CN112467036B - Organic solar cell and preparation method of environment-friendly solvent protection of organic solar cell - Google Patents
Organic solar cell and preparation method of environment-friendly solvent protection of organic solar cell Download PDFInfo
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Classifications
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H10K—ORGANIC ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES
- H10K30/00—Organic devices sensitive to infrared radiation, light, electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength or corpuscular radiation
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H10K—ORGANIC ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES
- H10K30/00—Organic devices sensitive to infrared radiation, light, electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength or corpuscular radiation
- H10K30/20—Organic devices sensitive to infrared radiation, light, electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength or corpuscular radiation comprising organic-organic junctions, e.g. donor-acceptor junctions
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H10K—ORGANIC ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES
- H10K71/00—Manufacture or treatment specially adapted for the organic devices covered by this subclass
- H10K71/10—Deposition of organic active material
- H10K71/12—Deposition of organic active material using liquid deposition, e.g. spin coating
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H10K—ORGANIC ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES
- H10K71/00—Manufacture or treatment specially adapted for the organic devices covered by this subclass
- H10K71/40—Thermal treatment, e.g. annealing in the presence of a solvent vapour
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E10/00—Energy generation through renewable energy sources
- Y02E10/50—Photovoltaic [PV] energy
- Y02E10/549—Organic PV cells
Abstract
The invention relates to an environment-friendly solvent protection method for preparing an organic solar cell with a stacked structure, which breaks through the requirement on orthogonal solvents in the sequential spin coating process. The film of the donor material is protected from being damaged by the acceptor material spin-coated later by utilizing the characteristic that benzene ring-free and halogen-free solvents (such as dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), N-Dimethylformamide (DMF), N-hexane, N-heptane, N-octane, ethanol, methanol and diethyl ether solvents) have no or very weak solubility on the acceptor material. The protection factor (delta) measures the protection characteristics of different solvents on the film, a quantitative relation of delta-PCE is established, and the obtained empirical formula has prediction and guidance effects on other solvents serving as protection solvents.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to the field of stacked structure (double-layer) organic solar cells, in particular to a method for preparing a protective agent by adopting poor solvents such as alcohols, alkanes, ethers and the like. In the sequential spin coating process, the first layer of spin-coated solution is protected from being dissolved by the subsequently spin-coated acceptor solution, thereby preparing the organic solar cell of the stacked structure.
Background
Currently, single junction organic solar cells based on bulk heterojunction structures (BHJ) can have efficiencies exceeding 17% and even up to 18%, which have reached commercial viability. However, the random distribution of the donor and acceptor increases the probability of carrier recombination, resulting in charge transport imbalance, thus limiting further efficiency improvements. Also, during spin coating of thin films, components in the mixed solution having lower surface energy tend to accumulate toward the air interface having lower surface energy, while components closer to the substrate surface energy will tend to accumulate at the interface where the bottom is buried, bringing the entire system to its most stable state. In organic solar cells, this property directly affects the distribution of the active layer in the vertical direction, thus causing dynamic instability. Also, in order to further optimize the performance of the organic solar cell, numerous pretreatment steps are required during the cell preparation process, such as: optimization of the D/A ratio, addition of additives, thermal annealing, solvent annealing, and the like. These steps all add to the complexity of the organic solar cell processing. While organic solar cells of bilayer structure may in some aspects reduce the pretreatment process, further increasing the possibilities for commercial preparation thereof. Meanwhile, in the preparation process of the organic solar cell of the double-layer structure, the organic thin films of the donor material and the acceptor material may be separately prepared. Thus, the morphology of each layer of film is more favorably controlled, and balanced charge transmission and direct charge transmission between the film and the electrode are achieved.
Currently, in the process of preparing a double-layer structure organic solar cell by a spin coating method, orthogonal solvents are mainly adopted to dissolve acceptor materials respectively, so that the double-layer organic solar cell is prepared. In this method, the choice of orthogonal solvents is an obstacle to limit its wide application. In experiments, there are often numerous solvents that have no or very little solubility for the donor material. Therefore, these solvents cannot be used as orthogonal solvents to produce organic thin films. However, it may act as a protective solvent to protect the first spin-on organic film from damage by the second spin-on organic film. Therefore, the organic solar cell of a double-layer structure can be manufactured using such a poor solvent protection method.
Poor solvents such as dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), N-Dimethylformamide (DMF), N-hexane, N-heptane, N-octane, ethanol, methanol, diethyl ether, etc. have no or very weak solubility to the donor-acceptor material. These solvents do not contain benzene rings and halogen elements and may be referred to as environmentally friendly solvents. The organic solar cell with a double-layer structure is prepared by spin-coating the organic solar cell on the first layer of organic film to protect the organic film from being damaged by the second layer of spin-coated organic solution.
Disclosure of Invention
Aiming at the problems of the orthogonal solvent method, the invention provides a method for preparing a double-layer structure organic solar cell (SD device) without an orthogonal solvent, namely an environment-friendly solvent protection method (ESP). The environment-friendly solvents dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), N-Dimethylformamide (DMF), N-hexane, N-heptane, N-octane, ethanol, methanol and diethyl ether are used as protective solvents, so that the protective effect on the donor material of the first layer spin coating is achieved. The concept of a protection factor (delta) is put forward by researching the spreading coefficient (S) and the saturated vapor pressure (P) of the environment-friendly solvent on the surface of the organic film and further researching the protection characteristic of the environment-friendly solvent on the organic film. And a quantitative relation is established between the protection factor and the energy conversion efficiency (delta-PCE) of the battery, so that the method can be used as a guiding function for later researches by an empirical formula.
In order to achieve the above object, the present invention provides an organic solar cell comprising a conductive base material, a hole transport layer, a donor material, an acceptor material, an electron transport layer, and a cathode;
wherein the conductive substrate material is selected from any one or combination of Indium Tin Oxide (ITO) glass, fluorine-doped tin dioxide glass, aluminum-doped zinc oxide glass, ITO-polyethylene terephthalate and ITO-polyethylene naphthalate;
wherein the hole transport material is selected from poly 3, 4-ethylenedioxythiophene or polystyrene sulfonate or a combination thereof;
wherein the donor material is selected from any one of D18, PM6, PM7, PBDB-T, PTB7-Th or a combination thereof;
wherein the acceptor material is selected from N3, Y6, IT-4F, IT-4Cl, ITIC, PC 71 Any one or combination of BM;
wherein the electron transport layer is selected from ZnO and TiO 2 、SnO 2 Any one or combination of PFN, PFN-Br, PDINO;
wherein the cathode material is selected from common conductive materials or inert electrode materials, including iron, copper, aluminum, gold, platinum or graphite.
In addition, the invention also provides a preparation method of the organic solar cell by using the environment-friendly solvent protection method, which is characterized by comprising the following steps:
(1) Firstly, spin-coating a hole transport layer on a clean conductive substrate to form a first spin-coating layer;
(2) Dissolving a donor material in an organic solvent to form a uniform solution, and spin-coating the solution on the hole transport layer to form a second spin-coating layer;
(3) Spin-coating a protective solvent on the second spin-coating layer to form a third spin-coating layer;
(4) Dissolving a receptor material in an organic solvent to form a uniform solution, and spin-coating the uniform solution on the third spin-coating layer to form a fourth spin-coating layer;
(5) Annealing to remove redundant solvent to obtain a film layer;
(6) Dissolving the electron transport layer in an organic solvent to form a uniform solution and spin-coating the uniform solution in the thin film layer obtained in the step (5);
(7) And evaporating the cathode material by adopting a vacuum evaporation method to obtain the organic solar cell.
In the technical scheme of the invention, the organic solvent in the step (2) is one or a combination of chlorobenzene, toluene or xylene;
in the technical scheme of the invention, the protective solvent in the step (3) is selected from environment-friendly solvents which have no solubility or slight solubility to the receptor material, and is preferably one or any combination of dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), N-Dimethylformamide (DMF), N-hexane, N-heptane, N-octane, ethanol, methanol and diethyl ether;
in the technical scheme of the invention, the organic solvent in the step (4) is selected from one or any combination of chloroform, carbon tetrachloride and methylene dichloride;
in the technical scheme of the invention, the organic solvent in the step (6) is selected from methanol.
In addition, the invention also provides a method for measuring the protection characteristics of different protection solvents on the organic solar cell, wherein the method adopts the absolute value (delta) of the protection factor as a reference value, and when delta is smaller, the protection characteristics are better, wherein:
δ=S×logP
S=γ g-l (cosθ-1)
wherein θ is the contact angle of different protective solvents on the surface of the donor material film, and γ g-l Is the gas-liquid interfacial surface tension, S is the spreading coefficient, and P is the saturated vapor pressure P of the protective solvent at 25 ℃.
Compared with the prior art, the invention has the advantages that:
1. the invention breaks the limit of an orthogonal solvent method, adopts an environment-friendly solvent which has no solubility or extremely weak solubility to the acceptor material as a protective solvent, and applies the solvent to the double-layer structure organic solar cell.
2. The device disclosed by the invention has the efficiency of 17.52% based on the organic solar cell device of a D18+N3 system, and is the highest efficiency value of the efficiency of the organic solar cell with a double-layer structure. Moreover, the universality research shows that the efficiency value of the organic solar cell with the structure can reach more than 90% of the efficiency of the organic solar cell with the bulk heterojunction structure (BHJ).
3. The concept of the protection factor (delta) is provided in the device, and a quantitative relation between the protection factor and the energy conversion efficiency (delta-PCE) of the battery is established. The universality of the study is demonstrated by expanding the system to 8 donor-acceptor systems, and the guidance is provided for the subsequent study.
Description of the drawings:
fig. 1 is a schematic diagram of a device structure provided in embodiment 1 of the present invention;
FIG. 2 is an ultraviolet-visible absorption spectrum of D18, N3, D18/protective solvent/N3 and D18/N3 unprotected solvent films provided in examples of the present invention;
FIG. 3 is a photograph showing contact angle data of 8 kinds of protective solvents provided in the embodiment of the present invention on D18 film
Fig. 4 is a quantitative relationship between the protection factor δ of d18+protection solvent+n3 and PCE provided in the embodiment of the present invention.
Detailed Description
The technical scheme of the invention is further described in detail through the drawings and the examples, and the technical scheme specifically comprises device preparation, material characterization and mechanism explanation of device performance.
Example 1
Preparation of a double-layer structured organic solar cell (SD device):
the ITO glass has a square resistance of about 20 ohms/square and a specification of 15 mm by 15 mm square. Respectively apply it in the detergent,Ultrasonic cleaning in deionized water, acetone and absolute ethanol for 30min. Before use, the ITO glass is dried under the condition of nitrogen, and is placed under a UVO ultraviolet lamp to irradiate for 20min. The hole transport layer PEDOT: PSS (clevelos P VP Al 4083) was spin-coated at 3000rpm for 35s. After film formation, it was annealed at 150 ℃ for 15min on a heated platform, and then transferred to a glove box for later use. The donor material was dissolved in chlorobenzene solvent at a concentration of 8mg/mL and spin-coated onto the hole transport layer at 1800 rpm. And setting the working procedure of the spin coater into two sections, wherein the first section is spin coating of the protective solvent, and the second section is spin coating of the receptor material. As a protective solvent, 25. Mu.L of a poor solvent was spin-coated on the donor material at 800rpm for 6s. The acceptor material was dissolved in chloroform solvent and spin coated onto the protective solvent using dynamic spin at 3500rpm for 50s. The film was annealed at 100 ℃ for 10min to remove excess solvent and optimize the film morphology. For D18+N3, PTB7—Th+PC 71 BM systems do not require thermal annealing. The electron transport layer was a methanol solution of PDINO at a concentration of 1mg/mL and spin-coated at 3500rpm for 35s. Finally, an Al electrode is evaporated by a vacuum evaporation method to serve as a cathode.
Fig. 1 is a process diagram and a structure diagram of the device in example 1.
FIG. 2 is the UV-visible absorption spectrum of the film after the film was prepared using different protective solvents in example 1. As can be seen from FIG. 2, the light absorption capacity of the film containing the protective solvent (D18/protective solvent/N3) is better than that of the film without the protective solvent (D18/N3). It was thus demonstrated that the introduction of the protective solvent plays a protective role for the thin film of the first layer of spin-coated donor material. And, in different protective solvents, the double-layer film D18/N-octane/N3 prepared from N-octane has optimal light absorption capacity. Thus, it was demonstrated that the protective solvent has different effects on the protective properties of the donor film due to the difference in its own properties.
Example 2
SD device performance and mechanism interpretation
The device performance parameters based on the D18/protective solvent/N3 system in SD devices are shown in table 1. The device performance with the protective solvent (D18/protective solvent/N3) is significantly better than the device performance without the protective solvent (D18/N3). And, the performance parameters of different devices also change due to the difference of the protection characteristics of the protection solvent. The device with n-octane as the protective solvent has the highest energy conversion efficiency of 17.52%. The efficiency values of the systems using n-octane as the protective solvent can reach more than 90% of the efficiency values of the bulk heterojunction structure (BHJ) organic solar cell by applying the environment-friendly solvent protection method to other systems, as shown in table 2.
TABLE 1 D8+protective solvent+N3 System device Performance parameters under different protective solvent conditions
Table 2 photovoltaic performance parameters of SD device and BHJ device based on different photovoltaic systems
The reason for the difference in device performance is mainly due to the difference in the protective characteristics of the protective solvent. The good protective solvent should satisfy two conditions: 1. the protective solvent has good spreadability on the surface of the film; 2. the protective solvent should have less evaporation during the 6s spin coating process, which requires a lower saturated vapor pressure of the protective solvent. From these two aspects, the present patent investigated the spreading properties of different protective solvents on the surface of a donor film, measured by the spreading factor (S). The formula for the spreading coefficient is as follows:
S=γ g-l (cosθ-1)
taking the d18+n3 system as an example, the spreading coefficient was calculated by testing the contact angles of different protective solvents on the surface of the donor material film (fig. 3). The saturated vapor pressure P of the protective solvent at 25℃was found by looking up the solvent handbook. Thus, a new concept is proposed, the protection factor (delta) measures the protection characteristics of different protection solvents, which is defined as
δ=S×logP
By fitting the relationship between the protection factor (δ) and SD device efficiency, a quantitative relationship curve of the two is obtained, as shown in fig. 4. As can be seen from fig. 4, the smaller the absolute value (δ) of the protection factor, the better the protection characteristics, and thus the more excellent the device performance. Moreover, the method has good universality in different systems.
As can be obtained from examples 1-2, by introducing an environment-friendly solvent as a protective solvent, damage of the acceptor material of the spin coating to the donor material is avoided, and performance of the SD device is improved. And, a quantitative relation between the protection factor and the energy conversion efficiency (delta-PCE) of the battery is established, and the empirical formula can provide guidance for later research. The environment-friendly solvent protection method breaks the limitation of the traditional orthogonal solvent protection method on the orthogonal solvent, and has good universality.
The above examples are preferred embodiments of the present invention, but the embodiments of the present invention are not limited to the above examples, and any other changes, modifications, substitutions, combinations, and simplifications that do not depart from the spirit and principle of the present invention should be made in the equivalent manner, and the embodiments are included in the protection scope of the present invention.
Claims (7)
1. The preparation method of the environment-friendly solvent protection method of the organic solar cell is characterized by comprising the following steps of: the organic solar cell comprises a conductive substrate material, a hole transport layer, a donor material, an acceptor material, an electron transport layer and a cathode; wherein:
the conductive substrate material is selected from any one or combination of Indium Tin Oxide (ITO) glass, fluorine-doped tin dioxide glass, aluminum-doped zinc oxide glass, ITO-polyethylene terephthalate and ITO-polyethylene naphthalate;
the hole transport material is selected from poly 3, 4-ethylenedioxythiophene or polystyrene sulfonate or a combination thereof;
the donor material is selected from any one of D18, PM6, PM7, PBDB-T, PTB7-Th or a combination thereof;
the acceptor material is selected from N3、Y6、IT-4F、IT-4Cl、ITIC、PC 71 Any one or combination of BM;
the electron transport layer is selected from ZnO and TiO 2 、SnO 2 Any one or combination of PFN, PFN-Br, PDINO;
the cathode material is selected from common conductive materials or inert electrode materials, including iron, copper, aluminum, gold, platinum or graphite;
wherein the method comprises the following steps:
the method is characterized in that:
(1) Firstly, spin-coating a hole transport layer on a clean conductive substrate to form a first spin-coating layer;
(2) Dissolving a donor material in an organic solvent to form a uniform solution, and spin-coating the solution on the hole transport layer to form a second spin-coating layer;
(3) Spin-coating a protective solvent on the second spin-coating layer to form a third spin-coating layer; wherein the protective solvent in the step (3) is selected from one or any combination of dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), N-Dimethylformamide (DMF), N-hexane, N-heptane, N-octane, ethanol, methanol and diethyl ether;
(4) Dissolving a receptor material in an organic solvent to form a uniform solution, and spin-coating the uniform solution on the third spin-coating layer to form a fourth spin-coating layer;
(5) Annealing to remove redundant solvent to obtain a film layer;
(6) Dissolving the electron transport layer in an organic solvent to form a uniform solution and spin-coating the uniform solution in the thin film layer obtained in the step (5);
(7) And evaporating the cathode material by adopting a vacuum evaporation method to obtain the organic solar cell.
2. The method of claim 1, wherein the conductive substrate material is selected from Indium Tin Oxide (ITO) glass.
3. The method of claim 1, wherein the electron transport layer is selected from the group consisting of PDINO.
4. The method of claim 1 wherein said cathode material is selected from the group consisting of aluminum.
5. The method of claim 1, wherein the organic solvent of step (2) is one or a combination of chlorobenzene, toluene, or xylene.
6. The method of claim 1, wherein the organic solvent of step (4) is selected from one of chloroform, carbon tetrachloride, methylene chloride, or any combination thereof.
7. The process of claim 1, wherein the organic solvent of step (6) is selected from methanol.
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