CN112505595B - High-bandwidth high-sensitivity closed-loop SERF atomic magnetometer device - Google Patents
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Abstract
According to the high-bandwidth high-sensitivity closed-loop SERF atomic magnetometer device, PID is introduced to form closed-loop control, so that the frequency response-3 dB bandwidth of the system is greatly improved, the kHz level can be reached, and the high-frequency detection sensitivity is improved; in addition, the bandwidth size and the sensitivity curve of the SERF atomic magnetometer can be freely and accurately controlled by adjusting the P, I and D parameters, so that the sensitivity of the frequency range required by actual measurement is ensured to be the highest. In addition, the magnetic field is compensated in real time through PID control, and the magnetic field in the direction of the detection axis is always locked at the zero position, so that the response linear interval and the magnetic field measurement dynamic range of the device are greatly improved, and the shielding requirement on the external environment is reduced.
Description
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the field of extremely weak magnetic detection, and particularly relates to a high-bandwidth high-sensitivity closed-loop SERF atomic magnetometer device.
Background
Spin-free relaxation (SERF) Atomic Magnetometer (AM) is a novel extremely weak magnetic signal (fT magnitude) measuring sensor, which realizes high-sensitivity weak magnetic detection by using spin quantum manipulation and photoelectric detection. Compared with the traditional extremely weak magnetic detection equipment, namely a superconducting quantum interference device (SQUID), the SERF atomic magnetometer can work in a room temperature environment on the premise of ensuring the equivalent sensitivity, and has the characteristics of portability, miniaturization, short detection distance, low manufacturing cost and the like.
The atomic magnetometer has wide application prospect in the fields of biomagnetic detection such as magnetocardiography and magnetoencephalography, basic physical inertial measurement, geological exploration, ultra-low field nuclear magnetic resonance measurement and the like. The sensitivity of the conventional SERF atomic magnetometer can reach the highest
Although having a rather high detection sensitivity, the SERF atomic magnetometer is limited to alkali relaxation rates compared to the measurement bandwidth of several tens kHz of SQUIDs, with a very narrow bandwidth range, typically only around 100 Hz. The narrow bandwidth can lead to insufficient sensitivity of the atomic magnetometer at high frequencies, thereby greatly limiting its measurement at high frequencies. At present, the fields of magnetoencephalography, ultra-low field nuclear magnetic resonance and the like have high-frequency measurement requirements, so a method for improving the bandwidth of the SERF atomic magnetometer is needed to widen the application range. The current method for improving the bandwidth of the SERF atomic magnetometer mainly comprises the steps of improving the pumping detection light intensity, improving the alkali metal atomic density, adopting negative feedback and the like. However, the bandwidth can still be maintained at about 200Hz, and the measurement bandwidth above kHz can not be really realized.
Disclosure of Invention
In view of this, it is necessary to provide a high bandwidth high sensitivity SERF atomic magnetometer device that substantially increases the bandwidth range of the original magnetometer to kHz level while guaranteeing the measurement sensitivity (on the order of fT), meeting the requirements of high frequency applications.
In order to solve the problems, the invention adopts the following technical scheme:
a high bandwidth high sensitivity closed loop SERF atomic magnetometer device comprising: -a pump laser diode (1), a first plano-convex collimator lens (2), a first 1/2 wave plate (3), a first laser isolator (4), a beam expanding lens (5), a first mirror (6), a first polarizer (7), a 1/4 wave plate (8), a detection laser diode (9), a second plano-convex collimator lens (10), a second 1/2 wave plate (11), a second laser isolator (12), a second mirror (13), a second polarizer (14), a third 1/2 wave plate (15), a polarization splitting prism PBS and mirror combination (16), a balance detector (17), an alkali metal atom plenum (18), a heating cabinet (19), a triaxial helmholtz coil (20), a magnetic shielding barrel (21), a PID controller (22), an adder (23), a series resistor (24), a data acquisition card (25), a control computer (26), the alkali metal atom plenum (18) being located in a central position of the magnetic shielding barrel (21) and being surrounded in turn by the heating cabinet (19) and the triaxial helmholtz coil (20), the helmholtz coil (19) and the triaxial helm coil (20) being located in the magnetic shielding barrel (21); wherein:
the pumping laser emitted by the pumping laser diode (1) sequentially passes through the first plano-convex collimating lens (2), the first 1/2 wave plate (3), the first laser isolator (4), the beam expanding lens (5), the first reflecting mirror (6), the first polaroid (7) and the 1/4 wave plate (8) to form circularly polarized light which passes through the alkali metal atom air chamber (18) along the Y-axis direction;
the detection laser emitted by the detection laser diode (9) sequentially passes through the second plano-convex collimating lens (10), the second 1/2 wave plate (11), the second laser isolator (12), the second reflecting mirror (13), the second polaroid (14) and the third 1/2 wave plate (15) to form linearly polarized light, the linearly polarized light passes through the alkali metal atom air chamber (18) along the Z-axis direction, and the linearly polarized light is divided into two beams of light with perpendicular polarization directions by the PBS and reflecting mirror combination (16), and the two beams of light are differentially amplified by the balance detector (17) and output to the PID controller (22); PID feedback signals are applied to the X-axis direction of the Helmholtz coil (20) to form a closed loop after passing through the adder (23) and the series resistor (24), so that a magnetic field around the alkali metal atomic gas chamber (18) in the X-axis direction is locked to zero; the PID feedback signal is received by the data acquisition card (25) and finally the measurement result is output by the control computer (26).
For existing atomic magnetometer open loop systems without PID feedback, the frequency response transfer function can be expressed as:
wherein G is 0 Is a DC response; Δω is the system-3 dB bandwidth; q is a nuclear slowing factor; r is R op Is the optical pumping rate; r is R rel Is the total relaxation rate, including spin-exchange relaxation and spin-destruction relaxation. Limited by the relaxation rate of alkali atoms, atomic magnetometer open loop systems typically can only reach around 100 Hz.
In an embodiment, after the PID controller is locked, the air chamber is closedMagnetic field around X-axis is locked to zero, and magnetic field B is measured in X-axis direction x Namely, the method can be expressed as:
wherein V is fb The voltage is fed back for PID; r is the resistance of the series resistor;
for the X-axis direction coil coefficient +.>
In an embodiment, the PID feedback voltage V fb Can be expressed as:
wherein K is P ，K I And K D Proportional, integral and differential gain coefficients, respectively; v (V) measure -an output voltage for the balance detector (17); v (V) setpoint Set points for PID; epsilon is the error signal.
In an embodiment, the frequency response transfer function of the closed loop SERF atomic magnetometer system can be expressed as:
wherein PID(s) is PID transfer function; k is a feedback coefficient, which can be expressed as:
by adopting the technical scheme, the invention has the following technical effects:
according to the high-bandwidth high-sensitivity closed-loop SERF atomic magnetometer device, PID is introduced to form closed-loop control, so that the system frequency response-3 dB bandwidth is greatly improved, the kHz level can be reached, and the high-frequency detection sensitivity is improved.
In addition, the high-bandwidth high-sensitivity closed-loop SERF atomic magnetometer device provided by the invention can accurately control the bandwidth of the atomic magnetometer by adjusting the parameters P, I and D, so that the amplitude of the frequency response transfer function in the frequency range required by actual measurement is ensured to be approximately 1, the phase is ensured to be approximately 0, the amplitude attenuation and the phase deviation of the frequency response of the system are avoided, and the performance consistency of the atomic magnetometer is ensured; and the bandwidth size and the sensitivity curve of the atomic magnetometer can be freely controlled by adjusting three parameters of P, I and D, so that the sensitivity of the frequency range required by actual measurement is ensured to be highest.
In addition, the high-bandwidth high-sensitivity closed-loop SERF atomic magnetometer device provided by the invention compensates the measured magnetic field in real time through PID control, and locks the magnetic field in the detection axis direction at the zero position all the time, so that the response linear interval and the magnetic field measurement dynamic range of the device are greatly improved, and the shielding requirement on the external environment is weakened.
Drawings
In order to more clearly illustrate the technical solutions of the embodiments of the present invention, the following description will briefly explain the embodiments of the present invention or the drawings used in the description of the prior art, and it is obvious that the drawings described below are only some embodiments of the present invention, and other drawings can be obtained according to these drawings without inventive effort for a person skilled in the art.
FIG. 1 is a schematic structural diagram of a high-bandwidth high-sensitivity closed-loop SERF atomic magnetometer device according to an embodiment of the invention;
FIG. 2 is a graph comparing bandwidth and sensitivity of an existing open-loop SERF atomic magnetometer with a PID closed-loop SERF atomic magnetometer provided by the invention;
FIG. 3 is a comparison of the response linear interval, i.e., dynamic range, of a conventional open loop SERF atomic magnetometer and a PID closed loop SERF atomic magnetometer.
Detailed Description
Embodiments of the present invention are described in detail below, examples of which are illustrated in the accompanying drawings, wherein like or similar reference numerals refer to like or similar elements or elements having like or similar functions throughout. The embodiments described below by referring to the drawings are illustrative and intended to explain the present invention and should not be construed as limiting the invention.
In the description of the present invention, it should be understood that the directions or positional relationships indicated by the terms "upper", "lower", "horizontal", "inner", "outer", etc., are based on the directions or positional relationships shown in the drawings, are merely for convenience in describing the present invention and simplifying the description, and do not indicate or imply that the devices or elements referred to must have a specific orientation, be constructed and operated in a specific orientation, and thus should not be construed as limiting the present invention.
Furthermore, the terms "first," "second," and the like, are used for descriptive purposes only and are not to be construed as indicating or implying a relative importance or implicitly indicating the number of technical features indicated. Thus, a feature defining "a first" or "a second" may explicitly or implicitly include one or more such feature. In the description of the present invention, the meaning of "a plurality" is two or more, unless explicitly defined otherwise.
The present invention will be described in further detail with reference to the drawings and examples, in order to make the objects, technical solutions and advantages of the present invention more apparent.
Examples
Referring to fig. 1, a schematic structural diagram of a high-bandwidth high-sensitivity closed-loop SERF atomic magnetometer device according to an embodiment of the present invention includes: the device comprises a pump laser diode (1), a first plano-convex collimating lens (2), a first 1/2 wave plate (3), a first laser isolator (4), a beam expanding lens (5), a first reflecting mirror (6), a first polaroid (7), a 1/4 wave plate (8), a detection laser diode (9), a second plano-convex collimating lens (10), a second 1/2 wave plate (11), a second laser isolator (12), a second reflecting mirror (13), a second polaroid (14), a third 1/2 wave plate (15), a polarization splitting prism PBS and reflecting mirror combination (16), a balance detector (17), an alkali metal atom air chamber (18), a heating box (19), a triaxial Helmholtz coil (20), a magnetic shielding barrel (21), a PID controller (22), an adder (23), a series resistor (24), a data acquisition card (25) and a control computer (26), wherein the alkali metal air chamber (18) is located at the central position of the magnetic shielding barrel (21) and is sequentially surrounded by the heating box (19) and the triaxial Helmholtz coil (20), and the triaxial Helmholtz coil (19) is located in the magnetic shielding barrel (21).
The working mode of the SERF atomic magnetometer device is as follows:
the pumping laser emitted by the pumping laser diode (1) sequentially passes through the first plano-convex collimating lens (2), the first 1/2 wave plate (3), the first laser isolator (4), the beam expanding lens (5), the first reflecting mirror (6), the first polarizing plate (7) and the first 1/4 wave plate (8) to form circularly polarized light, and then the circularly polarized light passes through the alkali metal atomic gas chamber (18) along the Y-axis direction;
the detection laser emitted by the detection laser diode (9) sequentially passes through the second plano-convex collimating lens (10), the second 1/2 wave plate (11), the second laser isolator (12), the second reflecting mirror (13), the second polaroid (14) and the third 1/2 wave plate (15) to form linearly polarized light, the linearly polarized light passes through the alkali metal atom air chamber (18) along the Z-axis direction, and the linearly polarized light is divided into two beams of light with perpendicular polarization directions by the PBS and reflecting mirror combination (16), and the two beams of light are differentially amplified by the balance detector (17) and output to the PID controller (22); PID feedback signals are applied to the X-axis direction of the Helmholtz coil (20) to form a closed loop after passing through the adder (23) and the series resistor (24), so that a magnetic field around the alkali metal atomic gas chamber (18) in the X-axis direction is locked to zero; the PID feedback signal is received by the data acquisition card (25) and finally the measurement result is output by the control computer (26).
For existing atomic magnetometer open loop systems without PID feedback, the frequency response transfer function can be expressed as:
wherein G is 0 Is a DC response; Δω is the system-3 dB bandwidth; q is a nuclear slowing factor; r is R op Is the optical pumping rate; r is R rel Is the total relaxation rate, including spin-exchange relaxation and spin-destruction relaxation. Limited by the relaxation rate of alkali atoms, atomic magnetometer open loop systems typically can only reach around 100 Hz.
The high-bandwidth high-sensitivity closed-loop SERF atomic magnetometer device provided by the embodiment of the invention can compensate the measured magnetic field in real time through PID control, and always lock the magnetic field in the detection axis direction at the zero position, thereby greatly improving the response linear interval and the magnetic field measurement dynamic range of the device, weakening the requirements on the external environment, overcoming the technical defects that the existing open-loop SERF atomic magnetometer is smaller in measurement dynamic range, can only maintain the linear response and high sensitivity in the smaller magnetic field interval around the zero point, and has higher requirements on the shielding environment.
Further, after the PID controller is locked, the magnetic field in the X-axis direction around the air chamber is locked to zero, and the magnetic field B is measured in the X-axis direction x Namely, the method can be expressed as:
wherein V is fb The voltage is fed back for PID; r is the resistance of the series resistor;
for the X-axis direction coil coefficient +.>
Further, the PID feeds back the voltage V fb Can be expressed as:
wherein K is P ，K I And K D Proportional, integral and differential gain coefficients, respectively; v (V) measure -an output voltage for the balance detector (17); v (V) setpoint Set points for PID; epsilon is the error signal. In the present embodiment V setpoint Set to zero.
Further, the frequency response transfer function of the high bandwidth high sensitivity closed loop SERF atomic magnetometer device can be expressed as:
wherein PID(s) is PID transfer function; k is a feedback coefficient, which can be expressed as:
from the above formula, it can be found that, in PID closed loop system, the-3 dB bandwidth is mainly determined by the settings of three parameters P, I and D, and in low frequency band, |G open (s) & PID(s) & K & lt > & gt 1 such that the frequency response transfer function G closed The amplitude of(s) is approximately 1, the frequency response curve is flattened, and the bandwidth is greatly improved compared with an open loop system, and the bandwidth can reach more than kHz.
It can be understood that, since the-3 dB bandwidth is mainly determined by the settings of the three parameters P, I and D, the system bandwidth is precisely controlled by freely adjusting the three parameters P, I and D, and the |G in the measurement frequency interval is ensured open (s) & PID(s) & K & lt > & gt 1 such that the frequency response transfer function G closed The amplitude value of(s) is approximately 1, and the phase is approximately 0, so that amplitude attenuation and phase deviation caused by the frequency response of a traditional open loop system are avoided, and the consistency of the performances of different atomic magnetometers is ensured. The characteristic is simple and effective, meets the response amplitude and phase consistency requirements of the later-stage gradient atomic magnetometer and the multichannel atomic magnetometer, and provides a good method for later-stage higher-sensitivity detection and multichannel detection, such as magnetocardiography and magnetoencephalography measurementThe solution is that;
in addition, the improvement of the bandwidth of the SERF atomic magnetometer effectively improves the measurement sensitivity of a high-frequency interval, but tends to reduce the sensitivity of a low-frequency interval, and the characteristic of freely adjustable system bandwidth in the invention can ensure that the sensitivity of the frequency interval required by actual measurement reaches the highest.
Referring to fig. 2, for the comparison graph of bandwidth and sensitivity of the existing open-loop SERF atomic magnetometer and the PID closed-loop SERF atomic magnetometer provided by the invention, for the open-loop atomic magnetometer, the-3 dB bandwidth is only 16Hz, while the bandwidth of the PID closed-loop atomic magnetometer can reach 1131Hz, which is approximately 70 times higher. The sensitivity of the open-loop atomic magnetometer gradually decreases from 100Hz to 1000Hz, and the sensitivity has decreased to 60fT/Hz 1/2 Left and right; while the sensitivity of the PID closed-loop atomic magnetometer is always kept at 15fT/Hz within the range of 50-700Hz 1/2 In the vicinity, the sensitivity drops to 20fT/Hz at 1000Hz 1/2 Left and right. Therefore, experiments prove that the PID closed loop SERF atomic magnetometer can greatly improve the bandwidth and the high-frequency sensitivity.
Referring to FIG. 3, for comparison of the response linear interval, i.e., dynamic range, of the open-loop SERF atomic magnetometer and the PID closed-loop atomic magnetometer, the system linear interval is only [ -1 ] nT for the open-loop atomic magnetometer, and is linear over the entire [ -15 ] nT interval for the PID closed-loop atomic magnetometer system. Therefore, experiments prove that the PID closed loop SERF atomic magnetometer can greatly improve the measurement dynamic range.
According to the high-bandwidth high-sensitivity closed-loop SERF atomic magnetometer device, PID is introduced to form closed-loop control, so that the system frequency response-3 dB bandwidth is greatly improved, the kHz level can be reached, and the high-frequency detection sensitivity is improved.
In addition, the high-bandwidth high-sensitivity closed-loop SERF atomic magnetometer device provided by the invention can accurately control the bandwidth of the atomic magnetometer by adjusting the P, I and D parameters, thereby ensuring that the amplitude of the frequency response transfer function in the frequency range required by actual measurement is approximately 1, the phase is approximately 0, avoiding the amplitude attenuation and the phase deviation of the frequency response of the system and ensuring the performance consistency of the atomic magnetometer; and the bandwidth size and the sensitivity curve of the atomic magnetometer can be freely and accurately controlled by adjusting three parameters of P, I and D, so that the sensitivity of the frequency range required by actual measurement is ensured to be highest.
In addition, the high-bandwidth high-sensitivity closed-loop SERF atomic magnetometer device provided by the invention compensates the measured magnetic field in real time through PID control, and locks the magnetic field in the detection axis direction at the zero position all the time, so that the response linear interval and the magnetic field measurement dynamic range of the device are greatly improved, and the shielding requirement on the external environment is weakened.
The foregoing description of the preferred embodiments of the present invention has been provided for the purpose of illustrating the general principles of the present invention and is not to be construed as limiting the scope of the invention in any way. Any modifications, equivalent substitutions and improvements made within the spirit and principles of the present invention, and other embodiments of the present invention as will occur to those skilled in the art without the exercise of inventive faculty, are intended to be included within the scope of the present invention.
Claims (1)
1. A high bandwidth high sensitivity closed loop SERF atomic magnetometer device comprising: a pump laser diode (1), a first plano-convex collimating lens (2), a first 1/2 wave plate (3), a first laser isolator (4), a beam expanding lens (5), a first reflecting mirror (6), a first polaroid (7), a 1/4 wave plate (8), a detection laser diode (9), a second plano-convex collimating lens (10), a second 1/2 wave plate (11), a second laser isolator (12), a second reflecting mirror (13), a second polaroid (14), a third 1/2 wave plate (15), a polarization splitting prism PBS and reflecting mirror combination (16), a balance detector (17), an alkali metal atom air chamber (18), a heating box (19), a triaxial Helmholtz coil (20), a magnetic shielding barrel (21), a PID controller (22), an adder (23), a series resistor (24), a data acquisition card (25) and a control computer (26), wherein the alkali metal atom air chamber (18) is located at the central position of the magnetic shielding barrel (21) and is sequentially surrounded by the heating box (19) and the triaxial Helmholtz coil (20), and the triaxial Helmholtz coil (19) are located in the triaxial magnetic shielding barrel (21); wherein:
the pumping laser emitted by the pumping laser diode (1) sequentially passes through the first plano-convex collimating lens (2), the first 1/2 wave plate (3), the first laser isolator (4), the beam expanding lens (5), the first reflecting mirror (6), the first polarizing plate (7) and the 1/4 wave plate (8) to form circularly polarized light, and then the circularly polarized light passes through the alkali metal atomic gas chamber (18) along the Y-axis direction;
the detection laser emitted by the detection laser diode (9) sequentially passes through the second plano-convex collimating lens (10), the second 1/2 wave plate (11), the second laser isolator (12), the second reflecting mirror (13), the second polaroid (14) and the third 1/2 wave plate (15) to form linearly polarized light, the linearly polarized light passes through the alkali metal atom air chamber (18) along the Z-axis direction, and the linearly polarized light is divided into two beams of light with perpendicular polarization directions by the PBS and reflecting mirror combination (16), and the two beams of light are differentially amplified by the balance detector (17) and output to the PID controller (22); PID feedback signals are applied to the X-axis direction of the Helmholtz coil (20) to form a closed loop after passing through the adder (23) and the series resistor (24), so that a magnetic field around the alkali metal atomic gas chamber (18) in the X-axis direction is locked to zero; the PID feedback signal is received by the data acquisition card (25) and finally the measurement result is output by the control computer (26);
forming closed loop control, when the PID controller is locked, the magnetic field around the air chamber is locked to zero, and the magnetic field B is measured in the X-axis direction x Namely, the method can be expressed as:
wherein V is fb The voltage is fed back for PID; r is the resistance of the series resistor;
for the X-axis coil coefficient in the three-axis Helmholtz coil>
The P isID feedback voltage V fb Can be expressed as:
wherein K is P ，K I And K D Proportional, integral and differential gain coefficients, respectively; v (V) measure -an output voltage for the balance detector (17); v (V) setpoint Set points for PID; epsilon is an error signal;
the frequency response transfer function of the closed loop SERF atomic magnetometer device can be expressed as:
wherein G is open (s) is a frequency response transfer function of an open loop system without adding PID; PID(s) is a PID transfer function, K is a feedback coefficient, and can be expressed as:
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| CN113740786A (en) * | 2021-09-01 | 2021-12-03 | 西安交通大学 | Method for measuring alkali metal atom density of single-beam SERF atomic magnetometer |
| CN114442009A (en) * | 2021-12-22 | 2022-05-06 | 北京自动化控制设备研究所 | Frequency stabilization method and system of atomic magnetometer based on FP (Fabry-Perot) cavity frequency stabilization |
| CN114942663B (en) * | 2022-04-21 | 2023-10-20 | 华南师范大学 | Current source feedback circuit based on atomic magnetometer |
| CN115998298B (en) * | 2022-12-13 | 2024-04-30 | 北京航空航天大学 | Signal processing method for improving core magnetic measurement bandwidth of SERF atomic magnetometer based on transient response calculation |
| CN117147004B (en) * | 2023-10-30 | 2024-03-26 | 之江实验室 | High-precision temperature and magnetic field signal measuring device used in weak magnetic field environment |
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