CN112482298A - Testing device and testing method for fishes crossing dam in mountain river - Google Patents
Testing device and testing method for fishes crossing dam in mountain river Download PDFInfo
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- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E02—HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING; FOUNDATIONS; SOIL SHIFTING
- E02B—HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING
- E02B1/00—Equipment or apparatus for, or methods of, general hydraulic engineering, e.g. protection of constructions against ice-strains
- E02B1/02—Hydraulic models
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01K—ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; AVICULTURE; APICULTURE; PISCICULTURE; FISHING; REARING OR BREEDING ANIMALS, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NEW BREEDS OF ANIMALS
- A01K63/00—Receptacles for live fish, e.g. aquaria; Terraria
- A01K63/04—Arrangements for treating water specially adapted to receptacles for live fish
- A01K63/042—Introducing gases into the water, e.g. aerators, air pumps
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- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E02—HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING; FOUNDATIONS; SOIL SHIFTING
- E02B—HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING
- E02B1/00—Equipment or apparatus for, or methods of, general hydraulic engineering, e.g. protection of constructions against ice-strains
- E02B1/006—Arresting, diverting or chasing away fish in water-courses or water intake ducts, seas or lakes, e.g. fish barrages, deterrent devices ; Devices for cleaning fish barriers
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- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E02—HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING; FOUNDATIONS; SOIL SHIFTING
- E02B—HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING
- E02B8/00—Details of barrages or weirs ; Energy dissipating devices carried by lock or dry-dock gates
- E02B8/08—Fish passes or other means providing for migration of fish; Passages for rafts or boats
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
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Abstract
The invention relates to a testing device and a testing method for fishes crossing a dam in mountainous rivers, wherein the testing device comprises a horseshoe swimming pool (1), a motor (2), a linkage shaft (3), a propeller (4) and a frequency converter (5); the motor (2) is electrically connected with the frequency converter (5); a rotating shaft of the motor (2) is connected with a propeller (4) through a linkage shaft (3); the U-shaped swimming pool (1) comprises a curve area A (6), a curve area B (7), a straight area A (8) and a straight area B (9); and so on. The invention has reasonable and effective structure arrangement, convenient manufacture, time and labor saving for maintaining and replacing parts and saving the manufacturing cost; the invention simulates a stable test environment, guarantees the test result of the tested fish, and can be used for fish passing facilities constructed by the fish passing the dam.
Description
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the technical field of a dam-passing fish testing device structure and a dam-passing fish testing method in a dam-passing facility.
Background
The conventional fish passing facility of the dam is a large-scale project built between the upstream and the downstream of the dam, and the cost is huge. However, the amount of different dam bodies is divided into different sizes, and the species composition of local fishes is greatly different due to the influence of the difference of the ecological environments of the upstream and downstream fishes of the dam, so that indexes and parameters influencing the construction of the engineering need to be found when the engineering of fish passing facilities is built.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention provides a testing device and a testing method for fishes crossing a dam in mountainous rivers, aiming at solving the defects of the problems.
The invention is realized by adopting the following technical scheme.
A testing device for fishes crossing a dam in a mountain river comprises a horseshoe swimming field 1, a motor 2, a linkage shaft 3, a propeller 4 and a frequency converter 5;
the motor 2 is electrically connected with the frequency converter 5;
a rotating shaft of the motor 2 is connected with a propeller 4 through a universal driving shaft 3;
the horseshoe swimming pool 1 comprises four parts, namely a curve area A6, a curve area B7, a straight road area A8 and a straight road area B9;
in the counterclockwise direction, a straight road region A8, a curve region a6, a straight road region B9, and a curve region B7 are set, respectively; the straight road area A8, the curve area A6, the straight road area B9 and the curve area B7 are connected end to end;
the propeller 4 is installed and arranged in the straight channel area A8, and the stirring water flow direction flows along the straight channel area A8, the curve channel area A6, the straight channel area B9 and the curve channel area B7 in sequence;
the test area 10 of the fish passing the dam is arranged in a straight road area B9;
Furthermore, the outer side wall of the testing area 10 is provided with a backward bay slow flow structure 23 protruding outwards, and the backward bay slow flow structure 23 is formed by a movable transfer plate vertical to the bottom of the testing area 10;
comprises a fixing hole 22 arranged at the bottom of the testing area 10; a detachable loading choke flow regulating and controlling structure 20 is arranged on the fixed hole 22; the fixed holes 22 and the unloading choke flow regulating structure 20 are irregularly arranged;
the device comprises a detachable plugboard slot 21, wherein the detachable plugboard slot 21 is inserted at the bottom of the test area 10 and is parallel to the water flow direction; the offloadable paddle slot 21 divides the test area 10 into separate areas.
Further, the curve area A6 and the curve area B7 are arranged in a semicircular shape; the oxygen increasing system 19 is provided in the bend region a6 near the exit.
Furthermore, a watertight jacket is arranged on the outer side of the universal driving shaft 3, the watertight jacket passes through a curve area B7 and is arranged in a straight area B9, and the universal driving shaft 3 rotates in the watertight jacket; a rolling shaft sleeve 13 and a support rod 14 are respectively and transversely arranged at the front and the rear of the propeller 4; the central axis of the rolling shaft sleeve 13 and the center of the propeller 4 are on the same horizontal line. The rolling shaft sleeve 13 is a structure with a rotating shaft at the center and a thicker shaft sleeve at the outer part, and can be provided with holes or no holes, so as to eliminate larger water waves generated when the propeller 4 rotates.
Further, the invention is provided with grating plates A15 at the tail end of a straight road area A8 and the tail end of a curved road area A6 respectively; a grating plate B18 is fixedly arranged at the tail end of the straight road area B9.
Further, the present invention is provided with a flow stabilizing plate 16 at the front end of the straight channel area B9, wherein the flow stabilizing plate 16 is provided with a plurality of vertical insertion plates 17 arranged downstream along the water flow direction.
Further, the size of the grid on the grid plate A15 is smaller than that of the grid on the grid plate B18; test zone 10 is disposed between grid panel a15 and grid panel B18, the length of test zone 10 being no less than 1 m.
Further, the present invention is provided with a dissolved oxygen meter and a temperature meter in the horseshoe swimming pool 1.
The invention relates to a method for testing swimming ability of fish, which comprises two characteristics of flow tendency and gram flow capacity;
the flow-approaching characteristic takes an induction flow speed (velocity) as an index;
the induction flow rate refers to a flow rate value which can enable the fishes to generate flow-approaching reaction, and the flow-approaching reaction indicates the standard according to the change of the movement direction of the fishes;
the gram flow capacity of fishes is divided into three categories according to the difference of the intrinsic movement metabolism pattern of the fishes and the apparent movement duration, and the three categories are expressed by speed: sustained swim speed (sustained swim speed), and burst swim speed (burst speed);
the continuous swimming speed is as follows: the fish remain in the continuous swimming mode for a considerable time without feeling tired, the duration of which is calculated in >200 min;
durable swimming speed: the durable swimming speed of the fish is between the continuous swimming speed and the outburst swimming speed, can be maintained for 20 s-200 min and is finished by fatigue;
the burst swimming speed is the maximum speed that can be reached by the fish, and the maintenance time is very short and is less than 20 s.
Further, in the test method of the present invention, the burst swimming ability is divided into a burst swimming speed and a burst swimming speed;
wherein, the burst swimming speed refers to the maximum swimming speed reached by the fish in a very short time (<2 s);
the plunge swim speed refers to the maximum swim speed that a fish reaches in a short time (<20 s).
Further, the testing method of the present invention comprises:
the method comprises the following steps of (1) utilizing a horseshoe swimming pool, enabling fishes to move in a specific swimming area, manually setting water flow speed, and calculating the swimming speed and the water flow speed of the fishes according to the water flow speed;
aiming at individuals, the test fish is independently placed in a static water body of a water tank, then the flow velocity is gradually increased until the test fish falls and turns to a reverse flow direction, and the flow velocity is the induction flow velocity of the test fish individuals;
the incremental flow rate method:
before the experiment is started, testing the body length and the weight of the fish and placing the fish in a swimming area of an experiment device, wherein the initial flow rate of the experiment device is set to be 1bl/s (bl is the body length of the fish), the flow rate gradient is 1bl/s, and the time gradient is 15 min;
testing dissolved oxygen and temperature every 5min, removing the fish from the sealing area when the fish is tired (judgment standard: the fish reaches the grid at the tail end of the swimming area and cannot swim), and testing the weight;
because the fish always swim in the swimming area, namely the swimming speed of the fish is assumed to be equal to the water flow speed;
the calculation formula of the critical swimming speed Ucrit is Ucrit ═ Up + (tf/ti) x Ut, wherein: wherein Up (bl/s) is the swimming speed of the fish in the whole time period, Ut (bl/s) is the speed gradient, tf (min) is the time when the fish is accelerated to the fish fatigue for the last time, and ti (min) is the time gradient;
since the fish cross-sectional area is less than 10% of the swimming zone cross-sectional area, the retention effect is neglected, i.e. the critical swimming speed does not need to be corrected;
the continuous swimming speed range is 0-80% of the critical swimming speed;
the durable swimming speed range is 80% of the critical swimming speed to the plunging speed;
the burst swimming speed range is the burst speed of 10bl/s (body length/second).
The invention has the advantages that the structure is reasonable and effective, the manufacture is convenient, the time and the labor are saved when the parts are maintained and replaced, and the manufacture cost is saved; the method of the invention is considered comprehensively, and has new innovation content and technology upgrade compared with some existing methods; the invention simulates a stable test environment, guarantees the test result of the tested fish, and can be used in the fish elevator engineering constructed by the fish passing through the dam.
The invention is further explained below with reference to the drawings and the detailed description.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a schematic view of the structure of the present invention.
FIG. 2 is another schematic structural diagram of the present invention.
Fig. 3 is a graph showing the correlation between the flow velocity v and the frequency f of the frequency modulator according to the present invention.
The reference numbers in the figures are: the device comprises a horseshoe swimming field (1), a motor (2), a linkage shaft (3), a propeller (4), a frequency converter (5), a curve area A (6), a curve area B (7), a straight area A (8), a straight area B (9), a test area (10), an arc-shaped plate (11), a water flowing channel (12), a rolling shaft sleeve (13), a supporting rod (14), a grating plate A (15), a flow stabilizing plate (16), a vertical inserting plate (17), a grating plate B (18), an oxygenation system (19), a detachable loading and flow blocking regulation structure (20), a detachable loading and inserting plate groove (21), a fixing hole (22) and a return bay slow flow structure (23).
Detailed Description
See fig. 1, 2, 3.
A testing device for fishes crossing a dam in a mountain river comprises a horseshoe swimming field 1, a motor 2, a linkage shaft 3, a propeller 4 and a frequency converter 5;
the motor 2 is electrically connected with the frequency converter 5;
a rotating shaft of the motor 2 is connected with a propeller 4 through a universal driving shaft 3;
the horseshoe swimming pool 1 comprises four parts, namely a curve area A6, a curve area B7, a straight road area A8 and a straight road area B9; the horseshoe swimming pool 1 has the advantages that the direction of the water flow speed is changed within a limited range, and the billowing waves are not easy to generate; the semi-circular configuration minimizes wave-lift.
In the counterclockwise direction, a straight road region A8, a curve region a6, a straight road region B9, and a curve region B7 are set, respectively; the straight road area A8, the curve area A6, the straight road area B9 and the curve area B7 are connected end to end;
the propeller 4 is installed and arranged in the straight channel area A8, and the stirring water flow direction flows along the straight channel area A8, the curve channel area A6, the straight channel area B9 and the curve channel area B7 in sequence;
the test area 10 of the fish passing the dam is arranged in a straight road area B9; the test area 10 is arranged in the 2 nd straight road area, and the front section can have sufficient methods and distances to treat the incoming water;
Furthermore, the outer side wall of the testing area 10 is provided with a backward bay slow flow structure 23 protruding outwards, and the backward bay slow flow structure 23 is formed by a movable transfer plate vertical to the bottom of the testing area 10;
comprises a fixing hole 22 arranged at the bottom of the testing area 10; a detachable loading choke flow regulating and controlling structure 20 is arranged on the fixed hole 22; the fixed holes 22 and the unloading choke flow regulating structure 20 are irregularly arranged;
the device comprises a detachable plugboard slot 21, wherein the detachable plugboard slot 21 is inserted at the bottom of the test area 10 and is parallel to the water flow direction; the offloadable paddle slot 21 divides the test area 10 into separate areas.
Further, the curve area A6 and the curve area B7 are arranged in a semicircular shape; the oxygen increasing system 19 is provided in the bend region a6 near the exit.
Furthermore, a watertight jacket is arranged on the outer side of the universal driving shaft 3, the watertight jacket passes through a curve area B7 and is arranged in a straight area B9, and the universal driving shaft 3 rotates in the watertight jacket; a rolling shaft sleeve 13 and a support rod 14 are respectively and transversely arranged at the front and the rear of the propeller 4; the central axis of the rolling shaft sleeve 13 and the center of the propeller 4 are on the same horizontal line.
Further, the invention is provided with grating plates A15 at the tail end of a straight road area A8 and the tail end of a curved road area A6 respectively; a grating plate B18 is fixedly arranged at the tail end of the straight road area B9. The function of the grating plate A15 is to eliminate the larger water wave generated by the water.
Further, the present invention is provided with a flow stabilizing plate 16 at the front end of the straight channel area B9, wherein the flow stabilizing plate 16 is provided with a plurality of vertical insertion plates 17 arranged downstream along the water flow direction. The arrangement of the vertical flashboards 17 can ensure that the water line is parallel to the side wall of the straight road area.
Further, the size of the grid on the grid plate A15 is smaller than that of the grid on the grid plate B18; test zone 10 is disposed between grid panel a15 and grid panel B18, the length of test zone 10 being no less than 1 m. The length of the test area 10 is such that the test fish is in a relatively stable test position.
Further, the present invention is provided with a dissolved oxygen meter and a temperature meter in the horseshoe swimming pool 1. The dissolved oxygen content and the temperature value of the testing environment can be monitored by the dissolved oxygen measuring instrument and the temperature measuring instrument at any time, so that the tested fishes are in a relatively superior environment, and the testing result is paved.
Test method
Index of swimming ability
The indexes for representing the swimming ability of the fish are divided into two types, namely a flow tendency characteristic and a flow restriction ability.
The tendency characteristics refer to the sensitivity of fish to the tendency and induction of water flow.
The gram flow capacity is the capacity of the fish to overcome a certain flow rate of water.
The two swimming ability indexes are important reference data in the design of fish passing facilities and are also one of the key directions of the fish passing facilities and the research of fish behavior at home and abroad.
Specifically, the flow tendency characteristics of the fish are used for minimum flow rate design occurring in the migration route; the gram flow speed of the fish is used for the flow speed control design of the fish passing facility.
(1) Characteristic of flow tendency
The flow characteristics are indicated by an induced flow velocity (velocity).
The induced flow rate is a flow rate value which can enable the fishes to generate a flow-approaching reaction, and the flow-approaching reaction indicates the standard according to the change of the moving direction of the fishes.
In the design process of the fish passing facility, the induction flow rate is used as an important parameter for designing the inlet fish luring flow rate and is also a reference basis for designing the minimum flow rate in the fish passing facility and a fish migration route.
(2) Flow capacity of
According to the difference of the intrinsic movement metabolism pattern of the fish and the apparent movement duration, the gram flow capacity of the fish is divided into three categories, which are respectively expressed by the speed: sustained swim speed (sustained swim speed), and burst swim speed (burst speed). The difference in these three velocities for some fish is reflected by the slope change in the swim time versus velocity plot.
Continuous swimming speed
The fish remain in the continuous swimming mode for a considerable time without feeling tired, the duration of which is calculated to be >200 min.
At this time, the fish can provide energy through aerobic metabolism to slowly contract the red muscle fibers, thereby pushing the fish forward.
② durable swimming speed
The durable swimming speed of the fish is between the continuous swimming speed and the plunge swimming speed, can be maintained for 20 s-200 min, and is finished by fatigue.
At this rate, the energy consumed by the fish is obtained by both aerobic and anaerobic metabolism, and the energy provided by anaerobic metabolism is high, but a large amount of lactic acid is easily accumulated to make the fish feel tired. Wherein the maximum durable swimming speed is referred to as the critical swimming speed.
③ speed of swimming
The burst swimming speed is the maximum speed that can be reached by the fish, and the maintenance time is very short, and is less than 20 s. At this speed, the fish obtains larger energy through anaerobic metabolism, obtains a short-term explosive swimming speed, and simultaneously accumulates wastes such as lactic acid and the like.
The burst swimming ability is divided into burst swimming speed and burst swimming speed according to the swimming time.
Wherein the burst swimming speed refers to the maximum swimming speed of the fish in a very short time (<2s), and is used during predation and emergency danger avoidance.
The plunge swim speed refers to the maximum swim speed that a fish reaches in a short time (<20 s).
The speed of plunging into swimming is an important parameter in the design of a fish passing installation.
Typically, fish will slow down or accelerate by adjusting the frequency and amplitude of their body and tail fin oscillations to maintain an accelerated-gliding swimming mode in which the fish can reduce energy consumption. The fish often move with sustained swimming speed (e.g. migration), use durable swimming speed in difficult areas, and use explosive swimming speed for predation and evasion. Continuous movement of fish is considered to be movement of fish to carry out aerobic metabolism in the form of "marathon". The continuous swimming speed is the maximum speed at which the fish can stably and continuously swim for 6h without making the fish tired. The durable swimming movement is the swimming movement of the fish under the combination of aerobic and anaerobic metabolism movements. The duration of the durable swimming speed is generally 20s to 200 min. The duration time of the durable swimming speed has a certain relation with the species of the fish, the size of the individual, the temperature of the water body, the period of the outburst swimming and the continuous swimming, and the like.
Content of test
In order to fully research the swimming ability of the fish object, the experiment is intended to test the flow approaching characteristic and the flow restraining ability of the fish. The test indexes are as follows: sensing flow rate, critical swim speed, plunge swim speed.
Test environment
(1) Time of measurement
4-6 months, the period of vigorous fish life activity.
(2) Test site
The test site is a fish proliferation and releasing station of a certain hydropower station.
The test horseshoe swimming place is placed in a fish culture area of the releasing station.
Water for the temporary fish culture pond and the experimental device is fish culture circulating water, so that the water temperature and the physical and chemical properties of a water body are stable in the test process.
During the test, the water temperature and the dissolved oxygen are monitored in real time, the water temperature ranges from 11.1 to 18.7 ℃, and the dissolved oxygen ranges from 6.33 to 8.84 mg/L.
The standard curve (fig. 2) was made by increasing the flow rate (v, m/s) in the horseshoe swimming pool step by adjusting the motor operating frequency (f, Hz), testing the flow rate in the horseshoe swimming pool for every 5Hz increase in motor frequency.
Flow velocity v and frequency modulator frequency f (v = -0.0177+0.05129f, 5< f <50)
Test method
At present, four methods for testing the swimming capability of fishes are available:
(1) the method comprises the following steps that fish move linearly in a still water horseshoe swimming pool, baits are delivered at two ends of the swimming pool, the fish move back and forth, an underwater camera is used for shooting the movement behavior of the fish, and the swimming speed and the swimming capacity of the fish are calculated by utilizing the movement distance and the movement time.
Test method
At present, four methods for testing the swimming capability of fishes are available:
(1) the method comprises the following steps that fish move linearly in a still water horseshoe swimming pool, baits are delivered at two ends of the swimming pool, the fish move back and forth, a camera under the running water shoots the movement behavior of the fish, and the swimming speed and the swimming capacity of the fish are calculated by utilizing the movement distance and the movement time.
(2) The method is characterized in that a still water horseshoe swimming pool with a large diameter is used, fishes move along with the visual marks, and the moving speed range of the visual marks is 0-4.5 m/s.
(3) The method is characterized in that fishes move in the annular horseshoe swimming pool, the water flow condition in the horseshoe swimming pool is set under artificial control, and the swimming speed and the swimming capacity of the fishes are calculated according to the moving positions and the water flow speed of the fishes.
(4) The water flow speed is artificially controlled and set by using the horseshoe swimming field, and the swimming speed and the water flow speed of the fishes are calculated according to the water flow speed.
The test used the fourth method.
(1) Inductive flow rate test method
The induction flow velocity test generally takes the corresponding water flow velocity when the swimming direction of the fish is adjusted as an index, and 2 test methods are available.
Test method 1: the test is carried out aiming at the colony, a large number of fishes (more than 10 fishes) are placed in a horseshoe swimming pool, the flow speed is gradually increased until half of the test fishes turn to the countercurrent direction, and the flow speed is the induction flow speed of the test fish colony.
Test method 2: aiming at individuals, the test fish is independently placed in a static water body of the horseshoe swimming pool, then the flow velocity is gradually increased until the test fish falls to the reverse flow direction, and at the moment, the flow velocity is the induction flow velocity of the test fish individuals.
The test used the second test method.
(2) Critical swimming speed testing method
There are two test methods for measuring critical cruise velocity: the "fixed flow rate method" and the "incremental flow rate method".
Method of fixing flow velocity
In the fixed flow rate test, the fish were placed at a constant flow rate, which did not change throughout the experiment. The fish are first allowed to settle for a period of time in the horseshoe swimming pool and then the flow rate is adjusted to a certain desired flow rate, this increase in flow rate being completed within a specified period of time. This procedure is repeated a number of times with different sub-maximum flow rates. In the fish swimming ability test, the difference caused by the influence of the environment and the physiology of an individual is avoided. The fixed cruise test uses a large number of fish of the same size and under the same conditions and requires observation for a considerable length of time, so that in recent years, the test has been performed by the incremental flow rate method which is time-consuming and small in sample.
② increasing the flow rate
Before starting the experiment, the body length and weight of the fish are tested, and the fish are placed in the swimming area of the experimental device, the initial flow rate of the experimental device is set to be 1bl/s (bl is the body length of the fish), the flow rate gradient is 1bl/s, and the time gradient is 15 min.
Dissolved oxygen and temperature were tested every 5min, and when the fish were fatigued (criterion: fish reached the end grid of swimming area and could not swim), the fish were removed from the sealed area and tested for weight.
Since the fish is always swimming in the swimming area, i.e. assuming that the swimming speed of the fish is equal to the water flow speed.
The calculation formula of the critical swimming speed Ucrit is Ucrit ═ Up + (tf/ti) x Ut, wherein: where Up (bl/s) is the swimming speed for the entire time period that the fish can swim, Ut (bl/s) is the speed gradient, tf (min) is the time that the fish last increased to fish fatigue, and ti (min) is the time gradient.
Since the fish cross-sectional area is less than 10% of the swimming zone cross-sectional area, the detention effect is neglected, i.e. no correction of the critical swimming speed is needed.
The incremental flow rate method is relatively short in time, strong in method controllability, and small in the number of fish required to obtain a statistically significant value, so that the incremental flow rate method is selected to test the critical swimming speed.
(3) Burst swimming speed testing method
Since the burst swimming speed is maintained for an extremely short time and the response of the fish is inconsistent, it is difficult for people to grasp the short time to make an accurate measurement. The fish cannot always maintain a certain speed, and they use a "burst-slip" swimming pattern when swimming at high speed. So far, the measurement of this behavior pattern is still rare.
Some use the electric shock muscle to obtain the theoretical value of the muscle contraction time; some fish jump height is measured to calculate the jump speed, which is considered as the maximum burst swimming speed of the fish, according to the formula V ═ 2gh)1/2Calculating to obtain; internationalists also believe that the burst swim speed is obtained using an incremental flow rate test with minimum time intervals and maximum flow rate steps, which is essentially an incremental flow rate test with maximum flow rate steps adjusted within a minimum time step.
The burst swimming speed is divided into a burst swimming speed and a burst swimming speed.
Burst swim speed refers to the maximum swim speed that a fish reaches in a very short time (<2s),
the plunge swim speed refers to the maximum swim speed that a fish reaches in a short time (<20 s).
In this test, the plunging speed index value is tested using a 20s time step "incremental flow rate method".
The incremental flow rate test is the same as the critical speed test, and the time step length is 20 s.
The kick swimming speed U kick calculation formula is U kick ═ Up + (tf/ti) × Ut, where: where Up (bl/s) is the swimming speed for the entire time period that the fish can swim, Ut (bl/s) is the speed gradient, tf (min) is the time that the fish last increased to fish fatigue, and ti (min) is the time gradient.
Since the fish cross-sectional area is less than 10% of the swimming zone cross-sectional area, the detention effect is neglected, i.e. no correction of the critical swimming speed is needed.
(4) Comprehensive assessment of swimming speed
In the swimming speed test, the scholars propose to count the critical swimming speed by using a half tolerance (TLm) method, i.e. when 50% of the tested fish is fatigued, the average sustained swimming speed is considered to be reached, and the 50% principle is often calculated by statistical analysis of the swimming speed.
Therefore, the test uses the half-tolerance (TLm) method to count the critical swim speed and burst swim speed test values, i.e. if 50% of the tested fish can overcome a certain flow rate value, the flow rate value is called the swim speed index of the fish.
In conclusion, the comprehensive swimming capacity evaluation method comprises the following steps:
the continuous swimming speed range is 0-80% of the critical swimming speed;
the durable swimming speed range is 80% of the critical swimming speed to the plunging speed;
the burst swimming speed range is the burst speed of 10bl/s (body length/second).
The above description is only a specific embodiment of the present invention, and the common general knowledge of the known specific structures and characteristics in the schemes is not described herein too much. It should be noted that, for those skilled in the art, without departing from the structure of the present invention, several changes and modifications can be made, which should also be regarded as the protection scope of the present invention, and these will not affect the effect of the implementation of the present invention and the practicability of the patent. The scope of the claims of the present application shall be determined by the content of the claims, and the description of the embodiments and the like in the specification shall be used to explain the content of the claims.
Claims (10)
1. A testing device for fishes crossing a dam in mountainous rivers is characterized by comprising a horseshoe swimming pool (1), a motor (2), a linkage shaft (3), a propeller (4) and a frequency converter (5);
the motor (2) is electrically connected with the frequency converter (5);
a rotating shaft of the motor (2) is connected with a propeller (4) through a linkage shaft (3);
the U-shaped swimming pool (1) comprises a curve area A (6), a curve area B (7), a straight area A (8) and a straight area B (9);
according to the anticlockwise direction, a straight road area A (8), a curve area A (6), a straight road area B (9) and a curve area B (7) are respectively arranged; the straight road area A (8), the curve area A (6), the straight road area B (9) and the curve area B (7) are connected end to end;
the propeller (4) is arranged in the straight area A (8) and stirs the water flow to flow along the straight area A (8), the curve area A (6), the straight area B (9) and the curve area B (7) in sequence;
the test area (10) of the fish passing through the dam is arranged in the straight channel area B (9);
concentric arc plates (11) matched with the bent pipe are arranged in the bent pipe area A (6) and the bent pipe area B (7), a water flowing channel (12) is formed between the adjacent arc plates (11), and the width of the water flowing channel close to the center of the circle to the width of the water flowing channel far away from the center of the circle is gradually reduced.
2. The mountain river dam fish testing device as claimed in claim 1, wherein the curve area A (6) and the curve area B (7) are arranged in a semicircular shape; an oxygenation system (19) is arranged at a position, close to the outlet, of the curve area A (6); a back-bay slow flow structure (23) protruding outwards is arranged on the outer side wall of the testing area (10), and the back-bay slow flow structure (23) is formed by a movable transfer plate vertical to the bottom of the testing area (10);
comprises a fixing hole (22) arranged at the bottom of the testing area (10); an unloadable flow blocking regulation and control structure (20) is arranged on the fixed hole (22); the fixed holes (22) and the unloading and flow-resisting regulation and control structure (20) are irregularly arranged;
the device comprises a detachable plugboard groove (21), wherein the detachable plugboard groove (21) is inserted at the bottom of a test area (10) and is parallel to the water flow direction; a removable patch slot (21) divides the test area (10) into separate areas.
3. The mountain river dam-crossing fish testing device as claimed in claim 1, wherein a watertight jacket is arranged outside the linkage shaft (3), the watertight jacket is arranged in a straight region B (9) through a curve region B (7), and the linkage shaft (3) rotates in the watertight jacket; a rolling shaft sleeve (13) and a support rod (14) are respectively and transversely arranged at the front and the rear of the propeller (4); the central axis of the rolling shaft sleeve (13) and the center of the propeller (4) are positioned on the same horizontal line.
4. The mountain river dam fish testing device as claimed in claim 1, wherein grating plates A (15) are respectively arranged at the end of the straight road area A (8) and the end of the curve area A (6); a grating plate B (18) is fixedly arranged at the tail end of the straight channel area B (9).
5. The mountain river dam fish test device according to claim 1, wherein a flow stabilizing plate (16) is arranged at the front end of the straight channel region B (9), and the flow stabilizing plate (16) is provided with a plurality of vertical insertion plates (17) arranged along the water flow direction.
6. The mountain river dam fish testing device as claimed in claim 4, wherein the size of the grid on grid plate A (15) is smaller than that of the grid on grid plate B (18); the test zone (10) is arranged between the grid plate A (15) and the grid plate B (18), the length of the test zone (10) being not less than 1 m.
7. The mountain river dam fish testing device as claimed in claim 1, wherein a dissolved oxygen meter and a temperature meter are arranged in the horseshoe swimming pool (1).
8. A method for testing swimming ability of fish is characterized in that the method comprises two characteristics of flow tendency and flow restriction;
the flow-approaching characteristic takes the induction flow velocity as an index;
the induction flow rate refers to a flow rate value which can enable the fishes to generate flow-approaching reaction, and the flow-approaching reaction indicates the standard according to the change of the movement direction of the fishes;
the gram flow capacity of fishes is divided into three categories according to the difference of the intrinsic movement metabolism pattern of the fishes and the apparent movement duration, and the three categories are expressed by speed: continuous swim speed, durable swim speed, and burst swim speed;
the continuous swimming speed is as follows: the fish remain in the continuous swimming mode for a considerable time without feeling tired, the duration of which is calculated in >200 min;
durable swimming speed: the durable swimming speed of the fish is between the continuous swimming speed and the outburst swimming speed, can be maintained for 20 s-200 min and is finished by fatigue;
the burst swimming speed is the maximum speed that can be reached by the fish, and the maintenance time is very short and is less than 20 s.
9. The method of claim 8, wherein the burst swimming ability is divided into a burst swimming speed and a burst swimming speed;
wherein, the burst swimming speed refers to the maximum swimming speed of the fish within a very short time of less than 2 s;
a plunge swim speed refers to the maximum swim speed that a fish reaches in a short time period <20 s.
10. The method for testing fish passing over a dam in a fish elevator project according to claim 8, wherein the method comprises:
the method comprises the following steps of (1) utilizing a horseshoe swimming pool, enabling fishes to move in a specific swimming area, manually setting water flow speed, and calculating the swimming speed and the water flow speed of the fishes according to the water flow speed;
aiming at individuals, the test fish is independently placed in a static water body of a water tank, then the flow velocity is gradually increased until the test fish falls to the reverse flow direction, and the flow velocity is the induction flow velocity of the test fish individuals;
the incremental flow rate method:
before the experiment is started, testing the body length and the body weight of the fish and placing the fish in a swimming area of an experiment device, wherein the initial flow rate of the experiment device is set to be 1bl/s bl as the body length of the fish, the flow rate gradient is 1bl/s, and the time gradient is 15 min;
testing dissolved oxygen and temperature every 5min, removing the fish from the sealing area when the fish is fatigued, and testing the weight; fish fatigue criterion: the fish reaches the end grid of the swimming area and cannot swim
Because the fish always swim in the swimming area, namely the swimming speed of the fish is assumed to be equal to the water flow speed;
the calculation formula of the critical swimming speed Ucrit is Ucrit ═ Up + (tf/ti) x Ut,
wherein: wherein Up (bl/s) is the swimming speed of the fish over the entire time period,
ut (bl/s) is the velocity gradient,
tf (min) is the time elapsed from the last acceleration of the fish to fish fatigue,
ti (min) is the time gradient;
since the fish cross-sectional area is less than 10% of the swimming zone cross-sectional area, the retention effect is neglected, i.e. the critical swimming speed does not need to be corrected;
the continuous swimming speed range is 0-80% of the critical swimming speed;
the durable swimming speed range is 80% of the critical swimming speed to the plunging speed;
the burst swimming speed range is that the burst speed is 10bl/s body length/s.
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