CN112409095A - 一种免耕种植玉米免追专用肥及其制备方法 - Google Patents
一种免耕种植玉米免追专用肥及其制备方法 Download PDFInfo
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- Fertilizers (AREA)
Abstract
本发明涉及农业种植领域,具体地说是一种适用于免耕种植玉米的免追专用有机无机复合肥及其制备方法。其特征在于将生物表面活性剂应用于化学肥料中,按重量比分别为:化学肥料(氮磷钾肥)73.8‑84.6份,生物炭0‑8份,蚯蚓粪0‑10.1份,粘土6‑8份,生物表面活性剂0.05‑0.3份(干基)。该复合肥能够满足玉米生长需要无需追肥,促进提早出苗2‑3天,能够调理植物生长壮苗,能抑制有害微生物的生存与繁殖且增强幼苗耐药性,能够减轻并逐步消除土传病虫害和连作障碍,提高秸秆覆盖少免耕种植玉米产量和品质。
Description
技术领域:
本发明涉及玉米种植技术领域,具体是一种免耕种植玉米免追专用肥及其制备方法。
背景技术:
向土壤中添加有机物料增加土壤有机质含量能够改良土壤促进作物生长,能解决当前农业生产中长期过于单一依靠化肥投入维持植物营养需要而无有机物料返还补偿土壤带来的诸多问题,包括土壤有机质含量降低、耕层变浅、团粒结构遭到破坏、土壤板结、土质变硬、农田抗逆性下降、土壤微生物群大量减少、水份不能向土壤深层渗透、表面径流严重、土地受到严重侵蚀、耕地水、肥、气、热严重失调和生态环境变差等等。对比诸多可用于还田的有机物料,将农田秸秆就地还田具有无法比拟的优势:给秸秆处理提供好的出处,科学有效利用大量秸秆培肥地力,更好的满足作物营养种类需求,减少化肥投入量,在一定程度上满足对无公害、绿色食品的需求。少免耕结合秸秆覆盖是秸秆还田方式的一种,需针对秸秆覆盖少免耕玉米种植潜在一定病虫害风险的问题开发新型专用肥料以获得更大效益,向复合肥料中引入生物表面活性剂可有效解决上述问题,还有助于化学肥料结块率更低,松散度更高而改善结块问题,使得肥料高质高效,直接增强农作物的生长发育和产量。
生物表面活性剂具有广谱的抗菌活性和非常出色的乳化、分散、增溶等特性,其亲脂性能利于携带营养离子进入作物根部,具有抗菌和防治作物病害的作用,能减少作物病原菌引发作物病害,增强作物抗逆抗病能力降低重茬作物的病情指数,连年施用可大大缓解连作障碍;良好的乳化性能独有植物细胞亲合性会增加农药作用效率,减少农药用量,增产增效,是对生态和生物安全的新型杀菌剂,符合绿色生态农业发展。同时,生物表面活性剂由微生物代谢产生,这类物质能在肥料表面形成包裹层或微胶囊层,使得肥料缓慢释放而增加肥料利用效率,同时改善化学肥料的物理性状和化学性状,减少复合肥生产中粉末多或大球多、成球率低、颗粒不圆、强度低以及吸湿结块等问题。生物表面活性剂受极端温度、pH、盐度等条件影响小,应用于肥料后适应不同类型土壤。生物表面活性剂可降解且毒性低,与环境、生物的相容性比较好,最终会被植物和土壤微生物作为营养物质彻底利用,经过植物生长结束后在土壤中无任何残留。相比当前国内市场上销售的油溶性防结块剂消耗量大,成本高,且铵盐类表面活性剂在土壤中降解后的产物含有致癌类物质亚硝酸类成分,会造成对土壤、水质、农作物的污染等问题,采用微生物发酵法生产的生物表面活性剂具有更大的优越性。生物表面活性剂结构中包含羧基,对碱性土壤有中和改善作用,其降解过程也是作物土壤中微生物的代谢过程,不仅能增强土壤生物活力,对于改善土壤板结也有很重要的作用。
生物表面活性剂种类较多,本发明采用了槐糖脂、鼠李糖脂和脂肽加入复合肥中。鼠李糖脂主要由铜绿假单胞菌(Pseudomonas aeruginosa,P.a)产生,由2个鼠李糖链接到1-2个β-羟基葵酸上形成,对串珠镰刀菌、甘蔗赤腐病等真菌具有很好的拮抗作用,能通过诱导细胞脂双层膜形成孔隙和离子通道,破坏膜的完整性而导致细胞死亡,还能抑制病虫害、提高叶片浸润度以及提高堆肥效力,杀死蚊子的蛹。枯草芽孢杆菌、解淀粉芽孢杆菌等产的表面活性素可以抑制黄曲霉病、灰霉病、黄瓜枯萎病、番茄青枯病等多种作物病害。鼠李糖脂的糖脂自身具备内在的杀虫效果有利于秸秆还田种植。槐糖脂主要由酵母菌(Torulopsis sp)如球拟酵母菌和嗜石油球拟酵母菌产生,由一个二聚糖链接到一个羟基脂肪酸组成,能有效诱导纤维素酶的合成,利于秸秆分解。脂肽主要来源于芽孢杆菌、链霉素、假单胞菌、沙雷氏菌属、曲霉菌和游动放线菌的菌属,细菌、蓝细菌、放线菌、真菌均能产生脂肽。脂肽又名脂酰肽,属于含氨基酸类脂,种类较多,如表面活性素(Surfactin)家族、伊枯草素(Iturins)家族和芬枯草素(Fengycins,也译为芬荠素、丰源素)家族等等。脂肽能直接或间接的杀死病菌,可以作为“拮抗剂”或“杀手”来抑制植物病原菌的生长,作为“扩展器”来促进植物根的定殖,还可以作为“免疫刺激剂”来增强宿主的抗性潜力。脂肽可防治大白菜软腐病和油菜菌核病,对于土传病害严重区常发生的死苗、枯黄萎、疮痂病、根腐等土传病害有很好的防治作用。生物表面活性剂一般为混合结构产品,除试剂用途经过提纯处理外,通常很少有单一结构产品,且因发酵过程的不确定性,每批次的产品组成都会略有差异。
常规传统玉米种植的施肥技术多是于播种时施用种肥结合拔节前中耕表施追肥(如尿素),存在化学肥料损失大、当季利用率低、地下水富营养化、蔬菜中硝态氮含量超标、氧化亚氮排放量增加等问题;同时,近年来农村劳动力向城市转移,传统表施追肥生产管理模式费时费力难以实行。缓解上述两个问题的有效手段是制备具有缓释和控释效果的免追肥,常见措施是在有机无机复合肥中添加脲酶抑制剂、硝化抑制剂或者二者混施协同作用于土壤氮素的生化转化过程,或以特殊材料在化学肥料外包膜。研究人员开展了大量的脲酶抑制剂、硝化抑制剂和膜材料的筛选工作,不同类型土壤中应用效果不一的问题依旧存在。将农田有机废弃物制备的生物炭和蚯蚓粪加入复合肥中,其中的活性基团对肥料养分有较强的吸附螯合能力,使被吸附螯合的养分缓慢释放,减少其在土壤中的固定损失和淋失,增加其作物吸收率,发挥脲酶抑制剂和硝化抑制剂作用,增加肥料利用率延长肥效,几乎对所有类型土壤均能发挥效果。另外,生物炭和蚯蚓粪能够增加有机质含量、改良节土壤孔隙度、密度、保水性能、缓冲性能等特性,在以往肥料研究中已有应用。
总之,将微生物槐糖脂、鼠李糖脂和脂肽表面活性剂与生物炭、蚯蚓粪综合应用于秸秆覆盖模式下的少免耕种植玉米用肥,不仅稳产增产、预防潜在病虫害、减轻或解决病虫害,还能够作提升物质量和改良土壤。
发明内容
本发明的目的:为秸秆覆盖少免耕种植玉米提供免追专用肥的基本要求是:养分配比合理,慢释放养分、延长肥效期满足整个生育期玉米对养分的需求,稳定产量甚至增产,同时要求其使用方便,能实现机械化施肥。本发明在此基础上实现:1.提高肥料利用率、减少肥料损失、环境友好;2.促进健康土壤生物链的形成,为植物生长创造良好的地下生态环境,预防秸秆覆盖少免耕种植潜在病虫害或减轻病虫害衍生问题、减轻并逐步消除土传病虫害,逐年减少化肥和农药,且提高农产品品质;3.维持土壤的持续利用能力并改良土壤,增强土壤透气透水和保水性能、促进土壤团粒化,减少水土流失和土壤板结等问题,进一步培肥地力。
本发明技术方案如下:
一种免耕种植玉米免追专用肥,按照质量份剂组成为:化学肥料73.8-84.6份,生物炭0-8份,蚯蚓粪0-10.1份,生物表面活性剂0.05-0.3份,粘土6-8份(干基)。
其中所述生物表面活性剂包括鼠李糖脂、槐糖脂或脂肽中的1种或2种或3种的组合,总量占专用肥质量比例为0.05-0.3%(干基)。
其中所述鼠李糖脂、槐糖脂和脂肽为多种类型,是由微生物代谢产生的,一般是混合物组成。本发明所用生物表面活性剂购自西宝生物科技股份有限公司。
所述化学肥料为氮肥,磷肥和钾肥;氮磷钾三元素配比为:22~24%:8~10%:8~10%,其中,氮肥为尿素,磷肥为磷酸二铵,钾肥为氯化钾,按重量百分比及其商品中元素含量分别计算尿素、磷酸二铵和氯化钾的质量为41.0-43.7%、17.4-21.7%、15.4-19.2%(干基)。
按上述所述质量份数将化学肥料、蚯蚓粪生物炭粉和粘土碎混合,粉碎的目数为:化学肥料(≤50目)、蚯蚓粪(≤50目)和生物炭(≤50目)、粘土(≤100目),混合(通过搅拌机内,搅拌均匀(6min-8分钟))后输入到圆盘或者滚筒的造粒机中形成半成品(0.05-4.5mm),再将所述生物表面活性剂槐糖脂、鼠李糖脂和脂肽中的一种或多种按比例0.05-0.3%添加到半成品中,继续于造粒机中造粒,使其均匀包裹于复合肥颗粒表面,在造粒机的转动下,产出颗粒状(1-5mm)的免耕种植玉米免追专用肥。
也可采用高塔造粒系统加入法,即在造粒完成前加入生物表面活性剂和有机物料,然后上塔造粒,即开即闭。
完成造粒后,送入滚筒干燥机内烘干至水分10%以下,烘干温度一般≤120℃,冷却、筛分、包装。
本发明的复合肥及其制备方法,可根据用户自身条件和要求选择不同品质的生物表面活性剂。
本发明的独特性在于可针对秸秆覆盖少免耕种植的特点,与相同养分比例和含量常规玉米专用复合肥相比,具备更高的养分利用率、可更好的节肥和延长肥效期,在化肥负增长基础上保产增产并减少环境污染风险等优点。本发明专用肥制备工艺简单,可在原复合肥的生产线进行生产,无需改变原复合肥生产流程,无需要增加新的附属设备投资。
同时,该专用复合肥具备长效复合肥缓释和控释的双重功效,能减少氮磷肥损失,辅助氮磷钾肥料更大发挥肥效提高氮磷元素利用率达10-15%以上,能延长氮肥的肥效期而满足玉米生长期全阶氮磷钾数量和比例,还具有抗旱保墒、增加地温、疏松土壤缓解板结、增强渗水保水和透气能力、提升土壤pH减缓化单施用导致土壤变酸性的趋势、促进土壤团粒化,减轻或解决肥料利用率低、土壤板结和潜在病害三大问题,有效增强免耕种植效果。本发明秸秆覆盖少免耕种植玉米的免追专用复合肥适用于底肥施用,可广泛地应用在各类土壤中,具有广阔的市场前景和良好的社会效益及经济效益。
附图说明
图1为秸秆覆盖免耕条件下施用化肥和专用肥对抽雄期和灌浆期玉米植株农学性状的影响图,上面为拔节期,下面为灌浆期。
具体实施方式
下面结合具体实施方式对本专利的技术方案作进一步详细地说明。
实施例1
本实施例是采用对照组原料为:比例N:P2O5:K2O=24:10:8的三元素复混肥料和本发明专用肥的肥效试验对比:
本发明的专用肥的质量份的原料为:43.7份尿素,21.7份磷酸二铵、15.4份氯化钾,5份生物炭、8份蚯蚓粪和6.2份粘土。
1.1实验设置和肥料制备:
2处理包括常规化学肥料尿素、磷酸二铵和氯化钾复混肥CF处理和免耕种植玉米免追专用肥NTF处理。二种肥料所含NPK等量等比。
常规化肥处理尿素、磷酸二胺和氯化钾用量为21.75kg.667m-2、10.35kg.667m-2和7.7kg.667m-2;其中N:P2O5:K2O=24:10:8。
免耕种植专用肥:将粒状化学肥料粉碎至≤50目,将粘土粉碎至≤(小于或等于)100目,将生物炭和蚯蚓粪过筛≤50目。将43.7份尿素,21.7份磷酸二铵、15.4份氯化钾,5份生物炭、8份蚯蚓粪和6.2份粘土、加入搅拌机内,搅拌均匀(6min左右),输入滚筒造粒设备,未成粒前将0.1份的槐糖脂、0.05份鼠李糖脂和0.05份脂肽加入,造粒成功后得到颗粒状产品,其中,N:P2O5:K2O=24:10:8,N+P2O5+K2O≥42%。专用肥用量为50kg.667m-2;
2018年4月底在吉林省典型土壤黑土已有的秸秆覆盖免耕试验田设2个处理,每块地处理6次重复。小区面积为长30m×宽6m=180m2。于2018年5月采用播种施肥一体机播种玉米和施用肥料。采取底肥60%加追肥40%方式施肥,NPK三元素数量与本发明的专用肥一样,玉米出苗生长1个月后间苗,保留生长状况均一的植株。各处理采用一致的管理方式。植株抽雄期与灌浆期每小区随机取样10株,抽雄期测定植株茎粗、株高、杆重,灌浆期加测穗重,取平均值;生育期观察是否有病害和虫害;收获后测定土壤pH、容重、全量碳、氮、磷含量。
1.2结果分析:
1.2.1玉米抽雄期与灌浆期植株的农学性状
秸秆覆盖免耕农作管理条件下,免耕免追玉米专用肥处理的作物发育、生长显著优于常规化肥处理,专用肥处理与化肥处理株高、茎粗和杆干重差异达到显著水平。专用肥处理的玉米抽雄期提前2-3天,叶片深绿色。植株灌浆期的玉米根系显著多于对照,细根数高,根系重大于对照,株高、茎粗、杆干重和穗干重显著高于化肥组,专用肥处理穗干重显著增加如图1所述。
秋收后专用肥处理生物量和产量均有所增加,但差异不显著。土壤pH略降低,而全量碳、氮、磷含量均有提升,差异未达到显著,原因可能是专用肥处理增加了作物生物量或者产量而使得作物对氮磷吸收利用加大。由数据可知,专用肥的施用对土壤理化性质有一定的改善作用,但因只是1年施用,尚未达到显著水平。
表1.1秸秆覆盖免耕条件下施用化肥和专用肥对玉米生物量、产量和土壤的理化性状的影响
实施例2
本实施例是采用对照组原料为:养分含量N+P2O5+K2O≥38%,N:P2O5:K2O=22:8:8的三元素复混肥料、添加化学表面活性剂复合肥和专用肥的肥效试验对比
本发明专用肥的质量份为:41份的尿素,17.5份的磷酸二铵、15.4份的氯化钾、8份的生物炭、10份的蚯蚓粪和7.9份粘土。
2.1处理设置和肥料制备:
共设三个处理,分别为添加生物表面活性剂和蚯蚓粪的免耕免追玉米专用复合肥NTF、添加化学表面活性剂复合肥CFS和常规三元素化肥CF,三种肥料的NPK数量和比例相同。
添加生物表面活性剂和蚯蚓粪的免耕免追玉米专用复合肥制备:将粒状化学肥料粉碎至≤50目,包括粘土粉碎至≤(小于或等于)100目,将生物炭和蚯蚓粪过筛≤50目。将41份的尿素,17.5份的磷酸二铵、15.4份的氯化钾、8份的生物炭、10份的蚯蚓粪和7.9份粘土加入搅拌机内,搅拌均匀(6min左右),输入滚筒造粒设备,在成粒前将0.2份的生物表面活性剂(Biosurfactant)鼠李糖脂加入,造粒成功后得到颗粒状产品为NTF处理所需肥料,其中,N:P2O5:K2O=22:8:8,N+P2O5+K2O≥38%。
常规三元素复合肥制备:同上,将化学肥料和粘土粉碎、混合并造粒,造粒成功后得到CF处理所需颗粒状产品,其中,N:P2O5:K2O=22:8:8,N+P2O5+K2O≥38%。
添加化学表面活性剂复合肥制备:同上,将化学肥料、生物炭、蚯蚓粪和粘土粉碎、混合并造粒,在成粒前将0.2份的化学表面活性剂(Surfactant)十二烷基苯磺酸钠加入,造粒成功后得到颗粒状产品,其中,N:P2O5:K2O=22:8:8,N+P2O5+K2O≥38%,为CFS处理所需肥料。
三个处理均采用一次性底肥施用方式。免耕种植专用复合肥NTF和添加化学表面活性剂复合肥CFS处理肥料用量均为50kg/667m2;常规三元素化肥处理肥料用量为尿素20.5kg/667m2,磷酸二铵8.7kg/667m2和氯化钾7.7kg/667m2。
2.2肥效试验:
2017年5月初在吉林省典型土壤黑土已有的秸秆覆盖免耕试验田设3个处理,每处理6次重复,小区面积为长30m×宽6m=180m2。采用播种施肥一体机播种玉米和施用肥料。出苗生长1个月后间苗,保留生长状况均一的植株。各处理采用一致的管理方式。植株抽雄期与灌浆期每小区随机取样10株,抽雄期测定植株茎粗、株高、杆重,灌浆期加测穗重,取平均值;生育期目测观察叶片颜色和是否有病害和虫害,作记录。
2.3结果分析:
2.3.1玉米抽雄期与灌浆期植株的农学性状
免耕免追玉米专用复合肥对作物发育、生长起到了促进作用,玉米长势显著高于相同养分含量的化肥对照处理和化学表面活性剂的复合肥,株高差异显著,抽雄期提前1-2天,叶片深绿色,杆直径和杆干重都高于化肥处理。专用复合肥处理的植株茎粗、杆干重和穗干重在灌浆期显著高于化肥处理,专用复合肥处理穗干重增加15%,且玉米叶片颜色较深,病害和虫害少于化肥处理。
表2.1秸秆覆盖免耕条件下施用化肥和专用肥对玉米农学性状的影响
上面对本专利的较佳实施方式作了详细说明,但是本专利并不限于上述实施方式,在本领域的普通技术人员所具备的知识范围内,还可以在不脱离本专利宗旨的前提下做出各种变化。
Claims (5)
1.一种免耕种植玉米免追专用肥,其特征在于,按照质量份剂组成为:化学肥料73.8-84.6份,生物炭0-8份,蚯蚓粪0-10.1份,生物表面活性剂0.05-0.3份,粘土6-8份(干基)。
2.根据权利要求1所述的免耕种植玉米免追专用肥,其特征在于,其中所述生物表面活性剂包括鼠李糖脂、槐糖脂或脂肽中的1种或2种或3种的组合,总量占专用肥质量比例为0.05-0.3%(干基)。
3.根据权利要求1中所述的免耕种植玉米免追专用肥,其特征在于,所述化学肥料为氮肥,磷肥和钾肥;氮磷钾三元素配比为:22~24%:8~10%:8~10%,其中,氮肥为尿素,磷肥为磷酸二铵,钾肥为氯化钾,按重量百分比及其商品中元素含量分别计算尿素、磷酸二铵和氯化钾的质量为41.0-43.7%、17.4-21.7%、15.4-19.2%(干基)。
4.根据权利要求1-3任一项所述的方法,其特征在于,按上述所述质量份数将化学肥料、蚯蚓粪、生物炭和粘土(≤100目),混合后输入到造粒机中形成半成品(0.05-4.5mm),再将所述生物表面粉碎混合,再将所述生物表面活性剂槐糖脂、鼠李糖脂和脂肽中的一种或多种按比例0.05-0.3%添加到半成品中,继续于造粒机中造粒,产出颗粒状(1-5mm)的免耕种植玉米免追专用肥。
5.根据权利要求4所述的方法,其特征在于,粉碎的目数为:化学肥料(≤50目)、蚯蚓粪(≤50目)和生物炭(≤50目)、粘土(≤100目),混合后输入到造粒机中形成半成品(0.05-4.5mm)。
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