CN112424242B - 可降解微球及其应用 - Google Patents
可降解微球及其应用 Download PDFInfo
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- CN112424242B CN112424242B CN201980039238.6A CN201980039238A CN112424242B CN 112424242 B CN112424242 B CN 112424242B CN 201980039238 A CN201980039238 A CN 201980039238A CN 112424242 B CN112424242 B CN 112424242B
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- microspheres
- protein
- cystamine
- acrylamide
- degradable
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Abstract
一种可降解微球,其包括通过交联剂交联的聚合物分子。聚合物分子和/或交联剂含有敏感化学键,敏感化学键能够经化学和/或光处理而断裂从而导致可降解微球的降解。一种从样品中分离目标蛋白的方法,该方法利用可降解微球的降解替代蛋白纯化中的洗脱步骤,从而能够选用亲和力更强的目标蛋白和亲和配体组合以提高蛋白纯化效率。该方法适合于多个蛋白样品的高通量制备,例如为电镜观察或质谱测量提供蛋白样品。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及微球,尤其是可通过化学或光处理而降解的微球。本发明还涉及该微球在蛋白分离以及电子显微镜样品制备方面的应用。
背景技术
在传统的蛋白制备方法中,通常包括表达质粒的构建、蛋白的表达以及纯化,从而获得比较高纯度的目标蛋白。在这个过程中,纯化步骤比较关键。高纯度的蛋白往往需要经过亲和层析纯化得到。该过程主要分为三步:挂柱、洗涤和洗脱。挂柱,是将目标蛋白吸附于层析柱上。洗涤,是通过不影响目标蛋白与层析柱相互作用的缓冲液洗涤层析柱以除去各种杂质,也包括没有结合的目标蛋白。洗脱,是通过一定手段,例如利用特异性切割或者竞争剂(例如肠激酶、生物素等),破坏目标蛋白与层析柱上相应抗体/配体的结合,将目标蛋白从层析柱上洗脱下来而溶于溶液中。
为了使目标蛋白能够被层析柱材料吸附,同时也为了技术应用的广谱性,一般的方法是在目标蛋白末端加入特定的标签(一些短氨基酸序列),例如Flag标签、Strep标签等,由此得到的目标蛋白能够与亲和层析柱上相应的抗体或配体特异性结合,如抗Flag抗体、Streptactin蛋白,以实现目标蛋白的捕获。
传统亲和层析的问题在于,为了使蛋白能够被特异性捕获,蛋白与抗体/配体的结合要足够强,非特异结合的分子才能够被有效的洗涤,但是太强的蛋白与抗体/配体的结合不利于蛋白的洗脱。有效结合和有效洗脱之间的矛盾,往往使得亲和过程中大量蛋白无法有效结合在层析柱上而被洗涤掉,或者大量蛋白残留在层析柱上无法洗脱,导致纯化过程中蛋白的损失通常都非常大。例如,通常需要提供大量的(例如4-5L)表达目标蛋白的细胞或细菌培养液,才能拿到足够的蛋白用于后续实验。
另一方面,在一些应用中,例如利用电镜技术研究蛋白结构,需要一定量的纯蛋白(至少100μg)。因此如果以上述纯化方法来制备用于电镜观察的蛋白,则由于纯化过程中损失过大的问题,需要提供足够多的待纯化样品(培养液),这显然不利于蛋白样品的高通量制备,也是目前制约通过电镜技术研究蛋白结构的一个关键点。
发明内容
为了克服上述问题,在一方面,本发明提供了一种可降解微球,其包括通过交联剂交联的聚合物分子,其中所述聚合物分子和/或所述交联剂含有敏感化学键,所述敏感化学键能够经化学和/或光处理而断裂,从而导致所述可降解微球的降解。
在一些实施方案中,所述敏感化学键由选自胱胺类化合物、邻硝基苯乙醇类化合物或邻硝基苄醇类化合物、乙交酯或丙交酯以及具有内部蛋白水解酶酶切位点的多肽的化合物提供。
优选地,所述聚合物分子选自聚丙烯酸类、聚丙烯酸酯类、聚丙烯酰胺类、聚乙烯醇类、以及聚乙二醇类化合物。
优选地,所述交联剂选自胱胺类化合物、邻硝基苯乙醇类化合物或邻硝基苄醇类化合物、乙交酯、丙交酯以及具有蛋白水解酶位点的多肽。
更优选地,所述交联剂为胱胺双丙烯酰胺。
更优选地,所述聚合物分子为丙烯酰胺和胱胺丙烯酰胺的共聚物。
本发明的可降解微球可以通过在油包水型反应液滴中反应而制备,其中水相可包括丙烯酰胺、胱胺双丙烯酰胺、胱胺丙烯酰胺以及过硫酸铵。在一个具体实施方案中,所述水相以重量计包括6%丙烯酰胺、0.2%胱胺双丙烯酰胺、0.5%过硫酸铵以及75mM的胱胺丙烯酰胺。
优选地,所述的可降解微球直径为1μm至100μm。
另一方面,本发明还提供了一种从样品中分离目标蛋白的方法,其包括以下步骤:
1)在所述可降解微球上连接所述目标蛋白的亲和配体;
2)让所述样品与所述可降解微球接触,以便所述目标蛋白通过所述亲和配体而附着于所述可降解微球;
3)将所述可降解微球与所述样品分开;以及
4)通过化学和/或光处理降解所述可降解微球,以获得所述目标蛋白。
在一些实施方案中,例如在所述聚合物分子上有活性氨基时,该方法步骤1)可通过偶联剂戊二醛将所述亲和配体连接所述可降解微球。在另一些实施方案中,例如在所述聚合物分子上有活性醛基时,可将亲和配体直接连接至该活性醛基。
当所述目标蛋白带有Flag标签时,所述亲和配体可以为抗Flag抗体;或者当所述目标蛋白带有Strep标签时,所述亲和配体可以为Streptactin蛋白。
在一些实施方案中,步骤3)通过层析或离心完成。
另一方面,本发明还提供了一种通过电镜技术观察目标蛋白的方法,包括通过上述方法分离所述目标蛋白,并通过电子显微镜对所述目标蛋白进行观察。
另一方面,本发明还提供了一种通过质谱分析目标蛋白的方法,包括通过上述方法分离所述目标蛋白,并通过质谱仪对所述目标蛋白进行分析。
在一些实施方案中,所述分析包括检测所述目标蛋白的分子量、突变、翻译后修饰、或聚合状态。
在一些实施方案中,所述翻译后修饰为糖基化修饰。
另一方面,本发明还提供了一种对样品中目标蛋白进行定性或定量检测的方法,包括通过上述方法从所述样品分离所述目标蛋白的步骤。
利用本发明的可降解微球的降解替代蛋白纯化中常用的洗脱步骤,使得能够选用亲和力更强的目标蛋白和亲和配体组合,由此提高蛋白纯化效率,这尤其适合于多个蛋白样品的高通量制备,例如为电镜观察或质谱测量提供蛋白样品。
附图说明
图1为本发明以胱胺双丙烯酰胺作为交联剂的可降解微球结构示意图。图中以曲线表示聚合物分子,它们之间以带有二硫键的交联剂交联。
图2为带有活性氨基的本发明可降解微球结构示意图。
图3显示对可降解微球表面活性基团进行各种化学修饰的示例性反应。
图4为本发明可降解微球用于蛋白分离的示例性流程图。
图5为以十字形孔道微流芯片制备可降解微球的示意图。
图6为本发明制备的可降解微球的电镜照片。
图7为显示本发明制备的可降解微球直径分布的直方图。
图8为显示偶联有抗GFP抗体的本发明可降解微球与GFP的结合的荧光显微镜照片,与不进行醛基修饰和/或不偶联抗GFP抗体的可降解微球进行对比。
图9为显示偶联有抗GFP抗体的本发明可降解微球与GFP的结合的荧光强度的柱状图,与不进行醛基修饰和/或不偶联抗GFP抗体的可降解微球进行对比。
图10显示本发明偶联有亲和配体(蛋白)的可降解微球的溶解特征。图10A为表面偶联有蛋白的可降解微球的示意图。图10B显示微球经DTT处理而降解后溶液中颗粒的粒径分布。图10C和D分别显示DTT处理时间和处理浓度对微球降解的影响。
图11显示了一系列电镜照片,用于验证本发明的可降解微球可有效地捕获目的蛋白并在微球降解后用于电镜观察。偶联有Strep-Tactin的本发明可降解微球从表达目标蛋白(带有Strep标签的20S蛋白酶体)的细胞培养物裂解液捕获目标蛋白,随后进行微球DTT处理,所获得的蛋白样品适合于电镜观察(图11D)。而不进行醛基修饰和/或不偶联抗GFP抗体的可降解微球不能从裂解液捕获目标蛋白(图11A至C)。图11E显示了经过传统柱纯化处理获得的20S酶体蛋白溶液的电镜下观察结果。
图12显示了一系列质谱结果,用于验证本发明的可降解微球可有效地捕获目的蛋白并在微球降解后用于质谱测量。偶联有biotin的本发明可降解微球从含有目标蛋白(avidin)的细胞培养物裂解液捕获目标蛋白,随后进行微球DTT处理,所获得的蛋白样品适合于质谱测量。不同来源的avidin(avidin-1来自于玉米,avidin-2来自于鸡蛋)在质谱中显示出不同的分子量,对应于不同的糖基修饰。
具体实施方式
除非另有说明,本文所用的技术和科学术语具有本发明所属领域的普通技术人员通常所理解的含义。
本发明提供了可降解微球(degradable beads,以下也称为“微球”或“水凝胶微球”),其由聚合物分子和将聚合物分子交联在一起的交联剂构成。该聚合物分子可以为“聚丙烯酰胺类分子”,即在该聚合物分子中,以丙烯酰胺类化合物为主要聚合单体。丙烯酰胺类化合物例如可以包括丙烯酰胺、N-羟甲基丙烯酰胺、N-甲基丙烯酰胺、N-羟乙基丙烯酰胺等。该聚合物分子还可以为聚丙烯酸类、聚丙烯酸酯类、聚乙烯醇类、聚乙二醇类分子。“聚丙烯酸类”指该聚合物的聚合单体主要包括例如甲基丙烯酸、乙基丙烯酸,或它们的混合物。类似地,“聚丙烯酸酯类”、“聚乙烯醇类”、“聚乙二醇类”也具有本领域技术人员所通常理解的含义。
在本发明的一些实施方案中,优选丙烯酰胺,其形成的聚丙烯酰胺分子具有下式(I)的结构:
所用的交联剂选自在化学处理(包括生物学处理,例如蛋白酶处理)和/或光处理时能够导致其中化学键断裂(该可断裂化学键在本文中也称作“敏感化学键”)的化合物,包括例如胱胺类化合物、邻硝基苯乙醇类化合物或邻硝基苄醇类化合物。胱胺类化合物可以在诸如二硫苏糖醇(DTT)和2-巯基乙醇等的还原剂存在下,发生分子内二硫键的断裂。用在本文时,“和/或”包括其前后要素的任一个或者它们的组合,例如“化学处理和/或光处理”指化学处理、光处理、或者化学和光处理。
在本发明的一些实施方案中,可以采用下式的胱胺双丙烯酰胺作为交联剂:
通过胱胺双丙烯酰胺交联聚丙烯酰胺分子所形成的结构可参见图1。
光敏交联剂可以例如包括邻硝基苯乙醇类化合物或邻硝基苄醇类化合物,以及对羟基苯乙酰氧基类、香豆素类化合物等。由于邻位硝基的存在,在光激发后,邻硝基苯乙醇类化合物或邻硝基苄醇类化合物形成五元环中间体,进而得到邻亚硝基苯乙酮类化合物,导致发生分子内键的断裂。在本发明的一些实施方案中,例如可以采用下式(III)、(IV)的邻硝基苯乙醇类化合物作为光敏交联剂。
还可考虑使用乙交酯或丙交酯作为交联剂,它们可在酸或碱存在下加热时水解。
另外,本发明还可考虑将含有蛋白酶水解位点的多肽作为交联剂,它们在适当的蛋白酶存在时被水解。
因此,本发明的可降解微球可经上述化学或光处理,引起交联剂发生分子内断裂,从而导致本发明可降解微球的降解。
进一步地,为了方便在本发明的可降解微球上(微球表面及其内部空腔表面)偶联用于蛋白纯化的亲和配体,可以在聚合物分子中掺入可以提供活性基团的共聚单体。该活性基团例如为氨基或醛基。当活性基团为氨基时,可通过诸如戊二醛的偶联剂间接地将亲和配体连接至可降解微球。在一个优选的实施方案中,该共聚单体为可以提供活性氨基的下式(V)的胱胺丙烯酰胺:
带有活性氨基的交联聚丙烯酰胺结构可参见图2。
在形成了表面带有活性氨基的微球后,可用各种化学手段对微球表面进一步处理或修饰。图3显示了一些示例性的化学反应。图3A显示带有氨基修饰的水凝胶微球与偶联剂戊二醛反应,从而在水凝胶微球表面进行醛基修饰;图3B显示带有氨基修饰的水凝胶微球可以与戊醛酸反应,从而在水凝胶微球表面进行羧基修饰;图3C显示带有氨基修饰的水凝胶微球与氨基封闭剂乙酸-N-琥珀酰亚胺酯反应,从而让氨基失活;图3D显示带有醛基修饰的水凝胶微球与带氨基的醛基封闭剂反应,从而将醛基失活。
当交联剂和该共聚单体具有相同的敏感键(例如二硫键),在经化学或光处理时,一方面可导致交联剂内的敏感键断裂,引起可降解微球的降解,同时还可导致该共聚单体内敏感键的断裂,导致通过亲和配体结合的目标蛋白与聚合物分子的分离。
在本发明的一些实施方案中,交联剂和共聚单体内的敏感键均为胱胺类化合物提供,从而对诸如DTT的还原剂敏感。在本发明的另一些实施方案中,交联剂和共聚单体内的敏感键均为邻硝基苯乙醇类化合物或邻硝基苄醇类化合物提供,从而对光敏感。在又一些实施方案中,交联剂和共聚单体内的敏感键分别由胱胺类混合物和硝基苯乙醇类化合物或邻硝基苄醇类化合物提供,从而分别对还原剂和光敏感。
本发明的可降解微球可用于从样品中分离目标蛋白。在一些情形下,如上文所述,可以在制备可降解微球时向聚合物分子中掺入共聚单体,该共聚单体带有可用于偶联亲和配体的活性基团。或者,可以在可降解微球制备后,通过化学方法在微球上连接活性基团,用于连接亲和配体。这里所用的术语“亲和配体”指任何可以特异结合目标蛋白的分子。常见的蛋白结合方式包括抗原抗体结合、配体受体结合、酶与其底物结合等。相应地,可以例如将抗体、配体、底物作为亲和配体偶联至可降解微球,用于对应蛋白的纯化分离。在一些实施方案中,还可以让待纯化的目标蛋白表达为在其末端连接有可用于纯化的标签(短氨基酸链),形成融合蛋白。这种情况下,可以在可降解微球上偶联特异结合该标签的亲和配体,用于从样品中分离目标蛋白。常用的标签包括His标签(6聚组氨酸,特异结合Ni2+等金属离子)、Flag标签(8氨基酸小肽,结合抗Flag抗体)、Strep标签(8氨基酸小肽,特异结合Streptactin蛋白),等等。
结合有亲和配体的可降解微球可以作为填料灌入层析柱,用于从流经层析柱的蛋白混合液吸附目标蛋白,通过洗涤除去其它杂质;或者,可以将可降解微球直接加入到待纯化的蛋白混合液中,之后通过离心将吸附了目标蛋白的可降解微球与其它成分分开。最后,通过化学和/或光处理打断可降解微球内交联剂中的敏感共价键,将微球降解,此时得到的目标蛋白可直接用于各类生化检测,如Western-blot(蛋白质免疫印迹)和电子显微镜观察。由于我们用微球的降解替代了蛋白洗脱,就可以选用结合更紧密的目标蛋白和亲和配体组合,提高了蛋白纯化效率,而不用担心洗脱效率问题。
经过实际测试,对Western-blot而言,由于目标蛋白和亲和配体结合,会导致条带的迁移(gel shift),但不影响目标蛋白的检测,包括定性和定量测定。对电子显微镜观察而言,某种程度上目标蛋白和配体的结合会导致蛋白取向可能性减小,更容易获得蛋白在某个取向上的精细结构。因而,本发明提供的蛋白分离方法适合于高通量蛋白纯化,例如为电镜观察提供蛋白样品。
图4显示了利用本发明的可降解微球来制备电镜样品的示例性流程图。让含有待纯化目标蛋白的混合物与本发明的带有相应亲和配体的可降解微球混合,在微球结合目标蛋白后,经过洗涤以及DTT降解后,获得可用于电镜观察的样品。
另外,可以预期的,本发明的可降解微球除了可用于纯化分离蛋白之外,还可以用于核酸分子的纯化。例如,可以在微球上偶联短核苷酸链,用来从核酸分子混合物中分离可以与该短核苷酸链杂交的目的核酸分子。
以下通过实施例来进一步说明本发明。
实施例1带有活性基团的水凝胶微球制备
1.1试剂
HFE-7500(3M Novec,Novec 7500)
EA(RAN Biotechnologies,008-FluoroSurfactant-2wtH-50G)
丙烯酰胺(sigma,A9099-25G)
胱胺双丙烯酰胺(sigma,A4929-5G)
胱胺丙烯酰胺(自制)
APS(过硫酸铵,sigma,A3678-25G)
TEMED(四甲基乙二胺,sigma,T9281-25ML)
PFO(1H,1H,2H,2H-Perfluorooctanol,全氟辛醇,sigma,370533-25G)
微球洗涤缓冲液:10mM Tris-HCl pH 8.0;0.1mM EDTA;0.1%(v/v)Tween 201.2制备过程
首先,利用如图5所示的十字形通道微流芯片形成油相包裹的丙烯酰胺聚合反应液滴。上图中从左至右的三个孔分别为油相输入口、水相输入口、和液滴收集口。下图详细说明了十字形交叉位置处的各种液体流动和液滴形成过程。其中油相在HFE-7500中包含1%(w/w)EA和0.8%(v/v)TEMED;水相在水中包含6%丙烯酰胺、0.2%胱胺双丙烯酰胺、75mM胱胺丙烯酰胺、0.5%APS。将油相流速控制为1500μl/h,水相流速控制为800μl/h。将十字形通道微流芯片生成的丙烯酰胺聚合反应液滴通入500μl矿物油中,室温放置8h,完成聚合反应。
反应液滴聚合反应完成后,用移液枪吸去上层矿物油。之后加入500μl微球洗涤缓冲液和100μl PFO,振荡混匀。用1000g离心1min,吸去上层水相。再加入500μl微球洗涤缓冲液,用枪轻轻吹吸混匀。待下层油相沉降后,将含微球的上层浑浊液转移至新管中。再用微球洗涤缓冲液洗涤微球2次,每次通过1000g离心1min除去上层液体,回收生成的球状颗粒物,即可得到带有氨基修饰的水凝胶微球。
图6显示了所制备微球的明场显微镜照片,放大倍数为40倍,图中比例尺100μm。微球的直径统计直方图显示在图7中,其中横坐标表示微球直径,单位微米(μm),纵坐标为微球计数。直径均值为56μm,标准差为2.77,变异系数(CV)为5%。该水凝胶微球自身或者在吸附有蛋白情况下可以在DTT环境中降解(见下文实施例4)。
实施例2水凝胶微球的表面基团的修饰
2.1试剂
戊二醛溶液(sigma,G7651-10ML)
甘氨酸(sigma,50046-50G)
DTT(二硫苏糖醇,sigma,43815-1G)
Tween 20(sigma,P7949-100ML)
Tris-HCl pH 8.0(amresco,E199-100ML)
NaCl(Invitrogen,AM9760G)
EDTA(amresco,E522-100ML)
NaCNBH3(sigma,156159)
N-Succinimidyl acetate(乙酸N-琥珀酰亚胺酯,J&K,142162)
EDC(1-(3-二甲氨基丙基)-3-乙基碳二亚胺盐酸盐,sigma,E1769-1G)
微球洗涤缓冲液:10mM Tris;0.1mM EDTA;0.1%(v/v)Tween 20
Strep标签蛋白缓冲液:20mM Tris;0.04%Tween 20;50mM NaCl;1mM EDTA
2.2反应过程
以实施例1中获得的水凝胶微球为例。通过一系列化学反应可以该在水凝胶微球表面修饰醛基、羧基或其它活性基团,也可以封闭某些活性基团。以修饰醛基为例,流程如下:通过戊二醛和微球表面的氨基反应,在微球表面修饰醛基。之后利用化学反应封闭掉剩余氨基,即可获得带有醛基修饰的水凝胶微球。在醛基与适当反应物例如前文所述的亲和配体反应后,可以通过化学反应再封闭剩余醛基。
2.2.1醛基修饰
以实施例1制备的微球按如下表1配制反应混合物。轻轻混匀反应混合物,将其置于4℃摇床上混匀过夜。之后用微球洗涤缓冲液洗涤微球两次,每次通过1000g离心1min去掉上层溶液,回收经醛基修饰的微球。
表1醛基修饰反应混合物组成
2.2.2氨基封闭
以步骤2.2.1获得的经醛基修饰的微球按如下表2配制反应混合物。轻轻混匀反应混合物,将其置于4℃摇床上混匀4h。之后,用微球洗涤缓冲液洗涤微球两次,每次通过1000g离心1min去掉上层溶液,回收微球。
表2氨基封闭反应混合物组成
2.2.3醛基封闭
以步骤2.2.2获得的微球按如下表3配制反应混合物。轻轻混匀反应混合物,将其置于4℃摇床混匀4h。之后,用微球洗涤缓冲液洗涤微球两次,每次通过1000g离心1min去掉上层溶液,回收微球。
表3封闭醛基反应混合物组成
在实际应用中,一般在利用醛基在微球上偶联了用于结合目的蛋白的亲和配体后再通过本步骤封闭微球上剩余醛基。
实施例3水凝胶微球的在蛋白纯化中的应用
为了能使水凝胶微球可以特异性结合目标蛋白,需要在水凝胶微球上偶联特定的亲和配体。本实施例阐述本发明水凝胶微球在绿色荧光蛋白(GFP)富集中的应用。为了富集GFP,我们选择了在水凝胶微球上偶联抗GFP抗体(anti-GFP antibody,Abcam,ab13970)。我们选用了在微球表面修饰醛基以与抗GFP抗体上的氨基反应,实现将抗体偶联在水凝胶微球上的目的。为了在已经制备好的带有表面氨基的水凝胶微球上修饰足够数目的醛基,我们选用了戊二醛作为偶联剂。
3.1带表面氨基的水凝胶微球的制备以及醛基修饰和氨基封闭
在制备得到了带有氨基基团的水凝胶微球之后(参见实施例1的制备方法),按照实施例2中的描述,在水凝胶微球表面修饰醛基,再将没有参与反应的氨基封闭,以减少后续的副反应。
3.2亲和配体偶联以及醛基封闭
之后按照如下表4配制反应混合物。轻轻混匀反应混合物,将其置于4℃摇床混匀过夜。之后,用微球洗涤缓冲液洗涤微球两次,每次通过1000g离心1min去掉上层溶液,回收微球。
表4偶联抗GFP抗体的反应混合物组成
然后,按照实施例2的2.2.3中描述的反应体系将没有参与偶联抗GFP抗体的醛基封闭掉,即可获得表面偶联有抗GFP抗体的水凝胶微球。
3.3目标蛋白的捕获与荧光检测
将该水凝胶微球与过表达GFP的细胞裂解液混合,置于4℃过夜。之后用微球洗涤缓冲液洗涤微球2次,每次都通过离心去掉上层溶液。在荧光显微镜下观察微球发出的荧光。结果如图8所示,与作为对照的不进行醛基修饰(-CHO)或者不偶联抗GFP抗体(-Ab)的微球比较,偶联有抗GFP抗体的聚丙烯酰胺微球可以有效地捕获GFP,在荧光显微镜下可以观察到绿色,而对照微球在荧光显微镜下观察不到绿色。图中-CHO代表微球不进行醛基修饰,+CHO代表进行醛基修饰。+Ab代表微球偶联有抗GFP抗体,-Ab代表微球没有偶联抗GFP抗体。
随后,我们利用共聚焦荧光显微镜(蔡司,LSM780)对GFP强度进行了定量。对照组荧光强度接近本底噪音,而有偶联有抗GFP抗体组可以测到较强的荧光信号。用软件(蔡司,ZEN_2011_Lite_x64)统计的水凝胶微球的荧光强度显示在图9中(n=5)。图中NH2-CHO-Ab表示所制备的表面带氨基的微球不进行醛基修饰和抗体偶联处理;NH2-CHO+Ab表示所制备的表面带氨基的微球在不进行醛基修饰情况下进行步骤3.2的偶联处理;NH2+CHO-Ab表示所制备的表面带氨基的微球经醛基修饰但不进行抗体偶联处理;以及NH2+CHO+Ab表示所制备的表面带氨基的微球经醛基修饰和抗体偶联处理。
3.4降解微球和检测GFP蛋白的含量
将结合有GFP的水凝胶微球降解之后通过Western印迹实验来检测GFP的含量。具体操作如下:向步骤3.3得到的可降解微球加入DTT,终浓度为5mM,用手轻轻混匀,置于4℃摇床混匀0.5h,用水平转子1000g离心1min,弃去下层不溶物。上层溶液中含有纯化得到的目标蛋白GFP,可以用于后续的Western-blot检测。对于Western印迹而言,由于目标蛋白和亲和配体结合,会导致条带的迁移,但不影响目标蛋白含量等方面的检测。
实施例4水凝胶微球的溶解性测试
4.1试剂
DTT(二硫苏糖醇,sigma,43816-10ML)
4.2实验操作和结果
本实施例进行水凝胶微球的溶解性测试。将实施例3的步骤3.2制备的微球在5mMDTT溶液中溶解30min。随后经检测,微球溶解为更小的纳米级的颗粒,参见图10。图10A为偶联有抗GFP抗体的微球示意图。利用动态弹性散射我们得到了微球溶解后溶液中颗粒粒径分布情况。图10B显示了粒径分布的直方图,它们大致呈正态分布。μ=57.62nm,σ=6.706,CV=11.64%。我们也通过改变使用的DTT浓度或溶解时间,来使溶解后的纳米级颗粒更加均匀。从动态弹性光散射的结果来看,微球的溶解只能到百纳米级。我们期望通过使溶解后的小颗粒直径更均匀,来减少对后续各种实验和电镜观察的影响。后期的实验也证明了,这些小颗粒不影响透射电镜的观察。图10C显示了5mM浓度处理下颗粒粒径随时间的变化,图10D显示了相同处理时间(30min)下颗粒粒径随DTT浓度的变化。从这些图中可知,使用5mMDTT,溶解30min,即可将原本约为60微米左右的微球基本上完全溶解,并且溶解后纳米级颗粒的平均直径为约57纳米。经过测试,DTT分子数和beads数目的比例达到为1012:1时,就可以有效降解微球。
实施例5水凝胶微球对20S蛋白酶体的富集作用
5.1试剂
Strep-Tactin(Bio-rad,1610381)
20S proteasome(20S蛋白酶体,自制)
5.2实验过程和结果
在实施例1制备的微球基础上通过实施例2和实施例3阐述的类似方法偶联Strep-Tactin,用于从表达蛋白的细胞培养物的裂解产物中捕获带有Strep标签的20S蛋白酶体。
水凝胶微球上偶联Strep-Tactin之后,在带有strep-tag的20S蛋白酶体溶液中混匀过夜。清洗微球3次之后,通过DTT将微球降解,用负染法进行电镜样品制备,利用电子显微镜对蛋白纯度和状态进行表征。常温透射电镜结果显示在图11中。Strep-Tactin偶联的微球可以有效地分离带Strep标签的20S蛋白酶体,且蛋白状态可满足电镜观察要求,降解后的微球不影响电镜观测。图11A为微球未进行醛基修饰并且无Strep-Tactin存在下的电镜照片;图11B为微球经醛基修饰但无Strep-Tactin存在下的电镜照片;图11C为微球未进行醛基修饰但Strep-Tactin存在下的电镜照片(进行类似于实施例3的偶联步骤,但微球之前未经醛基修饰);图11D为微球经醛基修饰并且偶联Strep-Tactin时的电镜照片。结果表明,未经醛基修饰或者不存在Strep-Tactin时,微球未能有效吸附目标蛋白20S蛋白酶体。图11C显示出与图11A和图11B略有差异,推测是因为Strep-Tactin非特异吸附于微球上所致,但吸附水平与图11D有显著差异。图11E显示了经过传统柱纯化处理获得的20S蛋白酶体溶液,用负染法进行电镜样品制备后,于电镜下观察的结果。图11D和图11E的电镜结果一致,说明通过本发明可降解微球来制备蛋白电镜样品是简单可行的。
本发明所属领域技术员应理解,以上描述的方法和材料,仅是示例性的,而不应视为限定本发明的范围。
实施例6水凝胶微球对avidin蛋白的富集作用
6.1试剂
NHS-Biotin(AAT Bioquest,3010)
Avidin-1(Sigma,A8706,玉米重组来源)
Avidin-2(Sigma,A9275,鸡蛋清来源)
6.2实验过程和结果
在实施例1制备的微球基础上通过氨基与NHS的反应偶联Biotin,用于从含有avidin-1的大肠杆菌裂解液中(avidin浓度10μg/100μL,大肠杆菌蛋白浓度200μg/100μL)捕获avidin-1。
水凝胶微球上偶联Biotin之后,在上述含有avidin-1的大肠杆菌裂解液中混匀过夜。利用上述微球洗涤缓冲液清洗微球3次之后,将缓冲液置换为20mM醋酸铵溶液,并通过DTT将微球降解,所得产物直接用于质谱测量。
检测选用Waters公司SYNAPT G2-Si HDMS质谱仪搭配C18反向色谱柱,流动相为水:乙腈=99:1。经质谱仪官方软件分析后,获得样品的分子量图谱(图12,横坐标为计算分子量,单位Da)。其中,图12A显示纯品avidin-1的图谱,测得主峰分子量为15511Da。图12B显示纯品avidin-2的图谱,测得两簇信号,主峰分子量分别为14545Da和15965Da。上述纯品分子量与avidin蛋白序列理论计算值14343Da分别相差1168Da、202Da和1622Da,推测是因为不同来源的avidin含有不同糖基修饰。经可降解微球捕获得到的avidin-1质谱结果(图12C)显示主峰分子量15512,与纯品avidin-1结果高度吻合,说明经本发明可降解微球纯化得到的蛋白适合于质谱测量,并可分辨不同的糖基修饰。
Claims (23)
1.一种可降解微球,包括通过交联剂交联的聚合物分子,其中所述聚合物分子和/或所述交联剂含有敏感化学键,所述敏感化学键能够经化学和/或光处理而断裂,从而导致所述可降解微球的降解,其中所述敏感化学键由选自胱胺类化合物、邻硝基苯乙醇类化合物或邻硝基苄醇类化合物的化合物提供,其中(i)所述聚合物分子选自聚丙烯酸类、聚丙烯酸酯类、聚丙烯酰胺类、聚乙烯醇类、以及聚乙二醇类化合物;并且所述交联剂选自邻硝基苯乙醇类化合物或邻硝基苄醇类化合物;或者(ii)所述聚合物分子为丙烯酰胺和胱胺丙烯酰胺的共聚物,并且所述交联剂为胱胺双丙烯酰胺。
2.如权利要求1所述的可降解微球,其中所述聚合物分子选自聚丙烯酸类、聚丙烯酸酯类、聚丙烯酰胺类、聚乙烯醇类、以及聚乙二醇类化合物;所述交联剂选自邻硝基苯乙醇类化合物或邻硝基苄醇类化合物。
3.如权利要求1所述的可降解微球,其中所述聚合物分子为丙烯酰胺和胱胺丙烯酰胺的共聚物,并且所述交联剂为胱胺双丙烯酰胺。
4.如权利要求3所述的可降解微球,其是通过在油包水型反应液滴中反应而制备的,其中水相包括丙烯酰胺、胱胺双丙烯酰胺、胱胺丙烯酰胺以及过硫酸铵。
5.如权利要求4所述的可降解微球,其中所述水相以重量计包括6%丙烯酰胺、0.2%胱胺双丙烯酰胺、0.5%过硫酸铵以及75mM的胱胺丙烯酰胺。
6.如权利要求1所述的可降解微球,其直径为1μm至100μm。
7.一种从包含目标蛋白的样品中分离所述目标蛋白的方法,包括以下步骤:
1)在可降解微球上连接所述目标蛋白的亲和配体;
2)让所述样品与所述可降解微球接触,以便所述目标蛋白通过所述亲和配体而附着于所述可降解微球;
3)将所述可降解微球与所述样品分开;以及
4)通过化学和/或光处理降解所述可降解微球,以获得所述目标蛋白。
8.如权利要求7所述的方法,其中所述可降解微球包括通过交联剂交联的聚合物分子,其中所述聚合物分子和/或所述交联剂含有敏感化学键,所述敏感化学键能够经化学和/或光处理而断裂,从而导致所述可降解微球的降解。
9.如权利要求8所述的方法,其中所述敏感化学键由选自胱胺类化合物、邻硝基苯乙醇类化合物或邻硝基苄醇类化合物、乙交酯或丙交酯以及具有内部蛋白水解酶酶切位点的多肽的化合物提供。
10.如权利要求8所述的方法,其中所述聚合物分子选自聚丙烯酸类、聚丙烯酸酯类、聚丙烯酰胺类、聚乙烯醇类、以及聚乙二醇类化合物;所述交联剂选自胱胺类化合物、邻硝基苯乙醇类化合物或邻硝基苄醇类化合物、乙交酯或丙交酯以及具有蛋白水解酶位点的多肽。
11.如权利要求8所述的方法,其中所述交联剂为胱胺双丙烯酰胺。
12.如权利要求11所述的方法,其中所述聚合物分子为丙烯酰胺和胱胺丙烯酰胺的共聚物。
13.如权利要求7所述的方法,其中所述可降解微球是通过在油包水型反应液滴中反应而制备的,其中水相包括丙烯酰胺、胱胺双丙烯酰胺、胱胺丙烯酰胺以及过硫酸铵。
14.如权利要求13所述的方法,其中所述水相以重量计包括6%丙烯酰胺、0.2%胱胺双丙烯酰胺、0.5%过硫酸铵以及75mM的胱胺丙烯酰胺。
15.如权利要求12、13或14所述的方法,其中步骤1)通过偶联剂戊二醛将所述亲和配体连接至所述可降解微球中胱胺丙烯酰胺上的氨基来完成。
16.如权利要求7所述的方法,其中所述可降解微球的直径为1μm至100μm。
17.如权利要求7所述的方法,其中所述目标蛋白带有Flag标签,所述亲和配体为抗Flag抗体;或者所述目标蛋白带有Strep标签,所述亲和配体为Streptactin蛋白。
18.如权利要求7所述的方法,其中步骤3)通过层析或离心完成。
19.一种通过电镜技术观察目标蛋白的方法,包括通过权利要求7至18中任一项所述的方法分离所述目标蛋白,并通过电镜对所述目标蛋白进行观察和结构分析。
20.一种通过质谱分析目标蛋白的方法,包括通过权利要求7至18中任一项所述的方法分离所述目标蛋白,并通过质谱仪对所述目标蛋白进行分析。
21.如权利要求20所述的方法,其中所述分析包括检测所述目标蛋白的分子量、突变、翻译后修饰、或聚合状态。
22.如权利要求21所述的方法,其中所述翻译后修饰为酰化修饰、烷基化修饰、生物素化修饰、类帖修饰、糖基化修饰、磷酸化修饰、酯化修饰、亚硝基化修饰、泛素化修饰、小泛素相关修饰物(SUMO)化修饰、胺化修饰、羟基化修饰、羧基化修饰。
23.一种对样品中目标蛋白进行定性或定量检测的方法,包括通过权利要求7至18中任一项所述的方法从所述样品分离所述目标蛋白的步骤。
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