CN112504515B - Measuring method for heat flux density distribution based on protruding thermocouple - Google Patents
Measuring method for heat flux density distribution based on protruding thermocouple Download PDFInfo
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- CN112504515B CN112504515B CN202011252155.6A CN202011252155A CN112504515B CN 112504515 B CN112504515 B CN 112504515B CN 202011252155 A CN202011252155 A CN 202011252155A CN 112504515 B CN112504515 B CN 112504515B
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01K—MEASURING TEMPERATURE; MEASURING QUANTITY OF HEAT; THERMALLY-SENSITIVE ELEMENTS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- G01K17/00—Measuring quantity of heat
- G01K17/06—Measuring quantity of heat conveyed by flowing media, e.g. in heating systems e.g. the quantity of heat in a transporting medium, delivered to or consumed in an expenditure device
- G01K17/08—Measuring quantity of heat conveyed by flowing media, e.g. in heating systems e.g. the quantity of heat in a transporting medium, delivered to or consumed in an expenditure device based upon measurement of temperature difference or of a temperature
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01K—MEASURING TEMPERATURE; MEASURING QUANTITY OF HEAT; THERMALLY-SENSITIVE ELEMENTS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- G01K7/00—Measuring temperature based on the use of electric or magnetic elements directly sensitive to heat ; Power supply therefor, e.g. using thermoelectric elements
- G01K7/02—Measuring temperature based on the use of electric or magnetic elements directly sensitive to heat ; Power supply therefor, e.g. using thermoelectric elements using thermoelectric elements, e.g. thermocouples
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E30/00—Energy generation of nuclear origin
- Y02E30/30—Nuclear fission reactors
Abstract
The invention discloses a method for measuring heat flow density distribution based on a protruding thermocouple, which is characterized in that the thermocouple is brazed into a thermocouple mounting block, then the mounting block is mounted in a component to be measured, the thermocouple mounting block protrudes out of a heat flow bearing surface of the component to be measured after mounting is completed, and a temperature measuring end of the thermocouple is arranged below the heat flow bearing surface of the component to be measured, so that the influence of transverse heat conduction on the temperature measurement of the thermocouple is effectively reduced, and the measurement precision is improved. Thermocouples in the part to be tested are installed according to the shape of the object to be tested and according to a certain layout, so that relatively high precision is guaranteed in the subsequent interpolation and fitting steps; acquiring temperature rise curves of all thermocouples by using thermocouple data acquisition equipment, determining the temperature difference at a certain moment, and calculating to obtain the heat flux density of the surface corresponding to the thermocouple installation position; and analyzing the heat flow density values of all thermocouple installation positions, and performing surface integration on the distribution function on the surface s to be measured to obtain the total heat power.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to the technical field of thermal measurement, in particular to a measuring method of heat flux density distribution based on a protruding thermocouple.
Background
The heat flux density distribution on the surface of the high-heat-load component is a key parameter for evaluating indexes such as deformation quantity after the component is heated and maximum working time of the component, and is one of key parameters for carrying out thermodynamic analysis on the component. A common method of heat flow density distribution measurement is to measure the temperature change over time with a thermal sensor and determine the heat flow density of the surface by analysis of the temperature change. However, due to factors such as the shape of the object, the surface topography, the installation position of the thermal sensor, and the response time of the thermal sensor, determining the heat flow density distribution is a relatively complicated process and has relatively large errors.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention aims to provide a measuring method of heat flow density distribution based on a protruding thermocouple, which is not limited by the size and the surface appearance of a part to be measured and solves the problem of measuring the heat flow density distribution.
In order to achieve the purpose, the technical scheme adopted by the invention is as follows: a measuring method based on the heat flux density distribution of a protruding thermocouple is characterized in that the thermocouple is arranged on a thermocouple mounting block; forming a tapered through hole with the shape and size matched with the thermocouple mounting block on the component to be tested, and mounting the thermocouple mounting block fixed with the armored thermocouple in the through hole of the component;
the cross section of the thermocouple mounting block is trapezoidal, and the diameter of the lower surface is smaller than that of the upper surface; the area of the lower surface of the thermocouple mounting block is smaller than that of the lower surface of the taper hole formed in the component to be tested, the thermocouple mounting block protrudes out of the lower surface of the taper hole formed in the component to be tested after the thermocouple mounting block is mounted, the protruding height is not less than 1cm, and the temperature measuring surface of the thermocouple mounting block is ensured to be below the heating surface of the component to be tested;
the installation positions of the thermocouples are arranged according to a preset layout; acquiring a change curve of the temperature at the installation position of each thermocouple along with time by using thermocouple measuring equipment; determining the temperature difference between the thermocouple mounting points at a certain moment and the initial temperature rise moment in the temperature rise process; and calculating the corresponding surface heat flux density at the mounting point according to the temperature difference of the mounting point of each thermocouple, determining the heat flux density distribution of the surface of the object through interpolation and fitting, and meanwhile, determining the total heat power by integrating the obtained heat flux density.
Further, the thermocouple installation piece will bulge the lower surface of the taper hole of opening on the part that awaits measuring after the installation is accomplished, and the temperature measurement face of thermocouple temperature measurement end is in the part heated surface below that awaits measuring, and under the circumstances of guaranteeing thermocouple safety, the position of thermocouple mounting point need be close to the installation piece surface, specifically includes:
if the instantaneous heat flux density borne by the part to be tested does not exceed 1MW/m2The distance between the position of the thermocouple mounting point and the surface of the mounting block is 2-3 mm, if the instantaneous heat flux density born by the part to be tested exceeds 1MW/m2The distance between the position of the thermocouple mounting point and the surface of the mounting block should be 3 to 5 mm.
Further, if the steady-state average heat flux density borne by the component to be measured meets the range, the distance between the position of the thermocouple mounting point and the surface of the mounting block is properly increased by 3-5 mm on the basis, and the distance between the position of the thermocouple mounting point and the heated surface is ensured to be less than half of the protrusion height, or a water cooling structure is added, so that the safe operation of the temperature measuring equipment is ensured.
Furthermore, the installation positions and the number of the thermocouples are arranged according to the area and the measurement precision of the heat flow density to be measured, and the installation positions of the thermocouples are distributed and arranged according to a certain distribution.
Furthermore, a thermocouple measuring device is used for collecting the change curve of the temperature at the installation position of each thermocouple along with the time.
Furthermore, the change curve of the temperature along with the time is collected, and the temperature difference of each thermocouple installation point at a certain moment is determined.
Further, calculating the corresponding surface heat flux density at the mounting point according to the temperature difference of the mounting point of each thermocouple, and determining the heat flux density distribution on the surface of the object through interpolation and function fitting.
In the invention, the taper of the thermocouple mounting block is designed to be consistent with the taper of the preformed hole of the part to be measured, so as to ensure the mounting firmness.
In the invention, the material of the thermocouple mounting block is designed to be consistent with that of the component to be measured, so that the thermocouple mounting block and the component to be measured keep the same deformation rate when the temperature changes.
According to the invention, the area of the lower surface of the thermocouple mounting block is smaller than that of the lower surface of the taper hole formed in the part to be measured, the thermocouple mounting block protrudes out of the lower surface of the taper hole formed in the part to be measured after mounting is completed, and the temperature measuring end of the thermocouple is arranged below the heated surface of the part to be measured, so that the influence of transverse heat conduction on the temperature measurement of the thermocouple is reduced, and the measurement precision is effectively improved.
In the invention, the thermocouples are arranged according to a certain layout according to the shape and the surface appearance of the part to be measured, so that relatively high precision in the later interpolation and fitting process is ensured.
In the invention, the change curves of all thermocouples along with time need to be collected, and then the change curves are obtained according to a formula:
determining the heat flow density of the surface corresponding to the thermocouple installation position, wherein q is shown in the figurewIs the heat flux density, theta is from time 0 to timeThe temperature change at a certain position at the time of tau, z is the distance from the thermocouple mounting point to the heat flow bearing surface, lambda is the heat conductivity, alpha is the heat diffusion coefficient,
is a gaussian error function.
In the invention, a proper interpolation method is selected for interpolation according to the heat flow density of all mounting points obtained by combining the shape and the surface topography of the part to be measured and calculation, and the interpolated data is most approximate to real distribution through proper function fitting selected.
In the present invention, the function q obtained after fittingwThe heat flux density distribution can be obtained by plotting f (x, y).
In the invention, if the heat flux density distribution can be obtained by a function fitting method, the thermal power of the whole thermal bearing surface can be obtained by performing surface integration on the fitting function:
Ptotal＝∫∫f(x，y)ds
wherein s is the area of the heat flow carrying surface.
In the invention, if the heat flow density distribution can not be obtained by a function fitting method, the interpolated data q can be utilizedwτi,jAnd (3) performing discrete integration to obtain the thermal power of the whole thermal bearing surface:
in the formula PtotalN and m are the numbers of interpolated elements in x and y directions, respectively, and Δ x and Δ y are the step lengths of interpolation in x and y directions, respectively.
Has the advantages that:
the invention solves the problems of heat flux density distribution and total heat power measurement of the heat flux bearing surface; the invention can not be influenced by the surface appearance of the heat bearing surface, and the thermocouple protruding out of the heat flow bearing surface can reduce the measurement error caused by transverse heat transfer and effectively improve the measurement precision. Thermocouples in the part to be tested are installed according to the shape of the object to be tested and according to a certain layout, so that relatively high precision is guaranteed in the subsequent interpolation and fitting steps; acquiring temperature rise curves of all thermocouples by using thermocouple data acquisition equipment, determining the temperature difference at a certain moment, and calculating to obtain the heat flux density of the surface corresponding to the thermocouple installation position; and analyzing the heat flow density values of all thermocouple installation positions, and performing surface integration on the distribution function on the surface s to be measured to obtain the total heat power.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a schematic view of a method of installing a male thermocouple block according to the present invention;
FIG. 2 is a schematic view of the present invention after installation of the male thermocouple;
FIG. 3 is a flow chart of heat flow density distribution (thermal power) measurement;
fig. 4 is a plan view schematically showing an embodiment of a distributed measurement by installing a plurality of thermocouples on a certain measurement surface.
Description of reference numerals: the thermocouple device comprises a thermocouple 1, a thermocouple mounting blind hole 2, a thermocouple mounting block 3, a through hole 4, a part to be tested 5, a part to be tested 6, a heating surface of the part to be tested 6 and a thermocouple mounting block temperature measuring surface 7.
Detailed Description
The technical solutions in the embodiments of the present invention will be described clearly and completely with reference to the accompanying drawings in the embodiments of the present invention, and it is obvious that the described embodiments are only a part of the embodiments of the present invention, rather than all embodiments, and all other embodiments obtained by a person skilled in the art based on the embodiments of the present invention belong to the protection scope of the present invention without creative efforts.
As shown in fig. 1, a method for measuring heat flux density distribution based on a protruding thermocouple comprises selecting a thermocouple mounting block 3 with a suitable volume (normally, the ratio of the total area of the thermocouple mounting block to the area of the temperature measuring surface of a temperature measuring component to be measured is about 1/40, and if the measurement accuracy needs to be improved, the ratio of the total area of the thermocouple mounting block to the area of the temperature measuring surface of the temperature measuring component to be measured) according to the volume of the component to be measured, designing a thermocouple mounting blind hole 2 in the thermocouple mounting block 3, and mounting a thermocouple 1 in the mounting blind hole 2 by brazing. And (3) putting the thermocouple mounting block 3 into low-temperature liquid such as liquid nitrogen for freezing, wherein the volume of the thermocouple mounting block 3 is reduced due to expansion and contraction, finally, putting the frozen thermocouple mounting block 3 into the through hole 4 of the component to be measured 5, and after the temperature is raised, restoring the volume of the thermocouple mounting block 3 to be in close contact with the component to be measured 5.
As shown in fig. 2, the thermocouple mounting block 3 has a trapezoidal cross section, and the diameter of the lower surface is smaller than that of the upper surface; and the area of the lower surface of the thermocouple mounting block is smaller than that of the lower surface of the taper hole formed in the part to be tested, the thermocouple mounting block protrudes out of the lower surface of the taper hole formed in the part to be tested after the thermocouple mounting block is mounted, the protruding height is not less than 1cm, and the temperature measuring surface 7 of the thermocouple mounting block is ensured to be below the heating surface 6 of the part to be tested.
In the invention, the temperature measuring end of the convex thermocouple is arranged below the heating surface of the component to be measured, and the invention has the following advantages: the thermocouple protruding out of the heat flow bearing surface can reduce measurement errors caused by transverse heat transfer, and effectively improves measurement accuracy.
Further, in the present invention, the thermocouples are installed according to a certain layout according to the shape of the object to be measured, as shown in fig. 4, the layout of the thermocouples is arranged according to the shape of the object to be measured in a matrix form, and the distance is 5cm, so as to ensure relatively high accuracy in the subsequent interpolation and fitting steps; acquiring temperature rise curves of all thermocouples by using thermocouple data acquisition equipment, determining the temperature difference between a certain moment and the initial temperature rise moment in the temperature rise process, and calculating to obtain the heat flux density of the surface corresponding to the thermocouple installation position; as shown in fig. 3, by analyzing the heat flow density values of all thermocouple installation positions, a proper interpolation method is selected for interpolation processing, and the step length of interpolation determines the calculation accuracy; if after interpolation the distribution function q can be obtained by fittingwF (x, y), the distribution function may be subjected to surface integration on the surface s to be measured, so as to obtain the total thermal power; if the distribution function can not be obtained by fitting, the interpolated data q are utilizedwτi,jThe heat flux density distribution can be obtained by plotting the qwτi,jThe total thermal power is obtained by discrete integration.
According to one embodiment of the present invention, the time variation curves of all thermocouples are collected, and then according to the formula:
determining the heat flux density of the surface corresponding to the thermocouple installation, wherein qwIs the heat flow density, theta is the temperature change from 0 moment to a certain position of tau moment, z is the distance from the thermocouple mounting point to the heat flow bearing surface, lambda is the heat conductivity, alpha is the heat diffusion coefficient,
is a gaussian error function.
Selecting a proper interpolation method according to the heat flux density of all mounting points obtained by the combination calculation of the shape and the surface topography of the part to be measured, wherein the interpolation is carried out by methods such as polynomial interpolation, Taylor interpolation, Lagrange interpolation and the like, and the interpolated data is fitted by the selected proper function such as polynomial function, logarithmic function, Gaussian function and the like to be closest to the real distribution; function q obtained after fittingwThe heat flux density distribution can be obtained by plotting f (x, y).
Further, if the heat flux density distribution can be obtained by a function fitting method, the thermal power of the whole thermal bearing surface can be obtained by performing surface integration on the fitting function:
Ptotnl＝∫∫f(x，y)ds
wherein s is the area of the heat flow carrying surface.
In the invention, if the heat flow density distribution can not be obtained by a function fitting method, and if the fitting error between a fitting function curve and an actual temperature measurement curve can not meet the requirement of measurement precision, the interpolated data q can be utilizedwτi,jAnd (3) performing discrete integration to obtain the thermal power of the whole thermal bearing surface:
in the formula PtotalN and m are the numbers of the interpolated elements in the x and y directions, respectively, and Δ x and Δ y are the interpolation step lengths in the x and y directions, respectively.
Although illustrative embodiments of the present invention have been described above to facilitate the understanding of the present invention by those skilled in the art, it should be understood that the present invention is not limited to the scope of the embodiments, but various changes may be apparent to those skilled in the art, and it is intended that all inventive concepts utilizing the inventive concepts set forth herein be protected without departing from the spirit and scope of the present invention as defined and limited by the appended claims.
Claims (5)
1. A measuring method based on the heat flux density distribution of a protruding thermocouple is characterized in that the thermocouple is arranged on a thermocouple mounting block; forming a tapered through hole with the shape and size matched with the thermocouple mounting block on the component to be tested, and mounting the thermocouple mounting block fixed with the armored thermocouple in the through hole of the component; the method is characterized in that:
the cross section of the thermocouple mounting block is trapezoidal, and the diameter of the lower surface is smaller than that of the upper surface; the area of the lower surface of the thermocouple mounting block is smaller than that of the lower surface of the taper hole formed in the component to be tested, the thermocouple mounting block protrudes out of the lower surface of the taper hole formed in the component to be tested after the thermocouple mounting block is mounted, the protruding height is not less than 1cm, and the temperature measuring surface of the thermocouple mounting block is ensured to be below the heating surface of the component to be tested;
the installation positions of the thermocouples are arranged according to a preset layout; acquiring a change curve of the temperature at the installation position of each thermocouple along with time by using thermocouple measuring equipment; determining the temperature difference between the thermocouple mounting points at a certain moment and the initial temperature rise moment in the temperature rise process; calculating the corresponding surface heat flux density at the mounting point according to the temperature difference of the mounting point of each thermocouple, determining the heat flux density distribution of the surface of the object through interpolation or fitting, and meanwhile, determining the total heat power through integrating the obtained heat flux density;
wherein, the installation positions and the number of the thermocouples are arranged according to the area and the measurement precision of the heat flow density to be measured;
acquiring a time-varying curve of the temperature of the thermocouple installation position by using thermocouple measuring equipment, determining the temperature of each thermocouple installation point at a certain moment, and calculating the temperature difference between the certain moment and the initial temperature-rising moment of each thermocouple installation point in the temperature-rising process according to the curve;
calculating the heat flux density of each measuring point based on the heat transfer principle, and selecting an interpolation or fitting method to perform data processing according to the distribution characteristics of the thermocouples to obtain the heat flux density distribution on the whole measuring surface;
the method for obtaining the total thermal power by integrating the measured heat flow density distribution on the heat flow bearing surface specifically comprises the following steps:
if after interpolation, the distribution function q is obtained by fittingwIf f (x, y), performing surface integration on the distribution function on the surface to be measured, and obtaining total thermal power; if the distribution function can not be obtained by fitting, the interpolated data q are utilizedwτi,jPlotting to obtain the heat flow density distribution, and simultaneously obtaining the heat flow density distribution by comparing qwτi,jCarrying out discrete integration to obtain total thermal power;
the time-dependent change curves of all thermocouples are collected, and then according to the formula:
determining the heat flux density of the surface corresponding to the thermocouple installation, wherein qwIs the heat flow density, theta is the temperature change from 0 moment to a certain position of tau moment, z is the distance from the thermocouple mounting point to the heat flow bearing surface, lambda is the heat conductivity, alpha is the heat diffusion coefficient,
is a gaussian error function.
2. The method for measuring the heat flow density distribution based on the convex thermocouple according to claim 1, wherein the method comprises the following steps:
after the installation, thermocouple installation piece will bulge the lower surface in the taper hole of opening on the part that awaits measuring, and the temperature measurement face of thermocouple temperature measurement end is in the part heated surface below that awaits measuring, under the circumstances of guaranteeing thermocouple safety, the position of thermocouple mounting point need be close to the installation piece surface, specifically includes:
if the instantaneous heat flux density borne by the part to be tested does not exceed 1MW/m2The distance between the position of the thermocouple mounting point and the surface of the mounting block is 2-3 mm, if the instantaneous heat flux density born by the part to be tested exceeds 1MW/m2The distance between the position of the thermocouple mounting point and the surface of the mounting block should be 3 to 5 mm.
3. The method for measuring the heat flow density distribution based on the convex thermocouple as claimed in claim 2, wherein:
if the steady-state average heat flux density borne by the part to be tested is more than 1MW/m2On the basis that the distance between the position of the thermocouple mounting point and the surface of the mounting block is 2-3 mm, the distance between the position of the thermocouple mounting point and the surface of the mounting block is properly increased by 3-5 mm, and the distance between the position of the thermocouple mounting point and the heated surface is ensured to be less than half of the projection height, or a water cooling structure is added to ensure the safe operation of the temperature measuring equipment.
4. The method for measuring the heat flow density distribution based on the convex thermocouple according to claim 1, wherein the method comprises the following steps:
if the heat flux density distribution is obtained by a function fitting method, the thermal power of the whole thermal bearing surface is obtained by performing surface integration on the fitting function:
Ptotal＝∫∫f(x，y)ds
wherein s is the area of the heat flow carrying surface.
5. The method for measuring the heat flow density distribution based on the convex thermocouple according to claim 1, wherein the method comprises the following steps:
if it is not possible to do soObtaining heat flow density distribution by a function fitting method, and then utilizing data q after interpolationwτi,jAnd (3) performing discrete integration to obtain the thermal power of the whole thermal bearing surface:
in the formula PtotalN and m are the numbers of interpolated elements in x and y directions, respectively, and Δ x and Δ y are the step lengths of interpolation in x and y directions, respectively.
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