CN112467135A - Silicon-carbon composite material, preparation method and lithium ion battery thereof - Google Patents

Silicon-carbon composite material, preparation method and lithium ion battery thereof Download PDF

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CN112467135A
CN112467135A CN202010970014.1A CN202010970014A CN112467135A CN 112467135 A CN112467135 A CN 112467135A CN 202010970014 A CN202010970014 A CN 202010970014A CN 112467135 A CN112467135 A CN 112467135A
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silicon
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李昂
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Zhuhai Zhongke Zhaoyingfeng New Material Technology Co ltd
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    • HELECTRICITY
    • H01ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01MPROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M4/00Electrodes
    • H01M4/02Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
    • H01M4/36Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
    • H01M4/362Composites
    • H01M4/366Composites as layered products
    • HELECTRICITY
    • H01ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01MPROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M10/00Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
    • H01M10/05Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte
    • H01M10/052Li-accumulators
    • H01M10/0525Rocking-chair batteries, i.e. batteries with lithium insertion or intercalation in both electrodes; Lithium-ion batteries
    • HELECTRICITY
    • H01ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01MPROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M10/00Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
    • H01M10/42Methods or arrangements for servicing or maintenance of secondary cells or secondary half-cells
    • H01M10/4235Safety or regulating additives or arrangements in electrodes, separators or electrolyte
    • HELECTRICITY
    • H01ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01MPROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M4/00Electrodes
    • H01M4/02Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
    • H01M4/04Processes of manufacture in general
    • H01M4/0471Processes of manufacture in general involving thermal treatment, e.g. firing, sintering, backing particulate active material, thermal decomposition, pyrolysis
    • HELECTRICITY
    • H01ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01MPROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M4/00Electrodes
    • H01M4/02Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
    • H01M4/62Selection of inactive substances as ingredients for active masses, e.g. binders, fillers
    • H01M4/624Electric conductive fillers
    • HELECTRICITY
    • H01ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01MPROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M4/00Electrodes
    • H01M4/02Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
    • H01M4/62Selection of inactive substances as ingredients for active masses, e.g. binders, fillers
    • H01M4/624Electric conductive fillers
    • H01M4/625Carbon or graphite
    • HELECTRICITY
    • H01ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01MPROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M4/00Electrodes
    • H01M4/02Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
    • H01M4/62Selection of inactive substances as ingredients for active masses, e.g. binders, fillers
    • H01M4/628Inhibitors, e.g. gassing inhibitors, corrosion inhibitors
    • HELECTRICITY
    • H01ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01MPROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M4/00Electrodes
    • H01M4/02Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
    • H01M2004/021Physical characteristics, e.g. porosity, surface area
    • HELECTRICITY
    • H01ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01MPROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M4/00Electrodes
    • H01M4/02Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
    • H01M2004/026Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material characterised by the polarity
    • H01M2004/027Negative electrodes
    • YGENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02EREDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
    • Y02E60/00Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
    • Y02E60/10Energy storage using batteries

Abstract

The invention belongs to the field of preparation of lithium ion materials, and particularly relates to a silicon-carbon composite material, a preparation method and a lithium ion battery thereof. The preparation process comprises the following steps: preparing silazane mixed solution, adding lithium metaaluminate and asphalt, preparing porous asphalt/silicon nitrogen/lithium salt mixed solution through Friedel-Crafts reaction, and then carbonizing and doping gas to prepare the silicon-carbon composite material. The prepared material utilizes the high conductivity of inorganic lithium salt lithium ions, provides sufficient lithium ions to improve the first efficiency and the conductivity of the silicon-carbon material, and simultaneously improves the cycle performance and the liquid absorption and retention capacity of the material by the expansion of the silicon-nitrogen compound in the charging and discharging processes of the porous carbon buffer of the shell.

Description

Silicon-carbon composite material, preparation method and lithium ion battery thereof
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the field of preparation of lithium ion battery materials, and particularly relates to a silicon-carbon composite material, a preparation method and a lithium ion battery.
Background
With the improvement of the energy density requirement of the lithium ion battery in the market, the negative electrode material is a key material for forming the lithium ion battery, and the negative electrode material in the market at present mainly takes graphite materials as main materials, but the available capacity of the negative electrode material is lower (the theoretical capacity is 372mAh/g), so that the improvement of the energy density of the negative electrode material is limited. The silicon-carbon negative electrode material is paid attention by researchers due to the advantages of high gram capacity, abundant resources and the like, and is applied to the fields of high-specific energy density lithium ion batteries and the like, but the silicon-carbon negative electrode material has high expansion rate and is restricted by conductivity deviation in wide application. The main methods for reducing the expansion of silicon materials at present are as follows: 1) coating a carbon material on the surface of the silicon material to reduce the expansion rate of the material; 2) preparing a porous template, and embedding the nano silicon material into the holes to reduce the expansion rate of the nano silicon material; 3) the material with high expansion rate and strong conductivity, such as porous carbon, carbon nanotube, lithium salt and other materials, is coated to reduce the expansion rate of the silicon material and improve the conductivity. For example, patent (CN105576203A) discloses a graphene/silicon/carbon nanotube composite material, and a preparation method and an application thereof, wherein the preparation process comprises: adding graphene powder and carbon nanotubes into an NMP solution, uniformly dispersing the graphene powder and the carbon nanotubes by ultrasonic oscillation, adding nano silicon powder, and uniformly dispersing by ultrasonic oscillation; the obtained mixed solution is dried, dried and ground to obtain the graphene/silicon/carbon nanotube composite material, but the graphene/silicon/carbon nanotube composite material has the defects of poor lithium ion conductivity, poor electron conductivity, high expansion rate and the like, and the electron and ion conductivity properties of the material are not improved while the expansion rate is reduced, so that the comprehensive performance of the material is influenced. The method of combining the outer layer coating and the inner core modification can comprehensively improve the gram capacity, multiplying power and quick charging performance of the material and reduce the expansion rate of the material.
Disclosure of Invention
In order to overcome the defects of high expansion rate, poor ionic conductivity and electronic conductivity of the conventional silicon-carbon negative electrode material, the invention aims to prepare the silicon-carbon composite material with high electronic and ionic conductivity, small expansion rate and high gram volume through the double functions of modifying the inner core and coating the outer shell.
The silicon-carbon composite material is characterized in that the composite material is of a core-shell structure, an inner core is composed of (1-20)% of silicon-nitrogen-oxygen compound and lithium salt doped between the silicon-nitrogen-oxygen compound and the lithium salt, and an outer shell is composed of porous carbon formed by carbonizing porous asphalt, wherein the mass ratio of the silicon-nitrogen-oxygen compound to the lithium salt is (1-5): (1-5);
the silicon nitrogen oxide is SiOxNy(0<X≤1,0<Y≤1);
The preparation process comprises the following steps:
1) adding 1-5 g of organosilane into an organic solvent, adding 0.5-1 g of lithium salt after completely dissolving, uniformly stirring, transferring into a high-pressure reaction kettle, reacting at the temperature of 150-300 ℃ for 6-24 h, filtering, drying and crushing to obtain a composite material A;
2) dissolving (1-10) g of asphalt in 500-1000 ml of anhydrous carbon tetrachloride, adding (5-100) g of anhydrous aluminum trichloride as a catalyst to perform Friedel-Crafts reaction, then terminating the reaction by using (500-1000) ml of ethanol reaction terminator, then adding the composite material A, filtering to obtain a solid product, and carbonizing at (800-1000) DEG C to obtain a composite material B;
3) and transferring the composite material B into a tube furnace, heating to the temperature of (150-300 ℃), introducing a gas modifier (the flow is 1-10ml/min, and the time is as follows: 30-120min), carrying out surface modification, and finally crushing and grading to obtain the product.
The organosilane in the step (1) is as follows: one or more of hexaphenylcyclotrisilazane, 1, 1, 3, 3-tetramethyl-1, 3-divinylsilazane, 2, 4, 4, 6, 6-hexamethylcyclotrisilazane, 1, 1, 1, 3, 5, 5, 5-heptamethyl-3-phenyltrisilazane, 2, 4, 4, 6, 6, 8, 8-octamethyl cyclic tetrasilazane, 1, 1, 3, 3, 5, 5-hexamethylcyclotrisilazane, hexamethyldisilazane, and heptamethyldisilazane;
the lithium salt in the step (1) is one of lithium silicate, lithium metasilicate and lithium silicon;
the organic solvent is one of toluene, tetrahydrofuran, carbon tetrachloride, diethyl ether, cyclohexane, ethanol, polyethylene, pyridine and phenol;
the gas modifier is one of fluorine gas, chlorine gas, ozone, bromine gas and nitrogen dioxide;
a silicon-carbon composite material is applied to a lithium ion battery.
Has the advantages that:
1) the electronic conductivity of the core silicon-nitrogen-oxygen compound is improved by doping nitrogen, the ionic conductivity of the inorganic lithium salt coated in the shell is improved by means of the characteristic of high lithium ion conductivity, and the multiplying power performance, the first efficiency and the cycle performance of the silicon-nitrogen-oxygen compound are improved by utilizing the advantages of the electronic conductivity and the ionic conductivity of the inorganic lithium salt.
2) The porous carbon material is coated in the shell, so that the expansion rate of the silicon oxynitride in the charging and discharging processes of the porous carbon material is reduced, the silicon material can be prevented from being directly contacted with electrolyte, the side reaction is reduced, the primary efficiency is improved, the surface activity of the porous carbon material is reduced, the inactive point of the porous carbon material is improved, the primary efficiency and the structural stability of the porous carbon material are improved, and the cycle performance of the porous carbon material is improved.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is an SEM image of a silicon carbon composite prepared in example 1;
Detailed Description
Example 1
1) Adding 3g of hexaphenylcyclotrisilazane into 100ml of toluene, adding 0.8g of lithium silicate after complete dissolution, uniformly stirring, transferring into a high-pressure reaction kettle, reacting for 12 hours at the temperature of 200 ℃, filtering, drying and crushing to obtain a composite material A;
2) coating: dissolving 5g of asphalt in 800ml of anhydrous carbon tetrachloride, adding 50g of anhydrous aluminum trichloride as a catalyst to perform Friedel-Crafts reaction, terminating the reaction by using 800ml of ethanol reaction terminator, adding the composite material A, filtering to obtain a solid product, and carbonizing at 900 ℃ for 6 hours to obtain a composite material B;
3) modification: and transferring the composite material B into a tubular furnace, heating to 250 ℃, introducing a fluorine gas modifier (with the flow rate of 5ml/min and the time of 90min), carrying out surface modification, and finally crushing and grading to obtain the composite material B.
Example 2
1) Adding 1g of 1, 1, 3, 3-tetramethyl-1, 3-divinylsilazane into 100ml of tetrahydrofuran, adding 0.5g of lithium metasilicate after complete dissolution, transferring into a high-pressure reaction kettle after uniform stirring, reacting for 24 hours at the temperature of 150 ℃, filtering, drying and crushing to obtain a composite material A;
2) coating: dissolving 1g of asphalt in 500ml of anhydrous carbon tetrachloride, adding 5g of anhydrous aluminum trichloride as a catalyst to perform Friedel-Crafts reaction, terminating the reaction by using 500ml of ethanol reaction terminator, adding the composite material A, filtering to obtain a solid product, and carbonizing at 800 ℃ for 6 hours to obtain a composite material B;
3) modification: and transferring the composite material B into a tubular furnace, heating to 150 ℃, introducing a chlorine gas modifier (with the flow rate of 1ml/min and the time of 120min), carrying out surface modification, and finally crushing and grading to obtain the composite material B.
Example 3
1) Adding 5g of 1, 1, 3, 3, 5, 5-hexamethylcyclotrisilazane into 100ml of cyclohexane, adding 1g of silicon lithium after completely dissolving, transferring into a high-pressure reaction kettle after uniformly stirring, reacting for 6 hours at the temperature of 300 ℃, filtering, drying and crushing to obtain a composite material A;
2) coating: dissolving 10g of asphalt in 1000ml of anhydrous carbon tetrachloride, adding 100g of anhydrous aluminum trichloride as a catalyst to perform Friedel-Crafts reaction, terminating the reaction by using 1000ml of ethanol reaction terminator, adding the composite material A, filtering to obtain a solid product, and carbonizing at 1000 ℃ for 6 hours to obtain a composite material B;
3) modification: and transferring the composite material B into a tubular furnace, heating to 300 ℃, introducing a bromine gas modifier (with the flow rate of 10ml/min and the time of 30min), carrying out surface modification, and finally crushing and grading to obtain the composite material B.
Comparative example 1:
the silicon-carbon composite material which is purchased in the market is adopted, and the surface of the silicon-carbon composite material is not coated with lithium salt. The manufacturer: shenzhen city beibeibei new energy materials, model number: BS 0-450.
1) And (4) SEM test:
FIG. 1 is an SEM image of the silicon-carbon composite material prepared in example 1, and it can be seen from the SEM image that the material has a core-shell structure, uniform and reasonable size distribution, and the particle size is (2-8) μm.
2) Physical and chemical properties and button cell test:
respectively will be described in the embodiments1-3 and the lithium ion battery cathode material obtained in the comparative example 1 are assembled into button batteries A1, A2, A3 and B1; the preparation method comprises the following steps: adding a binder, a conductive agent and a solvent into the negative electrode material, stirring and pulping, coating the mixture on a copper foil, and drying and rolling the copper foil to obtain the copper-clad laminate. The binder is LA132 binder, the conductive agent SP, the negative electrode material is the negative electrode material prepared in the embodiment 1-3, the solvent is NMP, and the proportion is as follows: the ratio of the anode material to SP to LA132 to NMP is 95g to 1g to 4g to 220 mL; the electrolyte is LiPF6The battery simulation method comprises the following steps of (1: 1) carrying out simulation on a battery tester of Wuhan blue electricity CT2001A type on the battery tester, wherein the battery simulation method comprises the steps of carrying out simulation on a battery, carrying out simulation on the battery by adopting a Polyethylene (PE), polypropylene (PP) or polyethylene propylene (PEP) composite film, carrying out charge-discharge on the battery by adopting a/EC + DEC (1: 1) metal lithium sheet as a counter electrode, carrying out simulation on the battery by adopting a Polyethylene (PE), polypropylene (PP) or polyethylene propylene (PEP) composite film, carrying out charge-discharge. See table 1 for details:
TABLE 1 comparison of the Power-on test for examples and comparative examples
Figure RE-GSB0000190547020000041
The specific capacity and the first efficiency of the silicon-carbon composite material prepared in the embodiment are obviously superior to those of a comparative example, and the reason is that the inorganic lithium salt is coated on the surface of the material to improve the transmission quantity of lithium ions in the charging and discharging process, so that sufficient lithium ions are provided for forming an SEI film to improve the first efficiency and the specific capacity of the SEI film. Meanwhile, the core silicon nitrogen oxide has the characteristics of high electronic conductivity and stable structure, and the gram capacity and the first efficiency of the material are improved.
3) Testing the soft package battery:
the materials prepared in examples 1-3 and comparative example 1 were used as negative electrode materials, and a ternary material (LiNi) was used1/3Co1/3Mn1/3O2) As the positive electrode, LiPF6(the solvent is EC + DEC, the volume ratio is 1: 1, and the concentration is 1.3mol/l) is electrolyte, the celegard2400 is a diaphragm to prepare the 5Ah soft package batteries C1, C2, C3 and D1 and corresponding negative pole pieces thereof, and the liquid absorption and retention capacity, the pole piece rebound property, the cell density and the cell density of the negative pole pieces are tested,Cycling performance and sheet resistance.
TABLE 2 comparison table of liquid absorption and retention capacities of pole pieces made of different materials
Object Imbibition speed (ml/min) Liquid retention rate (24h electrolyte volume/0 h electrolyte volume)
Example 1 5.9 92.1%
Example 2 4.8 91.2%
Example 3 4.5 90.4%
Comparative example 1 2.1 84.7%
As can be seen from Table 2, the liquid absorbing and retaining ability of the negative electrode materials obtained in examples 1 to 3 is significantly higher than that of the comparative example. The experimental result shows that the cathode material has higher liquid absorption and retention capacity because: the coating layer contains a lithium salt compound, has better compatibility with electrolyte, and improves the liquid absorption and retention capacity of the pole piece. Meanwhile, the electronic conductivity of the silicon-nitrogen-oxygen compound of the inner core is improved by doping nitrogen, the ionic conductivity of the lithium salt coated in the shell is improved by virtue of the characteristic of high lithium ion conductivity, and the liquid absorption and retention capacity of the silicon-nitrogen-oxygen compound is improved by utilizing the advantages of the electronic and ionic conductivity of the lithium salt.
TABLE 3 rebound Rate comparison Table of Pole pieces
Figure RE-GSB0000190547020000042
Figure RE-GSB0000190547020000051
As can be seen from Table 3, the rebound rate of the negative pole piece prepared by the negative pole material obtained in the embodiment 1-3 is obviously lower than that of the comparative example. Experimental results show that the negative pole piece obtained by using the negative pole material has low rebound rate because the nitrogen-silicon-oxygen compound of the inner core has the characteristic of stable structure, the rebound rate is reduced, and meanwhile, the material contains nitrogen atoms to improve the electronic conductivity of the material and reduce the resistivity of the pole piece.
TABLE 4 comparison of the cycling performance of the examples and comparative examples
Battery with a battery cell Negative electrode material Capacity retention (%) after 500 cycles
C1 Example 1 92.62
C2 Example 2 91.78
C3 Example 3 90.39
D1 Comparative example 85.55
Table 4 shows the cycle performance of the pouch cell prepared from the obtained negative electrode material, and it can be seen from the table that the cycle performance of the cell in the example is obviously due to the comparative example, because the electrode plate in the example has a lower expansion rate, so that the expansion of the electrode plate in the example is reduced in the charge and discharge process, and the cycle performance of the cell is improved, and meanwhile, the material in the example has the characteristic of high lithium ion, so that sufficient lithium ions are provided for the charge and discharge process, and the cycle performance of the cell is improved.

Claims (8)

1. The silicon-carbon composite material is characterized in that the composite material is of a core-shell structure, an inner core is composed of (1-20)% of silicon-nitrogen-oxygen compound and lithium salt doped between the silicon-nitrogen-oxygen compound and the lithium salt, and an outer shell is composed of porous carbon formed by carbonizing porous asphalt, wherein the mass ratio of the silicon-nitrogen-oxygen compound to the lithium salt is (1-5) to (1-5).
2. The silicon-carbon composite material and the preparation method thereof as claimed in claim 1, wherein the silicon oxynitride is SiOxNy(0<X≤1,0<Y≤1)。
3. The silicon-carbon composite material and the preparation method thereof according to claim 1, wherein the preparation process comprises the following steps:
1) adding 1-5 g of organosilane into an organic solvent, adding 0.5-1 g of lithium salt after completely dissolving, uniformly stirring, transferring into a high-pressure reaction kettle, reacting at the temperature of 150-300 ℃ for 6-24 h, filtering, drying and crushing to obtain a composite material A;
2) dissolving (1-10) g of asphalt in 500-1000 ml of anhydrous carbon tetrachloride, adding (5-100) g of anhydrous aluminum trichloride as a catalyst to perform Friedel-Crafts reaction, terminating the reaction by using (500-1000) ml of ethanol reaction terminator, adding a composite material A, filtering to obtain a solid product, and carbonizing at (800-1000) DEG C under an inert atmosphere to obtain a composite material B;
3) and transferring the composite material B into a tube furnace, heating to the temperature of (150-300 ℃), introducing a gas modifier (the flow is 1-10ml/min, and the time is as follows: 30-120min), carrying out surface modification, and finally crushing and grading to obtain the product.
4. The silicon-carbon composite material and the preparation method thereof according to claim 3, wherein the organosilane in the step (1) is: one of hexaphenylcyclotrisilazane, 1, 1, 3, 3-tetramethyl-1, 3-divinylsilazane, 2, 4, 4, 6, 6-hexamethylcyclotrisilazane, 1, 1, 1, 3, 5, 5, 5-heptamethyl-3-phenyltrisilazane, 2, 4, 4, 6, 6, 8, 8-octamethylcyclotetrasilazane, 1, 1, 3, 3, 5, 5-hexamethylcyclotrisilazane, hexamethyldisilazane, and heptamethyldisilazane.
5. The silicon-carbon composite material and the preparation method thereof according to claim 3, wherein the lithium salt in the step (1) is one of lithium silicate, lithium metasilicate and lithium silicon.
6. The silicon-carbon composite material and the preparation method thereof according to claim 3, wherein the organic solvent in the step (1) is one of toluene, tetrahydrofuran, carbon tetrachloride, diethyl ether, cyclohexane, ethanol, polyethylene, pyridine and phenol.
7. The silicon-carbon composite material and the preparation method thereof according to claim 1, wherein the gas modifier in the step (3) is one of fluorine gas, chlorine gas, ozone, bromine gas and nitrogen dioxide.
8. The silicon-carbon composite material according to claims 1 to 7 applied to a lithium ion battery.
CN202010970014.1A 2020-09-09 2020-09-09 Silicon-carbon composite material, preparation method and lithium ion battery thereof Pending CN112467135A (en)

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