CN112505595A - High-bandwidth high-sensitivity closed-loop SERF atomic magnetometer device - Google Patents

High-bandwidth high-sensitivity closed-loop SERF atomic magnetometer device Download PDF

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CN112505595A
CN112505595A CN202011300255.1A CN202011300255A CN112505595A CN 112505595 A CN112505595 A CN 112505595A CN 202011300255 A CN202011300255 A CN 202011300255A CN 112505595 A CN112505595 A CN 112505595A
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胡涛
唐玉国
郭清乾
吴中毅
常严
杨晓冬
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Ji Hua Laboratory
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Abstract

According to the high-bandwidth high-sensitivity closed-loop SERF atomic magnetometer device, the PID is introduced to form closed-loop control, so that the-3 dB bandwidth of the system frequency response is greatly improved, the kHz level can be reached, and the high-frequency detection sensitivity is improved; in addition, the bandwidth size and the sensitivity curve of the SERF atomic magnetometer can be freely and accurately controlled by adjusting three parameters of P, I and D, so that the highest sensitivity of the frequency range required by actual measurement is ensured. In addition, the PID controls the real-time compensation measurement magnetic field, and the magnetic field in the direction of the detection shaft is always locked at the zero position, so that the response linear interval and the magnetic field measurement dynamic range of the device are greatly improved, and the shielding requirement on the external environment is reduced.

Description

High-bandwidth high-sensitivity closed-loop SERF atomic magnetometer device
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the field of weak magnetic detection, and particularly relates to a high-bandwidth high-sensitivity closed-loop SERF atomic magnetometer device.
Background
A spin-free exchange relaxation (SERF) Atomic Magnetometer (AM) is a novel weak magnetic signal (fT magnitude) measuring sensor, and realizes high-sensitivity weak magnetic detection by spin quantum control and photoelectric detection. Compared with the traditional weak magnetic detection device, namely a superconducting quantum interferometer (SQUID), the SERF atomic magnetometer can work in a room temperature environment on the premise of ensuring equivalent sensitivity, and has the characteristics of portability, miniaturization, short detection distance, low cost and the like.
At present, the atomic magnetometer has wide application prospect in the fields of biomagnetic detection such as cardiac magnetism and cerebral magnetism, basic physical inertia measurement, geological exploration, ultra-low field nuclear magnetic resonance measurement and the like. At present, the sensitivity of the SERF atomic magnetometer can reach the highest
Figure BDA0002786564390000011
Although having a rather high detection sensitivity, SERF atomic magnetometers are limited by the alkali metal relaxation rate compared to the SQUID measurement bandwidth of tens of kHz, with a very narrow bandwidth range, typically only around 100 Hz. The narrow bandwidth can result in an atomic magnetometer with insufficient sensitivity at high frequencies, thereby greatly limiting its measurement at high frequencies. However, the fields of magnetoencephalography, ultralow field nuclear magnetic resonance and the like all have the requirement of high-frequency measurement, so that a method for improving the bandwidth of a SERF atomic magnetometer is needed to widen the application range. The current method for improving the bandwidth of the SERF atomic magnetometer mainly comprises the steps of improving the pumping detection light intensity, improving the density of alkali metal atoms, adopting negative feedback and the like. However, the bandwidth can only be maintained at about 200Hz, and the measurement bandwidth above kHz cannot be really realized.
Disclosure of Invention
In view of this, it is necessary to provide a high-bandwidth and high-sensitivity SERF atomic magnetometer device which greatly increases the bandwidth range of the original magnetometer to the kHz level while ensuring the measurement sensitivity (about fT magnitude) and meets the requirement of high-frequency applications.
In order to solve the problems, the invention adopts the following technical scheme:
a high-bandwidth high-sensitivity closed-loop SERF atomic magnetometer device, comprising: is a pump laser diode (1), a first plano-convex collimating lens (2), a first 1/2 wave plate (3), a first laser isolator (4), a beam expanding lens (5), a first reflector (6), a first polaroid (7), a 1/4 wave plate (8), a detection laser diode (9), a second plano-convex collimating lens (10), a second 1/2 wave plate (11), a second laser isolator (12), a second reflector (13), a second polaroid (14), a third 1/2 wave plate (15), a polarization beam splitter prism PBS and reflector combination (16), a balance detector (17), an alkali metal atom air chamber (18), a heating box (19), a triaxial Helmholtz coil (20), a magnetic shielding barrel (21), a PID controller (22), an adder (23), a series resistor (24), a data acquisition card (25), A control computer (26), wherein the alkali metal air chamber (18) is positioned at the center of the magnetic shielding barrel (21) and is sequentially surrounded by the heating box (19) and the three-axis Helmholtz coil (20), and the heating box (19) and the three-axis Helmholtz coil (20) are positioned in the magnetic shielding barrel (21); wherein:
pump laser emitted by a pump laser diode (1) sequentially passes through the first plano-convex collimating lens (2), the first 1/2 wave plate (3), the first laser isolator (4), the beam expanding lens (5), the first reflector (6), the first polarizer (7) and the 1/4 wave plate (8) to form circularly polarized light which penetrates through the alkali metal atom air chamber (18) along the Y-axis direction;
after detection laser emitted by a detection laser diode (9) sequentially passes through the second plano-convex collimating lens (10), the second 1/2 wave plate (11), the second laser isolator (12), the second reflecting mirror (13), the second polarizing plate (14) and the third 1/2 wave plate (15) to form linearly polarized light and then passes through the alkali metal atom air chamber (18) along the Z-axis direction, the linearly polarized light is divided into two beams of light with vertical polarization directions by the PBS and reflecting mirror combination (16), the two beams of light are differentially amplified by the balance detector (17), and the two beams of light are output to the PID controller (22); a PID feedback signal passes through the adder (23) and the series resistor (24) and then is applied to the Helmholtz coil (20) in the X-axis direction to form a closed loop, so that the magnetic field in the X-axis direction around the alkali metal atom gas chamber (18) is locked to zero; PID feedback signals are received by the data acquisition card (25) and finally the measurement results are output by the control computer (26).
For an existing open-loop system of atomic magnetometer without PID feedback, the frequency response transfer function can be expressed as:
Figure BDA0002786564390000031
in the formula, G0Is a DC response; Δ ω is the system-3 dB bandwidth; q is a nuclear slowing factor; ropIs the optical pumping rate; rrelThe overall relaxation rate includes spin-exchange relaxation and spin-destruction relaxation. Limited by the alkali metal atomic relaxation rate, the bandwidth of an open-loop system of an atomic magnetometer can only reach about 100 Hz.
In the embodiment, after the PID controller is locked, the X-axis direction magnetic field around the gas chamber is locked to zero, and the X-axis direction measurement magnetic field BxI.e. can be represented as:
Figure BDA0002786564390000032
in the formula, VfbFeeding back the voltage for PID; r is the resistance value of the series resistor; i isBxFor the X-axis direction coil coefficients in the three-axis Helmholtz coil (20)
Figure BDA0002786564390000033
In an embodiment, the PID feedback voltage VfbThe mathematical model of (a) can be expressed as:
Figure BDA0002786564390000034
in the formula, KP，KIAnd KDProportional, integral and differential gain coefficients, respectively; vmeasureIs the output voltage of the balance detector (17); vsetpointSet points for PID; ε is the error signal.
In an embodiment, the frequency response transfer function of the closed-loop SERF atomic magnetometer system can be represented as:
Figure BDA0002786564390000035
wherein PID(s) is a PID transfer function; k is a feedback coefficient, which can be expressed as:
Figure BDA0002786564390000041
by adopting the technical scheme, the invention has the following technical effects:
the high-bandwidth high-sensitivity closed-loop SERF atomic magnetometer device provided by the invention forms closed-loop control by introducing PID, greatly improves the system frequency response-3 dB bandwidth, can reach the kHz level, and improves the high-frequency detection sensitivity.
In addition, the high-bandwidth high-sensitivity closed-loop SERF atomic magnetometer device accurately controls the bandwidth of the atomic magnetometer by adjusting three parameters P, I and D, so that the amplitude of a frequency response transfer function in a frequency range required by actual measurement is ensured to approach 1, the phase is ensured to approach 0, the amplitude attenuation and the phase deviation of system frequency response are avoided, and the performance consistency of the atomic magnetometer is ensured; and the bandwidth size and the sensitivity curve of the atomic magnetometer can be freely controlled by adjusting the three parameters P, I and D, so that the highest sensitivity of the frequency range required by actual measurement is ensured.
In addition, the high-bandwidth high-sensitivity closed-loop SERF atomic magnetometer device provided by the invention compensates the measurement magnetic field in real time through PID control, and the magnetic field in the direction of the detection axis is always locked at the zero position, so that the response linear interval and the magnetic field measurement dynamic range of the device are greatly improved, and the shielding requirement on the external environment is reduced.
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In order to more clearly illustrate the technical solutions of the embodiments of the present invention, the drawings needed to be used in the embodiments of the present invention or in the description of the prior art will be briefly described below, and it is obvious that the drawings described below are only some embodiments of the present invention, and it is obvious for those skilled in the art that other drawings can be obtained according to the drawings without creative efforts.
Fig. 1 is a schematic structural diagram of a high-bandwidth high-sensitivity closed-loop SERF atomic magnetometer device according to an embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 2 is a graph comparing bandwidth and sensitivity of an existing open-loop SERF atomic magnetometer with a PID closed-loop SERF atomic magnetometer provided by the present invention;
fig. 3 is a comparison of the response linear region, i.e., the dynamic range, of the conventional open-loop SERF atomic magnetometer and the PID closed-loop SERF atomic magnetometer.
Detailed Description
Reference will now be made in detail to embodiments of the present invention, examples of which are illustrated in the accompanying drawings, wherein like or similar reference numerals refer to the same or similar elements or elements having the same or similar function throughout. The embodiments described below with reference to the drawings are illustrative and intended to be illustrative of the invention and are not to be construed as limiting the invention.
In the description of the present invention, it is to be understood that the terms "upper", "lower", "horizontal", "inside", "outside", and the like, indicate orientations or positional relationships based on the orientations or positional relationships shown in the drawings, are only for convenience in describing the present invention and simplifying the description, and do not indicate or imply that the referred device or element must have a specific orientation, be constructed in a specific orientation, and be operated, and thus, should not be construed as limiting the present invention.
Furthermore, the terms "first", "second" and "first" are used for descriptive purposes only and are not to be construed as indicating or implying relative importance or implicitly indicating the number of technical features indicated. Thus, a feature defined as "first" or "second" may explicitly or implicitly include one or more of that feature. In the description of the present invention, "a plurality" means two or more unless specifically defined otherwise.
In order to make the objects, technical solutions and advantages of the present invention more apparent, the present invention is described in further detail below with reference to the accompanying drawings and embodiments.
Examples
Referring to fig. 1, a schematic structural diagram of a high-bandwidth high-sensitivity closed-loop SERF atomic magnetometer device according to an embodiment of the present invention includes: pump laser diode (1), first plano-convex collimating lens (2), first 1/2 wave plate (3), first laser isolator (4), beam expanding lens (5), first reflector (6), first polaroid (7), 1/4 wave plate (8), detection laser diode (9), second plano-convex collimating lens (10), second 1/2 wave plate (11), second laser isolator (12), second reflector (13), second polaroid (14), third 1/2 wave plate (15), polarization beam splitter prism PBS and reflector combination (16), balance detector (17), alkali metal atom gas chamber (18), heating cabinet (19), triaxial Helmholtz coil (20), magnetic shielding bucket (21), PID controller (22), adder (23), series resistance (24), data acquisition card (25), A control computer (26), wherein the alkali metal air chamber (18) is located at the central position of the magnetic shielding barrel (21) and is sequentially surrounded by the heating box (19) and the three-axis Helmholtz coil (20), and the heating box (19) and the three-axis Helmholtz coil (20) are located in the magnetic shielding barrel (21).
The operation mode of the SERF atomic magnetometer device is as follows:
the pump laser emitted by the pump laser diode (1) sequentially passes through the first plano-convex collimating lens (2), the first 1/2 wave plate (3), the first laser isolator (4), the beam expanding lens (5), the first reflector (6), the first polarizer (7) and the first 1/4 wave plate (8) to form circularly polarized light which passes through the alkali metal atom air chamber (18) along the Y-axis direction;
after detection laser emitted by a detection laser diode (9) sequentially passes through the second plano-convex collimating lens (10), the second 1/2 wave plate (11), the second laser isolator (12), the second reflecting mirror (13), the second polarizing plate (14) and the third 1/2 wave plate (15) to form linearly polarized light and then passes through the alkali metal atom air chamber (18) along the Z-axis direction, the linearly polarized light is divided into two beams of light with vertical polarization directions by the PBS and reflecting mirror combination (16), the two beams of light are differentially amplified by the balance detector (17), and the two beams of light are output to the PID controller (22); a PID feedback signal passes through the adder (23) and the series resistor (24) and then is applied to the Helmholtz coil (20) in the X-axis direction to form a closed loop, so that the magnetic field in the X-axis direction around the alkali metal atom gas chamber (18) is locked to zero; PID feedback signals are received by the data acquisition card (25) and finally the measurement results are output by the control computer (26).
For an existing open-loop system of atomic magnetometer without PID feedback, the frequency response transfer function can be expressed as:
Figure BDA0002786564390000061
in the formula, G0Is a DC response; Δ ω is the system-3 dB bandwidth; q is a nuclear slowing factor; ropIs the optical pumping rate; rrelThe overall relaxation rate includes spin-exchange relaxation and spin-destruction relaxation. Limited by the alkali metal atomic relaxation rate, the bandwidth of an open-loop system of an atomic magnetometer can only reach about 100 Hz.
The high-bandwidth high-sensitivity closed-loop SERF atomic magnetometer device provided by the embodiment of the invention can compensate the measurement magnetic field in real time through PID control, and the magnetic field in the direction of the detection axis is always locked at the zero position, so that the response linear interval and the magnetic field measurement dynamic range of the device are greatly improved, the requirement on the external environment is weakened, and the technical defects that the existing open-loop SERF atomic magnetometer has a small measurement dynamic range, can only keep linear response and high sensitivity in a small magnetic field interval around the zero point and has high requirement on the shielding environment are overcome.
Further, after the PID controller is locked, the magnetic field in the X-axis direction around the air chamber is locked to zero, and the magnetic field B is measured in the X-axis directionxI.e. can be represented as:
Figure BDA0002786564390000071
in the formula, VfbFeeding back the voltage for PID; r is the resistance value of the series resistor;
Figure BDA0002786564390000072
is a stand forThe coil coefficient in the X-axis direction in the triaxial Helmholtz coil (20)
Figure BDA0002786564390000073
Further, the PID feedback voltage VfbThe mathematical model of (a) can be expressed as:
Figure BDA0002786564390000074
in the formula, KP，KIAnd KDProportional, integral and differential gain coefficients, respectively; vmeasureIs the output voltage of the balance detector (17); vsetpointSet points for PID; ε is the error signal. In this embodiment VsetpointIs set to zero.
Further, the frequency response transfer function of the high-bandwidth high-sensitivity closed-loop SERF atomic magnetometer device can be expressed as:
Figure BDA0002786564390000075
wherein PID(s) is a PID transfer function; k is a feedback coefficient, which can be expressed as:
Figure BDA0002786564390000076
as can be seen from the above formula, in the PID closed loop system, the-3 dB bandwidth mainly depends on the setting of three parameters of P, I and D, and in the low frequency band, | Gopen(s). PID(s). K | > 1, such that the frequency response transfer function GclosedThe amplitude(s) approaches to 1, the frequency response curve is flattened, and the bandwidth is greatly improved compared with an open loop system and can reach more than kHz.
It can be understood that since the-3 dB bandwidth mainly depends on the setting of three parameters of P, I and D, the system bandwidth is accurately controlled by freely adjusting the three parameters of P, I and D, and the | G in the measurement frequency interval is ensuredopen(s). PID(s). K | > 1, such that the frequency response transfer function GclosedThe amplitude(s) approaches to 1, and the phase approaches to 0, so that amplitude attenuation and phase deviation caused by frequency response of a traditional open loop system are avoided, and consistent performance among different atomic magnetometers is ensured. The characteristic is simple and effective, the requirements of response amplitude and phase consistency of the later-stage gradient atomic magnetometer and the multichannel atomic magnetometer are met, and a good solution is provided for later-stage higher-sensitivity detection and multichannel detection, such as magnetocardiogram and magnetocardiogram measurement;
in addition, the improvement of the bandwidth of the SERF atomic magnetometer can effectively improve the measurement sensitivity of a high-frequency interval, but the reduction of the sensitivity of a low-frequency interval is often brought, and the characteristic that the system bandwidth can be freely adjusted in the invention can ensure that the sensitivity of the frequency interval required by actual measurement reaches the highest.
Referring to fig. 2, for a comparison graph of bandwidth and sensitivity between the conventional open-loop SERF atomic magnetometer and the PID closed-loop SERF atomic magnetometer provided by the present invention, for the open-loop atomic magnetometer, the-3 dB bandwidth is only 16Hz, while the bandwidth of the PID closed-loop atomic magnetometer can reach 1131Hz, which is nearly 70 times higher. The sensitivity of the open-loop atomic magnetometer is gradually reduced from 100Hz to 1000Hz, and the sensitivity is already reduced to 60fT/Hz1/2Left and right; and the sensitivity of the PID closed-loop atomic magnetometer is always kept at 15fT/Hz within the range of 50-700Hz1/2The sensitivity is reduced to 20fT/Hz when the frequency is close to 1000Hz1/2Left and right. Therefore, experiments prove that the PID closed-loop SERF atomic magnetometer can greatly improve the bandwidth and the high-frequency sensitivity.
Referring to FIG. 3, for comparing the response linear interval, i.e. the dynamic range, of the open-loop SERF atomic magnetometer and the PID closed-loop atomic magnetometer, the system linear interval is only [ -11 ] nT for the open-loop atomic magnetometer, and the system is linear throughout the [ -1515 ] nT interval for the PID closed-loop atomic magnetometer. Therefore, experiments prove that the PID closed-loop SERF atomic magnetometer can greatly improve the measurement dynamic range.
The high-bandwidth high-sensitivity closed-loop SERF atomic magnetometer device provided by the invention forms closed-loop control by introducing PID, greatly improves the system frequency response-3 dB bandwidth, can reach the kHz level, and improves the high-frequency detection sensitivity.
In addition, the high-bandwidth high-sensitivity closed-loop SERF atomic magnetometer device accurately controls the bandwidth of the atomic magnetometer by adjusting three parameters P, I and D, so that the amplitude of a frequency response transfer function in a frequency range required by actual measurement is ensured to approach 1, the phase is ensured to approach 0, the amplitude attenuation and the phase deviation of system frequency response are avoided, and the performance consistency of the atomic magnetometer is ensured; and the bandwidth size and the sensitivity curve of the atomic magnetometer can be freely and accurately controlled by adjusting the three parameters of P, I and D, so that the highest sensitivity of the frequency range required by actual measurement is ensured.
In addition, the high-bandwidth high-sensitivity closed-loop SERF atomic magnetometer device provided by the invention compensates the measurement magnetic field in real time through PID control, and the magnetic field in the direction of the detection axis is always locked at the zero position, so that the response linear interval and the magnetic field measurement dynamic range of the device are greatly improved, and the shielding requirement on the external environment is reduced.
The foregoing is considered as illustrative only of the preferred embodiments of the invention, and is presented merely for purposes of illustration and description of the principles of the invention and is not intended to limit the scope of the invention in any way. Any modifications, equivalents and improvements made within the spirit and principles of the invention and other embodiments of the invention without the creative effort of those skilled in the art are included in the protection scope of the invention based on the explanation here.

Claims (4)

1. A high-bandwidth high-sensitivity closed-loop SERF atomic magnetometer device, comprising: pump laser diode (1), first plano-convex collimating lens (2), first 1/2 wave plate (3), first laser isolator (4), beam expanding lens (5), first reflector (6), first polaroid (7), 1/4 wave plate (8), detection laser diode (9), second plano-convex collimating lens (10), second 1/2 wave plate (11), second laser isolator (12), second reflector (13), second polaroid (14), third 1/2 wave plate (15), polarization beam splitter prism PBS and reflector combination (16), balance detector (17), alkali metal atom gas chamber (18), heating cabinet (19), triaxial Helmholtz coil (20), magnetic shielding bucket (21), PID controller (22), adder (23), series resistance (24), data acquisition card (25), A control computer (26), wherein the alkali metal air chamber (18) is positioned at the center of the magnetic shielding barrel (21) and is sequentially surrounded by the heating box (19) and the three-axis Helmholtz coil (20), and the heating box (19) and the three-axis Helmholtz coil (20) are positioned in the magnetic shielding barrel (21); wherein:
the pump laser emitted by the pump laser diode (1) sequentially passes through the first plano-convex collimating lens (2), the first 1/2 wave plate (3), the first laser isolator (4), the beam expanding lens (5), the first reflector (6), the first polarizer (7) and the 1/4 wave plate (8) to form circularly polarized light which penetrates through the alkali metal atom air chamber (18) along the Y-axis direction;
after detection laser emitted by a detection laser diode (9) sequentially passes through the second plano-convex collimating lens (10), the second 1/2 wave plate (11), the second laser isolator (12), the second reflecting mirror (13), the second polarizing plate (14) and the third 1/2 wave plate (15) to form linearly polarized light and then passes through the alkali metal atom air chamber (18) along the Z-axis direction, the linearly polarized light is divided into two beams of light with vertical polarization directions by the PBS and reflecting mirror combination (16), the two beams of light are differentially amplified by the balance detector (17), and the two beams of light are output to the PID controller (22); a PID feedback signal passes through the adder (23) and the series resistor (24) and then is applied to the Helmholtz coil (20) in the X-axis direction to form a closed loop, so that the magnetic field in the X-axis direction around the alkali metal atom gas chamber (18) is locked to zero; PID feedback signals are received by the data acquisition card (25) and finally the measurement results are output by the control computer (26).
2. The high-bandwidth high-sensitivity closed-loop SERF atomic magnetometer device of claim 1, wherein closed-loop control is formed, when the PID controller is locked, the X-axis directional magnetic field around the gas chamber is locked to zero, and the X-axis directional measurement magnetic field B is locked to zeroxI.e. can be represented as:
Figure FDA0002786564380000021
in the formula, VfbFeeding back the voltage for PID; r is the resistance value of the series resistor;
Figure FDA0002786564380000022
for the X-axis direction coil coefficients in the three-axis Helmholtz coil (20)
Figure FDA0002786564380000023
3. The high-bandwidth high-sensitivity closed-loop SERF atomic magnetometer device of claim 2, wherein the PID feedback voltage VfbThe mathematical model of (a) can be expressed as:
Figure FDA0002786564380000024
in the formula, KP，KIAnd KDProportional, integral and differential gain coefficients, respectively; vmeasureIs the output voltage of the balance detector (17); vsetpointSet points for PID; ε is the error signal.
4. The high-bandwidth high-sensitivity closed-loop SERF atomic magnetometer device of claim 3, wherein the frequency response transfer function of the closed-loop SERF atomic magnetometer system can be expressed as:
Figure FDA0002786564380000025
in the formula, Gopen(s) is the frequency response transfer function of the open loop system without adding PID; PID(s) is the PID transfer function, K is the feedback coefficient, which can be expressed as:
Figure FDA0002786564380000026
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