-distance driving of a user, and the charging times in the driving process are reduced. In order to facilitate a user to timely master the electric quantity of the storage battery and provide accurate guarantee for the starting time of a fuel switch in the hydrogen fuel cell system, the storage battery 1 is connected with an electric quantity meter.
As shown in fig. 2 to 4, it is known that the storage battery 1 has poor storage capacity in a cold environment, and for this reason, in the present embodiment, a first phase change layer 3 is further disposed on an outer surface of the storage battery 1, so that when a user moves far in a cold environment, heat generated during the discharging process of the storage battery can be collected and stored, the storage battery 1 is kept warm, the storage capacity of the storage battery during charging is ensured, and further, the movement of the motorcycle is further ensured.
The hydrogen storage bottle 2 is provided with the heat insulation layer 21, and the heat insulation layer 21 prevents the gas in the hydrogen storage bottle 2 from being thermally expanded, so that the filling amount of the hydrogen storage bottle 2 during inflation is increased, and the safety of the motorcycle during driving is improved.
In this embodiment, the electric motorcycle further includes a frame 4000, the frame 4000 includes a hydrogen storage bottle mounting rack 4, the hydrogen storage bottle mounting rack 4 includes a lower support portion 41 having a lower half tank 411 and an upper cover portion 42 having an upper half tank 421, the lower half tank 411 and the upper half tank 421 form an installation cavity for installing the hydrogen storage bottle 2, a second phase change layer 5 connected to the first phase change layer 3 is disposed in the lower half tank 411, the second phase change layer 5 includes a flexible layer having an inner cavity, and a solid-liquid phase change material is filled in the inner cavity, when the phase change material is actually selected, the phase change material at 20-28 ℃ is preferred, and for this reason, the following phase change materials can be adopted and mixed according to the following mass ratio: 32% calcium chloride hexahydrate, 5% glycerol, 4.5% potassium persulfate, 4% hydroxyethyl methacrylate, 6.2% acrylic acid, 2.8% sodium chloride and 45.5% water, the phase change material changes in form at 25 ℃ -28 ℃, when the motorcycle runs, the storage battery can emit heat, after the first phase change layer 3 absorbs heat, the heat can be transferred to the second phase change layer 5, after the second phase change layer 5 absorbs heat, the internal phase change material is changed from a solid state to a liquid state, the second phase change layer 5 is changed into a soft state, and the second phase change layer 5 in the soft state can play a better buffering role, so that when the motorcycle runs, the storage bottle 2 can be better buffered, the hydrogen storage bottle 2 is prevented from being strongly impacted by bumping the hydrogen storage bottle 2, the hydrogen storage bottle 2 is protected, the safety performance during running is improved, and compared with a traditional mechanical buffering structure, the shape design is more flexible, the space can be more reasonably utilized, the motorcycle is suitable for being used in a relatively narrow space of the motorcycle, the fatigue of the second phase change layer 5 is reduced, and the buffering life is prolonged. Further, in order to make the deformation of the second phase change layer 5 smoother, a plurality of relief grooves 412 are further disposed on the lower half-groove 411.
Furthermore, a plurality of buffer devices 6 for abutting against the heat insulation layer 21 are arranged on the upper cover part 42, each buffer device 6 comprises an abutting column 61 penetrating through the upper cover part 42, a buffer spring 62 connected with the abutting column 61, and a spring mounting rack 63 arranged on the outer wall of the upper cover part 42 and used for mounting the buffer spring 62, and the buffer devices 6 can further reduce the impact of the hydrogen storage bottle 2 in the bumpy state of the motorcycle.
The above-described embodiments are merely illustrative of the preferred embodiments of the present invention and do not limit the spirit and scope of the present invention. Various modifications and improvements of the technical solutions of the present invention may be made by those skilled in the art without departing from the design concept of the present invention, and the technical contents of the present invention are all described in the claims.
Claims (5)
1. A hydrogen fuel cell motorcycle comprises a hydrogen fuel cell system and a storage battery (1), wherein the hydrogen fuel cell system comprises a hydrogen fuel cell and a hydrogen storage bottle (2) connected with the hydrogen fuel cell, and is characterized in that the hydrogen fuel cell is connected with the storage battery (1) in series, and a fuel switch is arranged in the hydrogen fuel cell system for controlling the operation of the fuel cell system;
the outer surface of the storage battery (1) is provided with a first phase change layer (3); a heat insulation layer (21) is arranged on the hydrogen storage bottle (2);
the motorcycle further comprises a frame (4000), wherein the frame (4000) comprises a hydrogen storage bottle mounting rack (4), the hydrogen storage bottle mounting rack (4) comprises a lower supporting part (41) with a lower half groove (411) and an upper cover part (42) with an upper half groove (421), the lower half groove (411) and the upper half groove (421) form a mounting cavity for mounting the hydrogen storage bottle (2), and a phase change layer II (5) connected with the phase change layer I (3) is arranged in the lower half groove (411); the upper cover part (42) is provided with a plurality of buffer devices (6) for abutting against the heat insulation layer (21), each buffer device (6) comprises an abutting column (61) penetrating through the upper cover part (42), a buffer spring (62) connected with the abutting column (61), and a spring mounting frame (63) arranged on the outer wall of the upper cover part (42) and used for mounting the buffer spring (62);
after phase change layer one (3) absorbed heat, can be with heat transfer to phase change layer two (5), phase change layer two (5) are after the heat absorption, and inside phase change material becomes liquid by solid-state, and phase change layer two (5) become soft state, and phase change layer two (5) under the soft state can play the cushioning effect.
2. A hydrogen fuel cell motorcycle according to claim 1, characterized in that an electricity meter is connected to the battery (1).
3. A hydrogen fuel cell motorcycle according to claim 1, characterized in that the second phase change layer (5) comprises a flexible layer (52) having an inner cavity (51), the inner cavity (51) being filled with a solid-liquid phase change material.
4. A hydrogen fuel cell motorcycle according to claim 1, wherein a plurality of relief grooves (412) are further provided on the lower half tank (411).
5. A hydrogen fuel cell motorcycle according to claim 3, wherein the solid-liquid phase change materials are mixed in the following mass ratio: 32% of calcium chloride hexahydrate, 5% of glycerol, 4.5% of potassium persulfate, 4% of hydroxyethyl methacrylate, 6.2% of acrylic acid, 2.8% of sodium chloride and 45.5% of water.
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CN202011613000.0A CN112537385B (en) | 2020-12-30 | 2020-12-30 | Hydrogen fuel cell motorcycle |
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CN202011613000.0A CN112537385B (en) | 2020-12-30 | 2020-12-30 | Hydrogen fuel cell motorcycle |
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CN112537385B true CN112537385B (en) | 2023-03-21 |
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Citations (6)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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JP2009078624A (en) * | 2007-09-25 | 2009-04-16 | Suzuki Motor Corp | Fuel cell vehicle |
CN203996744U (en) * | 2014-06-20 | 2014-12-10 | 深圳市万盟电子有限公司 | A kind of hydrogen cell Electrical Bicycle |
KR20180106687A (en) * | 2017-03-21 | 2018-10-01 | 주식회사 엘지화학 | Battery module, battery pack comprising the battery module and vehicle comprising the battery pack |
CN109509935A (en) * | 2018-12-10 | 2019-03-22 | 银隆新能源股份有限公司 | A kind of register for battery case |
CN111864136A (en) * | 2020-07-08 | 2020-10-30 | 中北大学 | Composite storage battery pack device with low-temperature starting and temperature adjusting functions and using method |
CN212195800U (en) * | 2020-05-14 | 2020-12-22 | 山东明宇新能源技术有限公司 | Fuel cell electric bicycle |
Family Cites Families (1)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
JP2017037743A (en) * | 2015-08-07 | 2017-02-16 | 株式会社デンソー | Power storage system |
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2020
- 2020-12-30 CN CN202011613000.0A patent/CN112537385B/en active Active
Patent Citations (6)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
JP2009078624A (en) * | 2007-09-25 | 2009-04-16 | Suzuki Motor Corp | Fuel cell vehicle |
CN203996744U (en) * | 2014-06-20 | 2014-12-10 | 深圳市万盟电子有限公司 | A kind of hydrogen cell Electrical Bicycle |
KR20180106687A (en) * | 2017-03-21 | 2018-10-01 | 주식회사 엘지화학 | Battery module, battery pack comprising the battery module and vehicle comprising the battery pack |
CN109509935A (en) * | 2018-12-10 | 2019-03-22 | 银隆新能源股份有限公司 | A kind of register for battery case |
CN212195800U (en) * | 2020-05-14 | 2020-12-22 | 山东明宇新能源技术有限公司 | Fuel cell electric bicycle |
CN111864136A (en) * | 2020-07-08 | 2020-10-30 | 中北大学 | Composite storage battery pack device with low-temperature starting and temperature adjusting functions and using method |
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Effective date of registration: 20210908 Address after: No. 191, Changshao North Road, Laiwu District, Jinan City, Shandong Province Applicant after: Shandong Jiran hydrogen power Co.,Ltd. Address before: No. 191, Changshao North Road, Laiwu District, Jinan City, Shandong Province Applicant before: Jinan yinghydrogen Power Technology Co.,Ltd. |
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