CN112467036A - Organic solar cell and preparation method for protecting environment-friendly solvent thereof - Google Patents

Organic solar cell and preparation method for protecting environment-friendly solvent thereof Download PDF

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CN112467036A
CN112467036A CN202011341895.7A CN202011341895A CN112467036A CN 112467036 A CN112467036 A CN 112467036A CN 202011341895 A CN202011341895 A CN 202011341895A CN 112467036 A CN112467036 A CN 112467036A
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solvent
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黄辉
魏亚男
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University of Chinese Academy of Sciences
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    • H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
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    • H10K30/00—Organic devices sensitive to infrared radiation, light, electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength or corpuscular radiation
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    • H10K30/20—Organic devices sensitive to infrared radiation, light, electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength or corpuscular radiation comprising organic-organic junctions, e.g. donor-acceptor junctions
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    • H10K71/10—Deposition of organic active material
    • H10K71/12—Deposition of organic active material using liquid deposition, e.g. spin coating
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Abstract

The invention relates to an environment-friendly solvent protection method which is used for preparing an organic solar cell with a stacking structure and breaks through the requirement on an orthogonal solvent in the sequential spin coating process. The method utilizes the characteristic that a benzene ring-free and halogen-free solvent (such as dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), N-Dimethylformamide (DMF), N-hexane, N-heptane, N-octane, ethanol, methanol and ether solvents) has no solubility or extremely weak solubility on a donor material, and uses the solvent as a protective solvent to protect a film of the donor material from being damaged by the receptor material which is spin-coated later. The protection factor (delta) measures the protection characteristics of different solvents to the film, a quantitative relation of delta-PCE is established, and the obtained empirical formula has prediction and guidance effects on other solvents serving as protection solvents.

Description

Organic solar cell and preparation method for protecting environment-friendly solvent thereof
Technical Field
The invention relates to the field of stacked structure (double-layer) organic solar cells, in particular to a method for preparing a protective agent by using a poor solvent such as alcohols, alkanes and ethers as a protective agent. And in the sequential spin coating process, protecting the solution of the first layer from being dissolved by the receptor solution of the later spin coating, thereby preparing the organic solar cell with a stacking structure.
Background
Currently, the efficiency of a single junction organic solar cell based on a bulk heterojunction structure (BHJ) can exceed 17% and even reach 18%, and the efficiency is commercially feasible. However, the random distribution of donors and acceptors increases the probability of carrier recombination, resulting in charge transport imbalances, thereby limiting further increases in efficiency. And, in the process of spin coating the film, the component with lower surface energy in the mixed solution tends to gather towards the air interface with lower surface energy, and the component closer to the surface of the substrate tends to gather at the interface with the buried bottom, so that the whole system reaches the most stable state. In organic solar cells, this property directly affects the distribution of the active layer in the vertical direction, thereby causing instability of kinetics. Moreover, in order to further optimize the performance of the organic solar cell, a number of pre-treatment steps are required in the cell preparation process, such as: optimization of D/A ratio, addition of additives, thermal annealing, solvent annealing, and the like. Both of these steps add complexity to the processing of organic solar cells. The organic solar cell with the double-layer structure can reduce the pretreatment process in some aspects, thereby further increasing the possibility of commercial preparation. Meanwhile, in the preparation process of the organic solar cell with the double-layer structure, the organic films of the donor material and the acceptor material can be prepared separately. Therefore, the appearance of each layer of film can be controlled more favorably, and balanced charge transmission and direct charge transmission between the film and the electrode can be achieved.
Currently, in the process of preparing a double-layer organic solar cell by a spin-coating method, orthogonal solvents are mainly adopted to respectively dissolve donor materials, so that the double-layer organic solar cell is prepared. In this method, the selection of orthogonal solvents is an obstacle that limits its wide application. In experiments, there are often numerous solvents that are either not soluble or only poorly soluble in the donor and acceptor materials. Therefore, these solvents cannot be used as orthogonal solvents to prepare organic thin films. However, it can act as a layer of protective solvent to protect the first spin-coated organic film from damage by the second spin-coated organic film. Therefore, the organic solar cell having a double-layer structure can be manufactured by using the poor solvent protection method.
Poor solvents such as dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), N-Dimethylformamide (DMF), N-hexane, N-heptane, N-octane, ethanol, methanol, diethyl ether, and the like have no solubility or extremely weak solubility in donor and acceptor materials. These solvents do not contain benzene rings and halogen elements and can be called environment-friendly solvents. The organic thin film is coated on the first layer of organic thin film in a spin mode to protect the organic thin film from being damaged by the organic solution coated on the second layer of organic thin film in a spin mode, and therefore the organic solar cell with the double-layer structure is prepared.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention provides a method for preparing an organic solar cell (SD device) with a double-layer structure, which is an environment-friendly solvent protection method (ESP) without an orthogonal solvent, aiming at the problems of the orthogonal solvent method. The method adopts environment-friendly solvents of dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), N-Dimethylformamide (DMF), N-hexane, N-heptane, N-octane, ethanol, methanol and diethyl ether as protective solvents to protect the donor material spin-coated on the first layer. The concept of the protection factor (delta) is provided by researching the spreading coefficient (S) and the saturated vapor pressure (P) of the environment-friendly solvent on the surface of the organic film and further researching the protection characteristic of the environment-friendly solvent on the organic film. And a quantitative relation is established between the protection factor and the energy conversion efficiency (delta-PCE) of the battery, and the protection factor can be used as an empirical formula to guide the subsequent research.
In order to achieve the above object, the present invention provides an organic solar cell, comprising a conductive base material, a hole transport layer, a donor material, an acceptor material, an electron transport layer, and a cathode;
the conductive substrate material is selected from any one or the combination of Indium Tin Oxide (ITO) glass, fluorine-doped tin dioxide glass, aluminum-doped zinc oxide glass, ITO-polyethylene terephthalate and ITO-polyethylene naphthalate;
wherein the hole transport material is selected from poly 3, 4-ethylenedioxythiophene or polystyrene sulfonate or a combination thereof;
wherein the donor material is selected from any one or the combination of D18, PM6, PM7 and PBDB-T, PTB 7-Th;
wherein the acceptor material is selected from N3, Y6, IT-4F, IT-4Cl, ITIC, and PC71Any one or combination of BMs;
wherein the electron transport layer is selected from ZnO and TiO2、SnO2Any of PFN, PFN-Br and PDINOOne or a combination thereof;
wherein, the cathode material is selected from common conductive materials or inert electrode materials, including iron, copper, aluminum, gold, platinum or graphite.
In addition, the invention also provides a preparation method of the organic solar cell by using the environment-friendly solvent protection method, which is characterized by comprising the following steps:
(1) firstly, spin-coating a hole transport layer on a clean conductive substrate to form a first spin-coating layer;
(2) dissolving a donor material in an organic solvent to form a uniform solution, and spin-coating the uniform solution on the hole transport layer to form a second spin-coating layer;
(3) spin coating a protective solvent on the second spin-on layer to form a third spin-on layer;
(4) dissolving the receptor material in an organic solvent to form a uniform solution, and spin-coating the uniform solution on the third spin-coating layer to form a fourth spin-coating layer;
(5) annealing to remove excess solvent to obtain a thin film layer;
(6) dissolving the electron transport layer in an organic solvent to form a uniform solution, and spin-coating the uniform solution in the thin film layer obtained in the step (5);
(7) and evaporating the organic solar cell on the cathode material by adopting a vacuum evaporation method to obtain the organic solar cell.
In the technical scheme of the invention, the organic solvent in the step (2) is one or a combination of chlorobenzene, toluene or xylene;
in the technical solution of the present invention, the protective solvent in step (3) is selected from an environment-friendly solvent that does not have solubility or slightly solubility to the receptor material, preferably one or any combination of dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), N-Dimethylformamide (DMF), N-hexane, N-heptane, N-octane, ethanol, methanol, and diethyl ether;
in the technical scheme of the invention, the organic solvent in the step (4) is selected from one of chloroform, carbon tetrachloride and dichloromethane or any combination thereof;
in the technical scheme of the invention, the organic solvent in the step (6) is selected from methanol.
In addition, the invention also provides a method for measuring the protection characteristics of different protection solvents on the organic solar cell, wherein the method selects the absolute value (delta) of the protection factor as a reference value, and the protection characteristics are better when the delta is smaller, wherein:
δ＝S×logP
S＝γg-l(cosθ-1)
wherein theta is the contact angle of different protective solvents on the surface of the donor material film, and gammag-lThe surface tension of a gas-liquid interface is shown, S is a spreading coefficient, and P is the saturated vapor pressure P of the protective solvent at 25 ℃.
Compared with the prior art, the invention has the advantages that:
1. the invention breaks through the limitation of an orthogonal solvent method, adopts an environment-friendly solvent which has no solubility or very weak solubility on donor and acceptor materials as a protective solvent, and applies the solvent to the organic solar cell with the double-layer structure.
2. The device of the invention is based on the organic solar cell device efficiency of the D18+ N3 system, is 17.52%, and is the highest efficiency value of the organic solar cell efficiency of the double-layer structure. And the universal research shows that the efficiency value of the organic solar cell with the structure can reach more than 90% of the efficiency of the organic solar cell with the bulk heterojunction structure (BHJ).
3. The concept of the protection factor (delta) is put forward in the device, and a quantitative relation between the protection factor and the energy conversion efficiency (delta-PCE) of the battery is established. The method is expanded to 8 donor-acceptor systems, so that the universality of the research is proved, and a guidance effect is provided for the subsequent research.
Description of the drawings:
fig. 1 is a schematic structural diagram of a device provided in embodiment 1 of the present invention;
FIG. 2 shows UV-VIS absorption spectra of films of D18, N3, D18/protective solvent/N3 and D18/N3 without protective solvent, provided in examples of the present invention;
FIG. 3 is a photograph showing contact angle data of 8 protective solvents on a D18 film according to an embodiment of the present invention
Fig. 4 is a quantitative relationship between the protection factor δ of D18+ protection solvent + N3 and PCE provided in the embodiment of the present invention.
Detailed Description
The technical scheme of the present invention is further described in detail below with reference to the accompanying drawings and examples, which specifically include device preparation, material characterization, and mechanism explanation of device performance.
Example 1
Preparation of a double-layer organic solar cell (SD device):
the ITO glass has a plurality of square resistances of about 20 ohm/square and specifications of 15 mm multiplied by 15 mm square sheets. Ultrasonic cleaning in detergent, deionized water, acetone, and anhydrous alcohol for 30 min. Before use, the ITO glass is dried under the condition of nitrogen, and is placed under a UVO ultraviolet lamp for irradiation for 20 min. The hole transport layer PEDOT: PSS (Clevios P VP Al 4083) was spin coated at 3000rpm for 35 s. After film formation, it was annealed at 150 ℃ for 15min on a heated platen, and then transferred to a glove box for use. The donor material was dissolved in chlorobenzene solvent at a concentration of 8mg/mL and spin coated onto the hole transport layer at 1800 rpm. And then, setting the working procedure of the spin coater into two sections, wherein the first section is spin coating of the protective solvent, and the second section is spin coating of the receptor material. 25 μ L of a poor solvent was spin-coated on the donor material as a protective solvent under conditions of 800rpm for 6 s. The acceptor material was dissolved in chloroform solvent and spin-coated on the protective solvent by dynamic spin at 3500rpm for 50 s. The film was annealed at 100 ℃ for 10min to remove excess solvent and optimize the film morphology. For D18+ N3, PTB7-Th + PC71The BM system does not require heat annealing. The electron transport layer is prepared from a methanol solution of PDINO with the concentration of 1mg/mL, and is spin-coated for 35s under the condition of 3500 rpm. And finally, evaporating an Al electrode as a cathode by adopting a vacuum evaporation method.
FIG. 1 is a process diagram of the device fabrication and a block diagram of the device in example 1.
FIG. 2 is a UV-VIS absorption spectrum of a film prepared in example 1 using different protective solvents. As can be seen from FIG. 2, the light absorption ability of the film containing the protective solvent (D18/protective solvent/N3) was superior to that of the film without the protective solvent (D18/N3). Thus demonstrating that the introduction of the protective solvent protects the first layer of the spin-coated thin film of donor material. And, among the different protective solvents, the double-layer film D18/N octane/N3 prepared from N-octane has the optimal light absorption ability. Thus, it was demonstrated that the protective solvent exerts different effects on the protective properties of the donor film due to the difference in its properties.
Example 2
SD device performance and mechanism explanation
Device performance parameters based on the D18/protective solvent/N3 system in SD devices are shown in Table 1. The device performance with the protective solvent (D18/protective solvent/N3) is significantly better than the device performance without the protective solvent (D18/N3). Moreover, the performance parameters of different devices are changed due to the difference of the protective characteristics of the protective solvent. Among them, the device using n-octane as a protective solvent had the highest energy conversion efficiency of 17.52%. The environment-friendly solvent protection method is applied to other systems, and the efficiency value of the system taking n-octane as the protection solvent can reach more than 90% of that of a Bulk Heterojunction (BHJ) organic solar cell, as shown in Table 2.
TABLE 1 device Performance parameters of D8+ protective solvent + N3 System under different protective solvent conditions
Figure BDA0002796921260000071
TABLE 2 photovoltaic Performance parameters of SD and BHJ devices based on different photovoltaic systems
Figure BDA0002796921260000072
The reason for the difference in device performance is mainly due to the difference in protective characteristics of the protective solvent. An excellent protective solvent should satisfy two conditions: 1. the protective solvent has good spreadability on the surface of the film; 2. the protective solvent should have less evaporation during 6s spin coating, which requires the protective solvent to have a lower saturated vapor pressure. From these two aspects, the present patent investigated the spreading properties of different protective solvents on the surface of the donor film, measured by the spreading coefficient (S). The formula for the spreading factor is as follows:
S＝γg-l(cosθ-1)
taking the system D18+ N3 as an example, the spreading factor was calculated by testing the contact angles of different protective solvents on the surface of the thin film of donor material (FIG. 3). The saturated vapor pressure P of the protective solvent at 25 ℃ is searched by inquiring a solvent manual. Thus, a new concept is proposed, the protection factor (delta) being a measure of the protective properties of different protective solvents, which is defined as
δ＝S×logP
The relationship between the protection factor (delta) and the efficiency of the SD device is fitted, so that a quantitative relationship curve of the protection factor (delta) and the SD device is obtained, as shown in FIG. 4. As shown in fig. 4, the smaller the absolute value (δ) of the protection factor, the better the protection characteristics, and the more excellent the device performance. In addition, the method has good universality in different systems.
The method can be obtained from examples 1-2, and by introducing the environment-friendly solvent as the protective solvent, damage of a receptor material which is spin-coated later on a donor material is avoided, and the performance of the SD device is improved. Moreover, a quantitative relation between the protection factor and the energy conversion efficiency (delta-PCE) of the battery is established, and the empirical formula can provide guidance for later research. The environment-friendly solvent protection method breaks through the limitation of the traditional orthogonal solvent protection method on the orthogonal solvent, and has good universality.
The above embodiments are preferred embodiments of the present invention, but the present invention is not limited to the above embodiments, and any other changes, modifications, substitutions, combinations, and simplifications which do not depart from the spirit and principle of the present invention should be construed as equivalents thereof, and all such changes, modifications, substitutions, combinations, and simplifications are intended to be included in the scope of the present invention.

Claims (10)

1. An organic solar cell device comprises a conductive substrate material, a hole transport layer, a donor material, an acceptor material, an electron transport layer and a cathode; the method is characterized in that:
the conductive substrate material is selected from any one or the combination of Indium Tin Oxide (ITO) glass, fluorine-doped tin dioxide glass, aluminum-doped zinc oxide glass, ITO-polyethylene terephthalate and ITO-polyethylene naphthalate;
the hole transport material is selected from poly 3, 4-ethylenedioxythiophene or polystyrene sulfonate or a combination thereof;
the donor material is selected from any one or the combination of D18, PM6, PM7 and PBDB-T, PTB 7-Th;
the acceptor material is selected from N3, Y6, IT-4F, IT-4Cl, ITIC and PC71Any one or combination of BMs;
the electron transport layer is selected from ZnO and TiO2、SnO2Any one or the combination of PFN, PFN-Br and PDINO;
the cathode material is selected from common conductive materials or inert electrode materials, including iron, copper, aluminum, gold, platinum or graphite.
2. The organic solar cell of claim 1, wherein the conductive substrate material is selected from Indium Tin Oxide (ITO) glass.
3. The organic solar cell of claim 1, wherein the electron transport layer is selected from the group consisting of PDINO.
4. The organic solar cell of claim 1, wherein the cathode material is selected from aluminum.
5. The method for preparing an environmentally friendly solvent protection method for an organic solar cell according to any one of claims 1 to 4, wherein the method comprises the following steps:
(1) firstly, spin-coating a hole transport layer on a clean conductive substrate to form a first spin-coating layer;
(2) dissolving a donor material in an organic solvent to form a uniform solution, and spin-coating the uniform solution on the hole transport layer to form a second spin-coating layer;
(3) spin coating a protective solvent on the second spin-on layer to form a third spin-on layer;
(4) dissolving the receptor material in an organic solvent to form a uniform solution, and spin-coating the uniform solution on the third spin-coating layer to form a fourth spin-coating layer;
(5) annealing to remove excess solvent to obtain a thin film layer;
(6) dissolving the electron transport layer in an organic solvent to form a uniform solution, and spin-coating the uniform solution in the thin film layer obtained in the step (5);
(7) and evaporating the organic solar cell on the cathode material by adopting a vacuum evaporation method to obtain the organic solar cell.
6. The method of claim 5, wherein the organic solvent in step (2) is one or a combination of chlorobenzene, toluene or xylene.
7. The method according to claim 5, wherein the protective solvent in step (3) is selected from the group consisting of environmentally friendly solvents having no solubility or slight solubility to the receptor material, preferably one of dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), N-Dimethylformamide (DMF), N-hexane, N-heptane, N-octane, ethanol, methanol, diethyl ether, or any combination thereof.
8. The method according to claim 5, wherein the organic solvent in step (4) is selected from chloroform, carbon tetrachloride, dichloromethane or any combination thereof.
9. The method of claim 5, wherein the organic solvent of step (6) is selected from methanol.
10. A method for measuring the protection characteristics of organic solar cells according to any one of claims 1 to 5 from different protective solvents, wherein the method uses the absolute value of the protection factor (δ) as a reference value, the smaller δ the better the protection characteristics, wherein:
δ＝S×log P
S＝γg-l(cosθ-1)
wherein theta is the contact angle of different protective solvents on the surface of the donor material film, and gammag-lThe surface tension of a gas-liquid interface is shown, S is a spreading coefficient, and P is the saturated vapor pressure P of the protective solvent at 25 ℃.
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* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
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CN113540356A (en) * 2021-06-08 2021-10-22 中国科学院大学 Self-driven organic photoelectric detector with high detection rate for near infrared light
CN113540356B (en) * 2021-06-08 2024-04-05 中国科学院大学 Self-driven organic photoelectric detector with high detection rate for near infrared light

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