CN112459306A - Energy-saving rammed earth wall and construction method thereof - Google Patents

Energy-saving rammed earth wall and construction method thereof Download PDF

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Publication number
CN112459306A
CN112459306A CN202011199343.7A CN202011199343A CN112459306A CN 112459306 A CN112459306 A CN 112459306A CN 202011199343 A CN202011199343 A CN 202011199343A CN 112459306 A CN112459306 A CN 112459306A
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China
Prior art keywords
rammed earth
earth wall
wall
layer
rammed
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CN202011199343.7A
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Chinese (zh)
Inventor
李麟学
吴杰
周凯锋
单云翔
张琪
王驰迪
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Tongji University
Architecture Design and Research Institute of Tongji University Group Co Ltd
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Tongji University
Architecture Design and Research Institute of Tongji University Group Co Ltd
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Priority to CN202011199343.7A priority Critical patent/CN112459306A/en
Publication of CN112459306A publication Critical patent/CN112459306A/en
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    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E04—BUILDING
    • E04B—GENERAL BUILDING CONSTRUCTIONS; WALLS, e.g. PARTITIONS; ROOFS; FLOORS; CEILINGS; INSULATION OR OTHER PROTECTION OF BUILDINGS
    • E04B2/00—Walls, e.g. partitions, for buildings; Wall construction with regard to insulation; Connections specially adapted to walls
    • E04B2/84—Walls made by casting, pouring, or tamping in situ
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C04—CEMENTS; CONCRETE; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES
    • C04B—LIME, MAGNESIA; SLAG; CEMENTS; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF, e.g. MORTARS, CONCRETE OR LIKE BUILDING MATERIALS; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES; TREATMENT OF NATURAL STONE
    • C04B28/00—Compositions of mortars, concrete or artificial stone, containing inorganic binders or the reaction product of an inorganic and an organic binder, e.g. polycarboxylate cements
    • C04B28/02—Compositions of mortars, concrete or artificial stone, containing inorganic binders or the reaction product of an inorganic and an organic binder, e.g. polycarboxylate cements containing hydraulic cements other than calcium sulfates
    • C04B28/04—Portland cements
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E04—BUILDING
    • E04B—GENERAL BUILDING CONSTRUCTIONS; WALLS, e.g. PARTITIONS; ROOFS; FLOORS; CEILINGS; INSULATION OR OTHER PROTECTION OF BUILDINGS
    • E04B1/00—Constructions in general; Structures which are not restricted either to walls, e.g. partitions, or floors or ceilings or roofs
    • E04B1/62—Insulation or other protection; Elements or use of specified material therefor
    • E04B1/74—Heat, sound or noise insulation, absorption, or reflection; Other building methods affording favourable thermal or acoustical conditions, e.g. accumulating of heat within walls
    • E04B1/76—Heat, sound or noise insulation, absorption, or reflection; Other building methods affording favourable thermal or acoustical conditions, e.g. accumulating of heat within walls specifically with respect to heat only
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E04—BUILDING
    • E04B—GENERAL BUILDING CONSTRUCTIONS; WALLS, e.g. PARTITIONS; ROOFS; FLOORS; CEILINGS; INSULATION OR OTHER PROTECTION OF BUILDINGS
    • E04B1/00—Constructions in general; Structures which are not restricted either to walls, e.g. partitions, or floors or ceilings or roofs
    • E04B1/62—Insulation or other protection; Elements or use of specified material therefor
    • E04B1/92—Protection against other undesired influences or dangers
    • E04B1/98—Protection against other undesired influences or dangers against vibrations or shocks; against mechanical destruction, e.g. by air-raids
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E04—BUILDING
    • E04C—STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS; BUILDING MATERIALS
    • E04C3/00—Structural elongated elements designed for load-supporting
    • E04C3/02—Joists; Girders, trusses, or trusslike structures, e.g. prefabricated; Lintels; Transoms; Braces
    • E04C3/20—Joists; Girders, trusses, or trusslike structures, e.g. prefabricated; Lintels; Transoms; Braces of concrete or other stone-like material, e.g. with reinforcements or tensioning members
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E04—BUILDING
    • E04C—STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS; BUILDING MATERIALS
    • E04C5/00—Reinforcing elements, e.g. for concrete; Auxiliary elements therefor
    • E04C5/01—Reinforcing elements of metal, e.g. with non-structural coatings
    • E04C5/02—Reinforcing elements of metal, e.g. with non-structural coatings of low bending resistance
    • E04C5/04—Mats
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E04—BUILDING
    • E04G—SCAFFOLDING; FORMS; SHUTTERING; BUILDING IMPLEMENTS OR AIDS, OR THEIR USE; HANDLING BUILDING MATERIALS ON THE SITE; REPAIRING, BREAKING-UP OR OTHER WORK ON EXISTING BUILDINGS
    • E04G15/00—Forms or shutterings for making openings, cavities, slits, or channels
    • E04G15/02—Forms or shutterings for making openings, cavities, slits, or channels for windows, doors, or the like
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E04—BUILDING
    • E04H—BUILDINGS OR LIKE STRUCTURES FOR PARTICULAR PURPOSES; SWIMMING OR SPLASH BATHS OR POOLS; MASTS; FENCING; TENTS OR CANOPIES, IN GENERAL
    • E04H9/00—Buildings, groups of buildings or shelters adapted to withstand or provide protection against abnormal external influences, e.g. war-like action, earthquake or extreme climate
    • E04H9/02—Buildings, groups of buildings or shelters adapted to withstand or provide protection against abnormal external influences, e.g. war-like action, earthquake or extreme climate withstanding earthquake or sinking of ground
    • E04H9/021—Bearing, supporting or connecting constructions specially adapted for such buildings
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C04—CEMENTS; CONCRETE; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES
    • C04B—LIME, MAGNESIA; SLAG; CEMENTS; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF, e.g. MORTARS, CONCRETE OR LIKE BUILDING MATERIALS; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES; TREATMENT OF NATURAL STONE
    • C04B2111/00—Mortars, concrete or artificial stone or mixtures to prepare them, characterised by specific function, property or use
    • C04B2111/80—Optical properties, e.g. transparency or reflexibility
    • C04B2111/82—Coloured materials
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02A—TECHNOLOGIES FOR ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02A30/00—Adapting or protecting infrastructure or their operation
    • Y02A30/24—Structural elements or technologies for improving thermal insulation
    • Y02A30/244—Structural elements or technologies for improving thermal insulation using natural or recycled building materials, e.g. straw, wool, clay or used tires

Abstract

The invention discloses a rammed earth wall body which comprises the following raw materials in percentage by mass: 22.3% +/-5% of stones, 58.7% +/-5% of coarse sand, 14.3% +/-2% of cement and 4.7% +/-5% of water; also comprises a waterproof agent which is added according to the mass percent of 0.0003 +/-1 percent of the raw materials. The construction method of the rammed earth wall comprises base layer treatment, wall formwork assembly, mixture preparation of the rammed earth wall, arrangement of the reinforcing steel bar grid layer and the heat insulation layer, and ramming of the rammed earth wall layer. The rammed earth wall body can be energy-saving and sustainable, has good heat preservation effect, strength and seismic performance, can freely open doors and windows, and has rich texture effect.

Description

Energy-saving rammed earth wall and construction method thereof
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the field of rammed earth walls of buildings, and particularly relates to an environment-friendly and energy-saving rammed earth wall and a construction method thereof.
Background
The development of the ramming technique can trace back to the ancient times, and the ramming technique can be widely applied because of local materials and simple construction technique, etc., and becomes one of the most important construction techniques in ancient China. However, in modern times, this traditional construction has not been well-carried and developed in China for various reasons.
The traditional rammed earth wall in China (such as a Hakka earth building) takes raw earth as an important raw material, and cannot meet the requirements of the buildings on durability, weather resistance, compressive strength, living quality and the like on a larger scale and under the same building weight. As early as in the ancient Chaoshan region of China, "Bai grey board built wall" made of green sand and Bai grey (the main component is calcium oxide which becomes mature lime after meeting water) as main materials through mixing and tamping has the advantages of high hardness after being formed into wall, firm wall body, difficult weathering, no storage after hundreds of years of wholesale (namely plastering), standing and standing still, even though common iron nails cannot be nailed, and the traditional process is lack of application in contemporary building practice.
In addition, in the modern process of our country, the novel rammed earth wall is realized by a single building target in practice, but the strength, performance and construction feasibility are simultaneously met as far as possible by an integrated method, for example, the consistency of the texture of rammed earth is difficult to ensure by using an inner heat insulation layer or an outer heat insulation layer, the actual wall thickness is required to be greatly increased for realizing the structural strength, and the like. A method for ramming a soil wall body meeting the requirement of composite performance is still missing in the building practice of China.
Therefore, those skilled in the art have endeavored to develop a rammed earth wall and a construction method thereof that can meet the performance requirements.
Disclosure of Invention
In view of the fact that the traditional rammed earth wall cannot meet the requirements of modern buildings on earthquake resistance, heat insulation performance, wall durability and strength under the conditions of raw material proportion and construction process, an integrated construction method is not provided for integrating related elements, and the texture effect, aesthetic impression and cultural value of the rammed earth wall are difficult to express in the modern rammed earth wall, the invention provides the rammed earth wall which can meet the performance requirements and the construction method thereof. The present invention may also solve one or more of the above problems.
One aspect of the present invention provides a rammed earth wall. In one specific embodiment, the rammed earth wall comprises the following raw materials in percentage by mass: 22.3% +/-5% of stones, 58.7% +/-5% of coarse sand, 14.3% +/-2% of cement and 4.7% +/-5% of water; also comprises a waterproof agent which is added according to the mass percent of 0.0003 +/-1 percent of the raw materials. .
Furthermore, the stones comprise big stones with the particle size of 20-60 mm and melon seed slices with the particle size of 10-25 mm; optionally, the addition mass percentages of the large cobblestones and the melon seed slices are as follows: big stones: 7.6% + -2.5%; melon seed slices: 14.7% + -2.5%.
Optionally, the raw material of the rammed earth wall further comprises toner; optionally, the toner includes an oxide of iron; further optionally, the iron oxide is selected from one or more of yellow iron oxide, red iron oxide, brown iron oxide.
Optionally, the type and the usage amount of the toner are determined by the color required by the rammed earth wall body, the color of the sandy soil, the color of the stones and the color of the cement, and the toner is added according to actual conditions. Alternatively, the compounding ratio of the iron oxide yellow in the toner is 0.005% (mass percentage), the compounding ratio of the iron oxide red is 0.001% (mass percentage), and the compounding ratio of the total iron oxide is 0.001% (mass percentage).
Further, the structure of rammed earth wall body includes:
the heat insulation layer is arranged in the middle of the rammed earth wall body in the width direction and extends along the length direction of the rammed earth wall body;
the two reinforcing steel bar grid layers are also connected through reinforcing steel bars, and the reinforcing steel bars penetrate through the heat insulation layer; and
and the rammed earth wall layer is arranged on two sides of the heat insulation layer.
Furthermore, the distances between the upper edge, the lower edge, the left edge and the right edge of the heat-insulating layer and the outer vertical surface of the rammed earth wall layer are more than or equal to 200 mm; the distance between the steel bar grid layers and the outer vertical surface of the rammed earth wall is 80-120 mm, the distance between the longitudinal steel bars in each steel bar grid layer is 1500mm, and the distance between the transverse steel bars is 600 mm. The distance between the two steel bar mesh layers is 750 mm.
Optionally, the rammed earth wall further comprises a door and window opening, and a precast concrete lintel is arranged above the door and window opening.
Further optionally, the length of the precast concrete lintel is greater than the length of the door and window opening, the width of the precast concrete lintel is smaller than the width of the door and window opening, and the width of the precast concrete lintel is smaller than the distance between the two steel bar mesh layers; the precast concrete lintel is also provided with lintel lap joint ribs at certain intervals to improve the supporting effect.
In another aspect of the invention, a construction method of the rammed earth wall is provided. In one embodiment, the construction method comprises the following steps:
s1, processing a base layer, horizontally arranging the base layer, and cleaning the surface; optionally, if the surface of the base layer is dry, a small amount of water is sprayed, so that the rammed earth wall body raw material and the base layer can be fused and spliced conveniently; optionally, a plastic film is laid on the top of the base layer, so that the rapid contact between the rammed material and air due to an overlarge gap is prevented, the moisture of the rammed material is prevented from rapidly evaporating, and the overall strength of the rammed stone wall is reduced;
s2 assembling wall formworks, namely assembling the wall formworks on two sides of a base layer, and fixing two wall formworks opposite to each other in the width direction of a rammed earth wall through a connecting piece;
s3, preparing a mixture of the rammed earth wall, wherein the rammed earth wall comprises the following raw materials in percentage by mass: 22.3% +/-5% of stones, 58.7% +/-5% of coarse sand, 14.3% +/-2% of cement and 4.7% +/-5% of water; the waterproof agent is added according to the mass percent of 0.0003 +/-1% of the raw materials;
weighing stones, sandy soil and cement, stirring, adding water, stirring uniformly, and spraying a waterproof agent uniformly to form a mixture;
s4 setting of steel bar mesh layer and heat preservation layer: assembling two layers of reinforcing steel bar grids in parallel in the assembled wall formwork, wherein the two reinforcing steel bar grid layers are connected by using connecting reinforcing steel bars; optionally, the distance between two layers of the reinforcing mesh is 750 mm; putting a heat-insulating layer between the two layers of the reinforcing steel bar grids, wherein the heat-insulating layer is parallel to the reinforcing steel bar grids; optionally, the distances between the upper edge, the lower edge, the left edge and the right edge of the heat-insulating layer and the outer vertical surface of the rammed earth wall layer are more than or equal to 200 mm; the distance between the steel bar grid layer and the outer vertical surface of the rammed earth wall is 80-120 mm, the distance between longitudinal steel bars in the steel bar grid layer is 1500mm, and the distance between transverse steel bars is 600 mm;
s5 rammed earth wall layer ramming: feeding the prepared mixture to two sides of the heat-insulating layer for multiple times, leveling after feeding each time, and then tamping, wherein the tamping adopts a half-overlapping tamping method, the position of the later tamping is based on half of the position of the former tamping, and the compression ratio of the mixture after tamping is between 55 and 65 percent;
here, step S3 may be performed simultaneously with or before or after step S2 or step S4.
Optionally, the stones comprise big stones with the particle size of 20-60 mm and melon seed slices with the particle size of 10-25 mm; optionally, the addition mass percentages of the large cobblestones and the melon seed slices are as follows: big stones: 7.6% + -2.5%; melon seed slices: 14.7% + -2.5%.
Optionally, the raw material of the rammed earth wall further comprises toner; optionally, the toner includes an oxide of iron; further optionally, the iron oxide is selected from one or more of yellow iron oxide, red iron oxide, brown iron oxide.
Optionally, the type and the usage amount of the toner are determined by the color required by the rammed earth wall body, the color of the sandy soil, the color of the stones and the color of the cement, and the toner is added according to actual conditions. Alternatively, the compounding ratio of the iron oxide yellow in the toner is 0.005% (mass percentage), the compounding ratio of the iron oxide red is 0.001% (mass percentage), and the compounding ratio of the total iron oxide is 0.001% (mass percentage).
Optionally, tamping is performed in a front-back or left-right sequence, and a part close to the edge of the wall form is tamped firstly, so as to ensure the flatness and compactness of the outer vertical surface of the rammed earth wall; the number of tamping back and forth is 4 times as the lowest standard, and the tamping is carried out for 1-2 times at the edge position close to the template so as to reach the standard of the specified tamping; the thickness of each feeding is 20cm +/-2 cm.
Further, in step S2, the wall form is rectangular, and two through holes are disposed along the long side direction, and the two through holes are close to the long side of one side. Optionally, the size of the wall formwork is 1500mm × 600mm, the distance between the through hole and the long edge of one side of the wall formwork is 200mm, and the distance between the through hole and the short edge of one side of the wall formwork is 375 mm. The connecting piece passes through two corresponding through holes on a pair of wall formworks which are arranged oppositely.
Optionally, the rammed earth wall further comprises a door and window opening; the step S2 further includes: drawing a door and window opening position line on the wall template; and S5, placing a door and window opening template and a precast concrete lintel in the wall template at the corresponding position of the door and window opening position line. Optionally, both ends of the precast concrete lintel extend beyond the door and window openings, respectively, optionally over 300 mm.
Optionally, the construction method further comprises S6 rammed earth wall curing, the first stage is sealing curing, curing is carried out on the rammed earth wall after the wall formwork is removed, and sealing curing is carried out for 15-17 days; or curing for 2 days or more in the wall formwork, then removing part or all of the wall formwork, removing the exposed rammed earth wall part covered with a film after the wall formwork is removed, and sealing and curing for 15-17 days; the second stage is normal state maintenance, waterproof plastic cloth is covered in heavy rain and high temperature weather, shielding is not needed in other conditions, and normal state maintenance is carried out for 28-32 days; and in the third stage, a waterproof coating is applied.
The rammed earth wall and the construction method thereof have the following advantages:
1) the raw materials and the proportion of the rammed earth wall layer are optimized. The raw materials can be obtained from local materials, sand is preferably selected as a main material of the rammed earth wall, materials such as cement, a waterproof agent and the like are added, and the proportion is optimized so as to take energy conservation, sustainability and wall foundation performance into consideration.
2) The optimization problem of the wall structure is as follows: the rammed earth wall body is optimized through an integrated construction method, so that the requirements of better heat insulation effect, strength, earthquake resistance and the like are met, and the rammed earth wall body is well butted with a contemporary building system.
3) Texture effect expression problem: the problem of rammed earth wall body effect singleness, modern facade effect demands such as unable free windowing is solved, through door and window entrance to a cave template and precast concrete lintel, promoted the convenience of inside division of door and window.
The conception, the specific structure and the technical effects of the present invention will be further described with reference to the accompanying drawings to fully understand the objects, the features and the effects of the present invention.
Drawings
Fig. 1 is a cross-sectional view of a rammed earth wall in the width direction in embodiment 1 of the present invention.
Fig. 2 is a schematic view of the reinforcing mesh layer and the connecting reinforcing bars in embodiment 1 of the present invention after connection.
FIG. 3 is a schematic view of a rammed earth wall in example 2 of the present invention.
Fig. 4 is a cross-sectional view of the rammed earth wall of fig. 3 taken along the direction a-a.
Fig. 5 is a schematic view of a wall form according to embodiment 3 of the present invention.
Figure 6 is a psychrometric chart of a rammed earth wall in example 3 of the present invention.
Figure 7 is a graph of the indoor thermal comfort of a rammed earth wall in example 3 of the present invention.
Detailed Description
The present invention will be further described with reference to the following examples, which are intended to be illustrative only and are not intended to limit the scope of the present invention.
Herein, "above" refers to a direction away from the ground.
"longitudinal" refers to a direction perpendicular or substantially perpendicular to a horizontal plane.
"lateral" refers to an aspect that is parallel or substantially parallel to a horizontal plane.
Example 1
The rammed earth wall body shown in fig. 1 comprises an insulating layer 10, a reinforced bar grid layer 20 and a rammed earth wall layer 30.
The heat preservation layer 10 is arranged in the middle of the rammed earth wall in the width direction and extends along the length direction of the rammed earth wall, so that the heat preservation and insulation effects are achieved. The distances between the upper edge, the lower edge, the left edge and the right edge of the heat-insulating layer 10 and the upper outer surface, the lower outer surface, the left outer surface and the right outer surface of the rammed earth wall are more than or equal to 200mm, and the heat-insulating plate is prevented from being close to the edges to cause cracking of the wall. The thickness of the heat-insulating layer can be 40 mm-90 mm. The insulation layer may be a polyurethane board.
As shown in fig. 1 and 2, two mesh layers 20 are symmetrically disposed on both sides of the insulation layer 10, and are parallel or substantially parallel to the insulation layer 10. Each rebar grid 20 is made up of longitudinal rebar 21 and transverse rebar 22. The two steel bar mesh layers 20 are connected through connecting steel bars 23, and the connecting steel bars 23 penetrate through the heat insulation layer. The steel bar grid layer 20 and the connecting steel bars 23 form flexible connection in the rammed earth wall body, and play a role in improving the structural strength and the shock resistance of the rammed earth wall body.
In one embodiment, the distance between the longitudinal bars 21 is 1500mm, and the specification is phi 12; the space between the transverse steel bars 22 is 600mm, and the specification is phi 8; the transverse spacing distance of the connecting steel bars 23 is 750mm, the longitudinal spacing distance is 600mm, and the specification is phi 8.
The rammed earth wall layers 30 are symmetrically arranged at two sides of the heat insulation layer 10, and the rammed earth wall layers 30 wrap the heat insulation layer 10 and the reinforcing steel bar grid layer 20 inside. The distance between the reinforcing steel bar grid layer 20 and the outer surface of the rammed earth wall layer 30 (namely the outer vertical surface of the rammed earth wall body) is 80-120 mm, so that a ramming tool can be normally used in the construction process of the rammed earth wall layer.
The heat preservation layer is arranged in the middle of the rammed earth wall body, so that the heat preservation performance of the rammed earth wall body can be guaranteed, and the consistency of the textures of the inner side and the outer side of the rammed earth wall body can be ensured. Two layers of reinforcing steel bar grid layers are added, and the rammed earth wall is suitable for connecting reinforcing steel bars, so that the structural strength, the anti-seismic performance and the like of the rammed earth wall can be well improved under the condition that the thickness of the wall is not required to be greatly increased.
Example 2
The rammed earth wall body shown in fig. 3 and 4 comprises an insulating layer 10, a reinforced mesh layer 20, a rammed earth wall layer 30, a door and window opening 41 and a precast concrete lintel 42.
The arrangement of the insulating layer 10, the steel bar mesh layer 20 and the rammed earth wall layer 30 is the same as that in embodiment 1, and the description thereof is omitted here.
The door and window opening 41 is arranged at a position where a window or a door needs to be opened. The precast concrete lintel is arranged above the door and window opening 41 and is used for sharing the weight of the rammed earth wall body above the door and window opening and maintaining the shape of the door and window opening without or reducing deformation. As shown in fig. 4, the length of the precast concrete lintel 42 is longer than the length of the door and window opening 41, and optionally, both sides of the precast concrete lintel 42 are respectively 300mm longer than the door and window opening. The width of the precast concrete lintel 42 is smaller than the distance between the two steel bar mesh layers 20, so that it can be smoothly installed between the two steel bar mesh layers 20. The precast concrete lintel 42 is also provided with lintel lap joint ribs 43 in the length direction according to a certain distance to further strengthen the supporting function of the precast concrete lintel 42 on the door and window openings. The lintel lapped rib can be a steel bar with the specification phi 8.
Through being suitable for precast concrete lintel, promoted the possibility and the degree of freedom that the door and window entrance to a cave was seted up to the rammed earth wall body, improved wall body effect variety.
Example 3
The embodiment provides the construction method of the rammed earth wall with the door and window openings in embodiment 2.
Materials (I) and (II)
1) Raw materials of rammed earth wall layer 30:
comprises stones, sandy soil, cement, a waterproof agent and water. In some cases, to achieve the texture effect of a rammed earth wall, toner may be added to form different color interwoven texture effects.
The stones comprise big stones with the particle size of 20-60 mm and melon seed slices with the particle size of 10-25 mm, and the stones cannot contain carrying objects such as sand and soil. Two kinds of stones with different particle sizes are blended and used so as to achieve the purpose of enabling the porosity of the stones to be as small as possible.
The sand soil is selected from medium-size washing yellow sand, the coarse sand proportion in the yellow sand is larger than the fine sand proportion, and the yellow sand cannot contain sundries such as grass roots and the like. The sand with the grain diameter of 0.25-0.35 mm is fine sand, and the sand with the grain diameter of more than 0.5mm is coarse sand.
The cement is preferably 32.5-grade common composite white cement, and the product should have a factory qualification certificate and a retest detection report.
The water is selected from tap water or clean domestic water, and a water source containing chemical components cannot be used, and the polluted water source can influence the chemical reaction of the material.
The water-proofing agent can be selected from a Canadian SBA silicon emulsifying premix.
The toner includes, but is not limited to, one or more of yellow iron oxide, red iron oxide, brown iron oxide. Wherein, iron oxide yellow: iron oxide yellow for short, is hydrous ferric trioxide. Molecular formula Fe2O3·H2O, CAS No.: 51274-00-1; iron oxide red: also known as ferrite red, red iron and rust red, the molecular formula is: fe2O3，CAS No.：1332-37-2。
When used, the raw materials comprise 22.3 percent plus or minus 5 percent of stones, 58.7 percent plus or minus 5 percent of coarse sand, 14.3 percent plus or minus 2 percent of cement and 4.7 percent plus or minus 5 percent of water in percentage by mass; also comprises a waterproof agent which is added according to the mass percent of 0.0003 +/-1 percent of the raw materials. Optionally, the raw materials in percentage by mass are: 7.6% of cobblestone, 14.7% of melon seed slices, 58.7% of coarse sand, 14.3% of cement and 4.7% of water; and a water repellent added in an amount of 0.0003% based on the raw material. Each serving may be in grams or kilograms. Wherein, water can carry out certain regulation according to the material moisture content.
The color blending of the rammed earth wall body relates to the colors of specific sandy soil, stones and cement, and a small amount of toner needs to be added for adjustment according to actual conditions.
2) Wall form:
the special template for the high-strength engineering fair-faced concrete can be adopted, and has the advantages of good surface smoothness, high strength, small deformation coefficient and no fading.
As shown in fig. 5, the wall form 50 has a rectangular structure, and the specification size in this embodiment is 1500mm × 600 mm. Two through holes 51 and 52 are formed in the wall formwork 50, the connecting line of the centers of the two through holes is parallel to the long side of the wall formwork 50, the distance between the center of each through hole and the short side of the wall formwork 50 is one fourth of the length of the long side, and the distance between the center of each through hole and one long side of the wall formwork 50 is one third of the length of the short side. When the wall formwork is assembled, the through holes are arranged close to the upper side.
Those skilled in the art will appreciate that the wall form may have a variety of shapes and sizes, such as a square, or a rectangle with a larger or smaller size.
3) Door and window entrance to a cave template:
the door and window opening template can be of a cuboid structure, and is arranged according to the actual requirement of opening a window or a door, wherein the width of the door and window opening template is required to be consistent with the width of the rammed earth wall.
The door and window opening template size requires error control at 1.0mm, and the material can adopt 18mm thickness multilayer template preparation to form, and four corners whereabouts can 45 degrees concatenations in order to reduce the error, also can select for use the steel form preparation.
4) Precast concrete lintel:
the length of the precast concrete lintel 42 is set according to the size of the door and window opening and the distance between the steel bar mesh layers 20. The length of the precast concrete lintel 42 is extended to both ends on the basis of the length of the door and window opening by one section so as to be lapped on the rammed earth wall, optionally extended to both ends by 300mm respectively. The width of the precast concrete lintel 42 is smaller than the distance between two steel mesh layers 20 so as to be able to prevent between the already built up steel mesh layers 20, optionally 120mm wide.
As shown in fig. 4, the precast concrete lintel 42 is internally provided with ring-shaped steel bars, and meanwhile, lintel overlapping bars are arranged at intervals in the length direction, and the length of the lintel overlapping bars does not exceed the thickness of the rammed earth wall. The specification of the ring-shaped steel bar and the lintel lapped bar can be phi 8.
The precast concrete lintel 42 is arranged as above, so that the stability of the overall structure of the rammed earth wall can be increased.
When the precast concrete lintel 42 is prepared with concrete, toner can be added, so that the color of the precast concrete lintel is the same as or similar to the color of the rammed earth wall layer near the door and window opening, thereby improving the integrity of the building.
5) Scaffold:
a. the outer scaffold is a phi 48 steel pipe double-row scaffold, the vertical distance of the vertical rods is 1.5m, the transverse distance of the vertical rods is 1.05m, the distance between the inner vertical rods and the outer vertical surface of the building is 0.30m, and the step distance of the vertical rods is 1.8 m; the space between upright posts on the four-layer roof is 1.5m multiplied by 1.5m, all steel pipes are connected into a whole by phi 48 steel pipes at the positions 200mm away from the roof and every 1.8m above the roof, the steel pipes are reinforced by cross braces, and the shelf at the position is connected with the original external shelf and the wall connecting piece of the original building by utilizing 6m inclined rods, so that the integrity of the roof is ensured in the form of a full shelf.
b. The big horizontal pole is located the pole setting inboard, and its length is not less than 3 spans, and the vertical interval of the big horizontal pole of outrigger inboard is 1.8m, and the vertical interval of the big horizontal pole in the outside is 0.9m, and the middle height department of every step in outer pole setting inboard adds a big horizontal pole in addition promptly to as the guardrail bar.
c. The distance between the small cross bars is 1.5m, the small cross bars are closely arranged below the large cross bars, and the extending length of one side close to the wall is not more than 500 mm.
d. The pole setting is connected with big horizontal pole: the pole setting can adopt the overlap joint except that top layer top, and overlap joint length is not less than 1 meter, adopts to be no less than 2 rotatory fasteners, fastener tip apart from the tie rod end not less than 100mm outside, all the other all should adopt butt joint fastener to connect, connect should stagger in asynchronous, staggered distance is not less than 500mm, each connects the distance of center to the main node and should not be greater than 600 mm.
e. The connection of big horizontal pole is suitable to be connected with butt joint fastener, also can adopt the overlap joint, connects and should stagger in asynchronous, different strides, and staggered distance is not less than 500, and the distance of each joint center to main node should not be greater than 500mm, and overlap joint length is not less than 1 meter, should equidistant 3 rotatory fasteners of adoption fix, and the fastener tip is not less than 100mm apart from the connector rod end.
f. The bottom of the floor scaffold is provided with channel steel. The bottom of the vertical rod is provided with a longitudinal and transverse sweeping rod, the ground clearance of the longitudinal sweeping rod is not more than 200mm, and the longitudinal sweeping rod is tightly attached below the transverse sweeping rod.
g. The scissors are arranged: the longitudinal cross braces are continuously arranged on the outer vertical surface, the width of each cross brace is not less than 4 spans and not more than 6 spans, an angle of 45-60 degrees is formed between each cross point and the ground, each cross point uses a rotary fastener to fix the cross brace diagonal with the extending end of the vertical rod or the small cross rod, the distance from the center of each joint to the main node is not more than 150mm, the extension of the cross brace diagonal is connected in a lap joint mode, the joint requirement is the same as that of the lap joint of the vertical rods, a transverse cross brace is arranged at each 6 spans between each corner and the middle of each cross brace, the cross braces are continuously arranged in a zigzag mode from bottom to top, the diagonal is fixed at the extending end of the small cross rod which is intersected with the diagonal by not less than 2 rotary fasteners, and the distance from the center of each.
h. And (3) setting a wall connecting point: from the first step of big horizontal pole of bottom, every step frame of scaffold frame all links to each other with former outrigger to set up building tie-in point department at former outrigger two-step three-span and carry out the direct connection.
6) Rain-proof cloth:
color stripe cloth or plastic film may be used. The width is more than 2000mm, the thickness and the strength are high, and holes cannot be formed on the surface.
7) Self-adhesive film:
the self-adhesive film has the adhesive property, so that the self-adhesive film has better sealing property after being wrapped by the film, prevents the rapid evaporation of water in the rammed stone wall body and is not beneficial to the basic requirement of the rammed stone wall body maintenance time.
Other forms of scaffolding may be used which may be compatible with the wall form in accordance with building construction requirements, or slight variations in the construction of the scaffolding described above.
Second, construction method
The construction method comprises the following steps:
1. base layer treatment:
cleaning the surface of the structure, leveling and bracing with mortar, and checking the flatness with a leveling ruler to form a base layer. If the surface of the base layer is dry, a small amount of water can be scattered on the surface, so that the material of the rammed earth wall layer and the base layer are fused and closely spliced conveniently.
The plastic film is additionally arranged at the top of the base layer in the formwork supporting process, so that the rapid evaporation of the water in the material of the rammed earth wall layer due to the rapid contact of the material of the rammed earth wall layer and the air caused by the overlarge gap is prevented, and the overall strength of the rammed earth wall body is reduced. The plastic film is removed after the first stage of curing of the rammed earth wall.
2. Assembling wall formworks:
the wall forms 50 are assembled according to the width, length, height and shape of the rammed earth wall to be built. The wall formworks on two sides of the rammed earth wall are parallel and are arranged on two sides of the base layer perpendicular to the horizontal plane. When assembled, the through holes 51 and 52 of the wall form 50 are prevented from being positioned on the upper side. The wall forms 50 of the next level may be aligned with or staggered from the wall forms 50 of the previous level. The templates at the corresponding positions on the two sides of the rammed earth wall body need to be aligned so that the counter-pull bolts can penetrate through the corresponding through holes of the wall body templates on the two sides, and the templates on the two sides can be fixed relatively.
In some embodiments, support pipes can be arranged transversely or longitudinally outside the wall formworks on the two sides. Every two support pipes which are mutually attached or close to each other up and down or left and right are taken as a group, the split bolts penetrate through the corresponding group of support pipes, and the template is stabilized through the support pipes.
In some embodiments, the wall form may require the assembly of scaffolding after assembly. The way of assembling the scaffolding is described above.
According to the control axis of the base layer or the floor, the axis of the wall body and the position line of the door and window openings are measured in advance, and the position marking lines of the door top and the windowsill window top are marked on the wall body template. And when the template is tamped to the corresponding position, placing the corresponding door and window opening template.
The pipeline of the pre-buried line of the rammed earth wall body needs to be marked on a wall body template in advance, and the accessories are installed when the pipeline is rammed to the marked position.
3. Preparing a mixture of the rammed earth wall:
the method comprises the steps of stirring stones, sandy soil and cement according to a specified proportion, adding the stones, the sandy soil and the cement into a stirrer for stirring, and adding toner with color requirements into the stirrer for stirring for 2-3 minutes. Adding water according to the formula, uniformly stirring, and uniformly spraying a waterproof agent. And (3) paying attention to whether the water content of the material is qualified or not in the stirring process, grasping the material by a simple detection method, forcibly grasping the material, loosening the material to find that the material is in a bulk shape, is not loose and is qualified when more water is contained, and then discharging the material and conveying the material to each construction site by a tower crane for use.
The mixture is prepared and then used within 2 hours, and the mixture which is not used for more than 1 hour in summer needs to be sprayed with a proper amount of curing agent solution and can be continuously used after being stirred again. In order to prolong the waiting time of the mixture, the prepared mixture can be covered by colored plastic cloth to prevent the rapid loss of water.
If the construction interval time is longer (for example, more than 6 hours), a proper amount of water needs to be sprayed on the previous mixture, and the newly prepared mixture is fully fused with the previous mixture, so that the fault problem is avoided.
4. The steel bar grid layer and the heat preservation layer are arranged:
two layers of reinforcing steel bar grids are assembled in the assembled wall body formwork in parallel, the reinforcing steel bar grids are also parallel to the wall body formwork, and the two reinforcing steel bar grid layers are connected through connecting reinforcing steel bars. The distance between the reinforcing steel bar grid layer and the outer vertical surface of the rammed earth wall layer is 80-120 mm, so that the ramming tool can be normally constructed in the construction process of the rammed earth wall layer conveniently.
The heat preservation layer is placed between the two layers of the reinforcing mesh layers and is parallel to the reinforcing mesh layers, the distances between the upper edge, the lower edge, the left edge and the right edge of the heat preservation layer and the outer vertical surface of the rammed earth wall layer are larger than or equal to 200mm, and the heat preservation plate is prevented from being close to the edges to cause cracking of the wall body.
In some embodiments, the distance between two layers of rebar grid is 750 mm; the distance between the longitudinal steel bars in the steel bar grid layer is 1500mm, the distance between the transverse steel bars is 600mm, and the interval between the connecting steel bars on one horizontal plane is 750 mm.
5. Ramming the rammed soil wall layer:
the prepared mixture is fed to the two sides of the heat-insulating layer for multiple times, and the materials on the two sides are uniform in the feeding process, so that the deviation of the two sides is not large, and the heat-insulating property of the wall is reduced. The material is leveled after each feeding, and then the tamping is carried out, wherein the tamping adopts a half-overlapping tamping method, the position of the later tamping is based on half of the position of the former tamping, and the compression ratio of the mixture after tamping is between 55 and 65 percent.
Specifically, the mixture is conveyed to wall formworks of various construction sites by using a tower crane, the mixture is pushed to be flat by using a shovel, and then the mixture is stepped by using feet to be flat. And then, a pneumatic tamping machine is used for tamping, tamping needs to be carried out in a certain sequence (front and back or left and right), and the edge part of the template needs to be tamped firstly so as to ensure the flatness and compactness of the outer vertical surface of the wall body. When in tamping, a half-overlapping tamping method is adopted, and the standard is that the next tamping position needs to press half of the previous tamping position. The number of tamping back and forth is 4 times as the minimum standard, and the tamping is carried out for 1-2 times at the edge position close to the template. The thickness is controlled during each feeding, the feeding thickness is based on 20cm material, the thickness after tamping is about 12cm, and the material compression ratio is 60%.
And after the construction is carried out to the position of the door and window opening, placing the door and window opening template at the corresponding position, placing the precast concrete lintel on the door and window opening template, and then continuing to feed and tamp.
If heavy rain is encountered in the rammed soil construction process, the rammed soil is covered by the waterproof cloth in time, rainwater is prevented from entering the rammed soil template, and if rainwater still enters the covering process, the next rammed soil construction work is carried out after the soil which is tamped is dried.
In the process of constructing the rammed stone wall, the axis and the vertical line of the wall body need to be checked frequently, and when the hanging line is too long, whether the requirement of straight and smooth consistency is met or not needs to be checked to prevent the axis from generating displacement.
6. Curing the rammed earth wall:
the curing is carried out in three stages:
1) the first stage is a curing period of 15 days, and a full film covering is needed for sealing and curing; or curing in the wall form for 2 days or more, removing the wall form, covering the exposed rammed earth wall, and sealing and curing for 15 days. And removing the film after the curing is finished. .
2) The second stage is curing period 30, which is normal curing, except heavy rain and high temperature weather, the waterproof plastic cloth can be removed, and the strength of the earth wall reaches the standard during the curing period and has good weather resistance.
3) And in the third stage, a waterproof coating is coated, and the waterproof coating is carried out according to the weather conditions, generally on dry weather.
The rammed earth wall body which is maintained in the second stage and provided with the waterproof coating has extremely high strength and higher waterproof and weather-resistant properties, and additional waterproof and sun-proof measures are not needed.
The step of preparing the mixture of the rammed earth wall can be carried out at the same time as the step of assembling the wall formworks or the step of arranging the reinforcing steel bar grid layer and the heat-insulating layer, or before or after the step of assembling the reinforcing steel bar grid layer and the heat-insulating layer.
The construction quality standards are shown in table 1.
TABLE 1 construction quality standards
Figure BDA0002754963260000101
Figure BDA0002754963260000111
The performance test of the constructed rammed earth wall is as follows:
1. thermal insulation-thermal comfort effect
The rammed earth wall body adopts a double-layer sandwich wall body method, a polyurethane plate with the thickness of 80mm is clamped between two rammed earth wall layers with the thickness of 210mm, and the total thickness is 500mm, so that better heat insulation performance is achieved (the heat transfer resistance R0 of the rammed earth wall is 3.72km 2/w).
The psychrometric chart is shown in figure 6. This data is the result of the Autodesk Project Vasari software measurement. A place: shandong province Ying City; blue line area: the temperature and humidity range suitable for improving the indoor human body comfort by adopting the heat storage body external enclosing material-dry and cold effects are optimal; red line area: the temperature and humidity range-the effect under humid heat is best, which is suitable for improving the comfort level of the indoor human body by adopting the passive ventilation technology; yellow line area: the most comfortable temperature and humidity range is felt. The psychrometric chart shows that it is a suitable approach to improve the thermal comfort of the building environment using the thermal storage wall envelope material. The rammed earth wall body in the specific embodiment of the invention is a thermal storage wall body external protective material.
The indoor thermal comfort degree before and after the rammed earth wall is adopted is compared as shown in figure 7. This data is the result of the Autodesk Ecotect Analysis software measurement. The oblique line filling part is the indoor thermal comfort index of each month before the rammed earth wall body is adopted, and the pure color filling part is the indoor thermal comfort index of each month after the rammed earth wall body is adopted. As can be seen from fig. 7, except for months 1, 2 and 11, in most months of the whole year, the comparison between the front and the back of the rammed earth wall body is very obvious, and the indoor comfort level of the rammed earth wall body is obviously higher.
Regarding the thermal insulation performance of rammed earth walls, a series of studies have also been conducted by the National Laboratory of Oak Ridge (Oak Ridge National Laboratory), and experimental results thereof show that: the external heat preservation method (Interior mass) and the sandwich wall method (CIC) are much better than the other two internal heat preservation methods (Exterior mass) and the internal and external heat preservation method (ICI) in energy saving, and the energy saving advantages of the two former methods are more obvious along with the increase of the heat transfer resistance R0. If the heat transfer resistance of the rammed earth wall is calculated according to 3.7m 2K/W, the energy is saved by one time by the sandwich wall method compared with the internal heat insulation method. Although the external heat insulation energy-saving effect is slightly better than that of the sandwich wall, the protective capability of the external heat insulation on the outer side of the wall body is poor because the heat insulation materials are mostly loose, and the external heat insulation energy-saving wall cannot adapt to the varied decoration requirements of the outer vertical surface of the building. Especially in rainy and windy areas, the common diseases such as wall body mildew and leakage are easily caused. Therefore, the 'sandwich' method for rammed earth walls is the optimal selection which saves energy to the maximum extent and gives consideration to the durability and the texture effects of the inner and outer vertical surfaces of the wall body.
2. Structural Properties
The rammed earth wall material is greatly improved in the aspects of durability, weather resistance, compressive strength and the like, namely the compressive strength of a common rammed earth wall is about 4.3MPa, and the compressive strength of the wall body is 25.4MPa, which is far greater than that of a traditional rammed earth wall taking raw earth as a main material.
The rammed earth wall body formed by adopting the mixed system rammed earth material forms a self-bearing system, and meanwhile, in the anti-seismic design, the flexible connection formed by the steel bar grid layer and the connecting steel bars in the rammed earth wall body and a concrete main body structure (a concrete bearing system or a concrete frame structure) form a flexible combined linkage system, so that the anti-seismic performance of the ultrahigh wall body is enhanced, and the normative requirements of the structural design of China are also met skillfully.
3. Aesthetic effects
The rammed earth wall body promotes facade windowing possibility: the mechanical property of the rammed earth wall is greatly improved, so that the height and the length of the rammed earth wall are not limited too much, the rammed earth wall can be combined with various window opening modes more flexibly, and richer facade textures are created.
In order to strengthen the visual effect of the rammed earth wall body in the wetland landscape, which extends smoothly and horizontally, iron yellow, iron brown, iron red and other different pigments are added into the raw materials and are tamped in layers, so that rich color texture effects are achieved.
The foregoing detailed description of the preferred embodiments of the invention has been presented. It should be understood that numerous modifications and variations could be devised by those skilled in the art in light of the present teachings without departing from the inventive concepts. Therefore, the technical solutions available to those skilled in the art through logic analysis, reasoning and limited experiments based on the prior art according to the concept of the present invention should be within the scope of protection defined by the claims.

Claims (10)

1. The rammed earth wall is characterized by comprising the following raw materials in percentage by mass: 22.3% +/-5% of stones, 58.7% +/-5% of coarse sand, 14.3% +/-2% of cement and 4.7% +/-5% of water; also comprises a waterproof agent which is added according to the mass percent of 0.0003 +/-1 percent of the raw materials.
2. The rammed earth wall of claim 1, wherein the stones comprise large stones with a particle size of 20-60 mm and melon seed pieces with a particle size of 10-25 mm.
3. The rammed earth wall of claim 1, wherein the raw material of the rammed earth wall further comprises toner.
4. The rammed earth wall of claim 1, wherein the rammed earth wall structure comprises:
the heat insulation layer is arranged in the middle of the rammed earth wall body in the width direction and extends along the length direction of the rammed earth wall body;
the two reinforcing steel bar grid layers are also connected through reinforcing steel bars, and the reinforcing steel bars penetrate through the heat insulation layer; and the rammed earth wall layer is arranged on two sides of the heat insulation layer.
5. The rammed earth wall of claim 4, wherein the distance between the four upper, lower, left and right edges of the insulation layer and the outer vertical surface of the rammed earth wall is greater than or equal to 200 mm; the distance between the reinforcing steel bar grid layer and the outer vertical surface of the rammed earth wall is 80-120 mm.
6. The rammed earth wall of claim 4, wherein the rammed earth wall further comprises a door opening, and a precast concrete lintel is disposed above the door opening.
7. The construction method of the rammed earth wall is characterized by comprising the following steps:
s1, processing a base layer, horizontally arranging the base layer, and cleaning the surface;
s2 assembling wall formworks, namely assembling the wall formworks on two sides of a base layer, and fixing two wall formworks opposite to each other in the width direction of a rammed earth wall through a connecting piece;
s3, preparing a mixture of the rammed earth wall, wherein the rammed earth wall comprises the following raw materials in percentage by mass: 22.3% +/-5% of stones, 58.7% +/-5% of coarse sand, 14.3% +/-2% of cement and 4.7% +/-5% of water; the waterproof agent is added according to the mass percent of 0.0003 +/-1% of the raw materials;
weighing stones, sandy soil and cement, stirring, adding water, stirring uniformly, and spraying a waterproof agent uniformly to form a mixture;
s4 setting of steel bar mesh layer and heat preservation layer: assembling two layers of reinforcing steel bar grids in parallel in the assembled wall formwork, wherein the two reinforcing steel bar grid layers are connected by using connecting reinforcing steel bars; putting a heat-insulating layer between the two layers of the reinforcing steel bar grids, wherein the heat-insulating layer is parallel to the reinforcing steel bar grids;
s5 rammed earth wall layer ramming: feeding the prepared mixture to two sides of the heat-insulating layer for multiple times, leveling after feeding each time, and then tamping, wherein the tamping adopts a half-overlapping tamping method, the position of the later tamping is based on half of the position of the former tamping, and the compression ratio of the mixture after tamping is between 55 and 65 percent;
here, step S3 may be performed simultaneously with or before or after step S2 or step S4.
8. The method of constructing a rammed earth wall according to claim 7, wherein in step S2, the wall form is rectangular, and two through holes are provided along the longitudinal direction, and the two through holes are close to one longitudinal side.
9. The method of constructing a rammed earth wall of claim 7, wherein said rammed earth wall further comprises a door opening; the step S2 further includes: drawing a door and window opening position line on the wall template; and S5, placing a door and window opening template and a precast concrete lintel in the wall template at the corresponding position of the door and window opening position line.
10. The rammed earth wall construction method according to claim 7, further comprising S6 rammed earth wall maintenance, wherein the first stage is sealing maintenance, and the rammed earth wall after the wall form is removed is completely covered with a film for maintenance for 15-17 days; or curing for 2 days or more in the wall formwork, then removing part or all of the wall formwork, removing the exposed rammed earth wall part covered with a film after the wall formwork is removed, and sealing and curing for 15-17 days; the second stage is normal state maintenance, waterproof plastic cloth is covered in heavy rain and high temperature weather, shielding is not needed in other conditions, and normal state maintenance is carried out for 28-32 days; and in the third stage, a waterproof coating is applied.
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CN109610832A (en) * 2019-01-13 2019-04-12 史顺彪 A kind of pseudo-classic loam wall construction technology
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CN110206192A (en) * 2019-06-13 2019-09-06 西安建筑科技大学 A kind of rammed earth wall hole lintel
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