Background
Because the lithium ion battery has the advantages of high energy, small volume, light weight, long service life, small pollution and the like, the lithium ion battery is widely applied to the fields of electric vehicles, digital products, aerospace and the like. In recent years, with the explosive growth of electric automobiles, the demand and the scrap of lithium ion batteries have increased greatly. The waste power batteries contain a large amount of available resources, such as valuable metals of nickel, cobalt, manganese, lithium, iron, copper, aluminum and the like, and organic solvents of electrolyte and the like. If the waste power battery is not properly recycled, the environmental pollution and the resource waste can be greatly caused. The valuable components in the waste power batteries are effectively recycled, so that the shortage of metal resources can be relieved to a certain extent, and the pollution of the waste power batteries to the environment can be reduced.
At present, the mainstream processes for recycling waste power batteries at home and abroad can be divided into a fire method and a wet method. The pyrogenic process recovery process is not adopted in large scale due to the disadvantages of high energy consumption, low added value of products, ineffective recovery of lithium element, environment pollution caused by dioxin smoke dust and the like. Compared with the fire recovery technology, the wet recovery technology has been applied to industrial production due to the advantages of flexible process, low energy consumption, high added value of products and the like. However, the wet recovery process requires pretreatment to prepare high-quality waste electrode materials as raw materials, so that the waste power batteries can be efficiently recycled. The existing pretreatment process comprises a plurality of steps of discharging, disassembling, multi-stage crushing, physical sorting and the like. The prior discharging technology mainly uses salt water discharging, has long discharging period and is easy to leak electrolyte to cause water body pollution. The multistage crushing process also has potential safety hazard because of the flammable and explosive existence of battery, and electrolyte volatilizees and causes environmental pollution to and crushing equipment is low to battery kind and size adaptability, multistage breakage lead to the energy consumption height. The crushing efficiency directly affects the physical separation process, and the existence of the binder and incomplete stripping of each component cause low separation precision and low copper and aluminum recovery efficiency. The quality of the anode and cathode mixed powder obtained in the pretreatment process directly influences the complexity of the subsequent wet recovery process and the added value of the product.
Therefore, it is urgently needed to develop a simple, efficient, safe, economic and environment-friendly crushing method to simplify the whole power battery recycling process, reduce the production cost and improve the added value of the recycled product.
Disclosure of Invention
In view of the defects of the prior art, the invention aims to provide a method and a device for controllably exploding and crushing waste power batteries, and aims to solve the problems of low crushing efficiency, low safety coefficient, environmental pollution caused by electrolyte leakage, low adaptability of crushing equipment to battery types and sizes, high crushing energy consumption and the like of the conventional waste power battery crushing method.
The technical scheme of the invention is as follows:
a device for controllably exploding and breaking waste power batteries comprises an explosion tank, a tail gas absorption tower and a heating device, wherein the explosion tank is used for containing the waste power batteries and auxiliary fuel, the tail gas absorption tower is communicated with the explosion tank through a pipeline, and the heating device is located below the explosion tank and used for heating the explosion tank or the detonating device is located below the explosion tank and used for detonating the explosion tank.
The device for controllably exploding and crushing the waste power batteries comprises an explosion tank, an explosion tank cover and a control device, wherein the explosion tank comprises an explosion tank shell and an explosion tank cover arranged on the explosion tank shell; the explosion tank is characterized in that an air inlet and an air outlet are formed in the explosion tank shell, and a temperature sensor and a pressure sensor are further arranged in the explosion tank body.
The device for controllably exploding and crushing the waste power batteries also comprises a control device, wherein the control device is electrically connected with the heating device; the control device is electrically connected with the temperature sensor and the pressure sensor respectively.
The device for controllably exploding and crushing the waste power batteries comprises a device for controllably exploding and crushing the waste power batteries, wherein a visual window is arranged on an explosion tank cover; and a sieve plate is arranged on the exhaust port.
A method for controllably blasting and crushing waste power batteries of a device for controllably blasting and crushing the waste power batteries comprises the following steps:
disassembling the waste power battery into single batteries;
placing the battery monomer and auxiliary fuel into an explosion tank, and controlling the atmosphere of the explosion tank;
and detonating the battery monomer by heating or igniting the auxiliary fuel and causing the battery monomer to explode to obtain a controllable explosion-fragmentation solid mixture and explosion tail gas, thereby completing the explosion fragmentation of the waste power battery.
The method for controllably exploding and crushing the waste power batteries comprises the step of crushing the waste power batteries, wherein the waste power batteries comprise one or more of cylindrical lithium ion batteries, square-shell batteries and soft package batteries.
The method for controllably exploding and crushing the waste power battery comprises the following step of carrying out controlled explosion crushing on the waste power battery, wherein the auxiliary fuel is one or more of explosive, coal powder, natural gas or coal gas.
The method for controllably exploding and crushing the waste power battery comprises the following step of using the auxiliary fuel in an amount of 0.1-0.6kg/m3。
The method for controllably exploding and crushing the waste power battery further comprises the following steps:
and discharging the explosion tail gas into a tail gas absorption tower through an exhaust port, and absorbing the explosion tail gas through condensation, photocatalysis or/and washing liquid.
The method for controllably exploding and crushing the waste power battery further comprises the following steps:
and screening the solid mixture by using a 50-100-mesh oscillating screen, directly using the screened solid mixture for subsequent multi-component separation, wherein the unscreened solid is a power battery shell and a current collector, and realizing the high-efficiency separation of the shell, the current collector and an active material.
Has the advantages that: compared with the prior art, the method adopts controllable explosion to crush the waste power batteries, does not need to discharge the waste power batteries, can directly crush the waste power batteries in an electrified way, simplifies the process flow, fully utilizes the residual energy of the batteries, saves the energy consumption required by crushing, obtains a solid product by one-time explosion, can be directly used for separation, and provides a high-quality raw material for the subsequent separation process; due to high temperature generated by explosion, organic components such as electrolyte, binder and the like are directly decomposed or volatilized, and the product after crushing has good dispersibility and is beneficial to subsequent separation; the explosion waste gas generated by explosion is absorbed and purified by a tail gas absorption tower device, so that the centralized treatment of the electrolyte is realized, and the pollution of the waste gas to the environment in the conventional multistage crushing process is reduced; the method has wide adaptability to the types and sizes of the waste power batteries.
Detailed Description
The invention provides a method and a device for controllably exploding and crushing waste power batteries, and the invention is further described in detail below in order to make the purpose, the technical scheme and the effect of the invention clearer and clearer. It should be understood that the specific embodiments described herein are merely illustrative of the invention and are not intended to limit the invention.
As used herein, the singular forms "a", "an", "the" and "the" are intended to include the plural forms as well, unless the context clearly indicates otherwise. It will be further understood that the terms "comprises" and/or "comprising," when used in this specification, specify the presence of stated features, integers, steps, operations, elements, and/or components, but do not preclude the presence or addition of one or more other features, integers, steps, operations, elements, components, and/or groups thereof. It will be understood that when an element is referred to as being "connected" or "coupled" to another element, it can be directly connected or coupled to the other element or intervening elements may also be present. Further, "connected" or "coupled" as used herein may include wirelessly connected or wirelessly coupled. As used herein, the term "and/or" includes all or any element and all combinations of one or more of the associated listed items.
It will be understood by those skilled in the art that, unless otherwise defined, all terms (including technical and scientific terms) used herein have the same meaning as commonly understood by one of ordinary skill in the art to which this invention belongs. It will be further understood that terms, such as those defined in commonly used dictionaries, should be interpreted as having a meaning that is consistent with their meaning in the context of the prior art and will not be interpreted in an idealized or overly formal sense unless expressly so defined herein.
Referring to fig. 1, fig. 1 is a schematic structural diagram of a preferred embodiment of an apparatus for controllably blasting and crushing waste power batteries according to the present invention, which includes an explosion tank 10 for placing waste power batteries and auxiliary fuel, a tail gas absorption tower 20 in communication with the explosion tank 10 through a pipeline, and a heating device 30 located below the explosion tank 10 for heating the explosion tank 10 or an ignition device located below the explosion tank 10 for igniting the explosion tank.
In this embodiment, waste power batteries and auxiliary fuel (explosive) are placed in the explosion tank 10, the explosive in the explosion tank 10 is detonated by the heating device or the detonating device, the explosion of the explosive causes the explosion of the waste power batteries, the waste power batteries are exploded to obtain solid explosion products, and simultaneously explosion tail gas is generated, and the explosion tail gas can be recovered by the tail gas absorption tower 20. In the embodiment, the explosive is detonated to induce the power battery to explode, so that the waste power battery is crushed without discharging the waste power battery, the waste power battery is directly crushed in an electrified manner, the process flow is simplified, the residual energy of the battery is fully utilized, the energy consumption required by crushing is saved, and the solid product obtained by one-time explosion can be directly used for sorting, so that high-quality raw materials are provided for the subsequent sorting process; the generated explosion tail gas is absorbed and purified through the tail gas absorption tower device, and the pollution of the explosion tail gas to the environment in the crushing process is reduced. Compared with other electrified crushing modes, the embodiment avoids the fire and explosion hazards of other electrified crushing processes, the safety is effectively improved, and the centralized processing of the electrolyte is realized.
In some embodiments, as shown in fig. 1, the explosive tank 10 includes an explosive tank shell 11, an explosive tank lid 12 disposed on the explosive tank shell 11; the explosion tank shell 11 is provided with an air inlet 13 and an air outlet 14, and a temperature sensor 15 and a pressure sensor 16 are further arranged in the explosion tank body 11.
In the embodiment, waste power batteries and auxiliary fuel pulverized coal are put into the explosion tank shell 11 by opening the explosion tank cover 12; a proper gas can be introduced into the explosion tank shell 11 through the gas inlet 13 to control the gas pressure and atmosphere in the explosion tank shell; the coal powder in the explosion tank 10 is detonated by the detonator, and the explosion of the coal powder causes the explosion of the waste power battery. The temperature in the shell of the explosion tank can be obtained in real time through the temperature sensor 15, and the air pressure in the shell of the explosion tank can be obtained in real time through the pressure sensor 16; after the explosion is finished, the tail gas generated by the explosion can be discharged into the tail gas absorption tower 20 through the exhaust port 14 for recycling treatment; the solid mixture after explosive fragmentation is removed by opening the explosive can lid 12 for subsequent separation by sieving.
In some embodiments, as shown in fig. 1, further comprising a control device 40, said control device 40 being electrically connected to said heating device 30; the control device 40 is also electrically connected to the temperature sensor 15 and the pressure sensor 16, respectively.
In this embodiment, the control device 40 can control the heating temperature and the heating time of the heating device 30, so as to detonate and explode the waste power battery by means of electric heating. The control device can also receive and display the temperature data sent by the temperature sensor and the pressure data sent by the pressure sensor.
In some embodiments, as shown in fig. 1, the explosion can lid 12 is provided with a visualization window 17 and the vent 14 is provided with a screen. In the embodiment, the states before and after explosion and the explosion process in the explosion tank shell can be observed through the visualization window 17; the sieve plate arranged on the exhaust port can block powder generated by explosion during exhaust, so that solid-gas separation of explosion products is realized, the explosion solid products are directly used for subsequent screening and physical separation, and explosion tail gas is discharged into the tail gas absorption tower 20 for recovery processing.
In some embodiments, there is also provided a method for explosive fragmentation of spent power batteries based on the apparatus, as shown in fig. 2, which comprises the steps of:
s10, disassembling the waste power battery into single batteries;
s20, placing the battery monomer and auxiliary fuel into an explosion tank, and controlling the atmosphere of the explosion tank;
s30, detonating the battery monomer for self-explosion by heating or igniting the auxiliary fuel to cause the battery monomer to explode to obtain a crushed solid mixture and explosion tail gas, thereby completing the explosion crushing of the waste power battery.
As shown in fig. 3, in this embodiment, firstly, the waste power battery is disassembled into battery cells (electric cores), and the discharging process is not required to be performed on the battery cells; then, putting the battery monomer and auxiliary fuel into an explosion tank, and introducing gas through a gas inlet to control the atmosphere in the explosion tank; and finally, detonating the battery monomer by heating or detonating the auxiliary fuel to cause the battery monomer to explode, so that the battery monomer is exploded and crushed to obtain a crushed solid mixture and generate explosion tail gas, thereby completing the explosion and crushing of the waste power battery.
The method adopts a controllable explosion method to crush the waste power batteries, does not need to discharge the waste power batteries, directly crushes the waste power batteries in an electrified way, simplifies the process flow, detonates the batteries through a small amount of auxiliary fuel, fully utilizes the flammable and explosive characteristics and the occurrence energy of the waste power batteries, saves the energy consumption required by crushing, obtains a solid product by one-time explosion, can be directly used for sorting, and provides a high-quality raw material for the subsequent sorting process; the generated explosion tail gas is absorbed and purified through the tail gas absorption tower device, and the pollution of the explosion tail gas to the environment in the crushing process is reduced. Compared with other charged crushing modes, the embodiment avoids the fire and explosion hazards of other charged crushing processes, and the safety is effectively improved.
In some embodiments, the waste power battery includes one or more of a cylindrical lithium ion battery, a square-shell battery, and a pouch battery, but is not limited thereto.
In some embodiments, the auxiliary fuel is one or more of an explosive, pulverized coal, natural gas, or coal gas, but is not limited thereto.
In some embodiments, the auxiliary fuel is used in an amount of 0.1 to 0.6kg/m3But is not limited thereto.
In some embodiments, as shown in fig. 3, after the explosion is completed, the method further comprises the steps of:
and discharging the explosion tail gas into a tail gas absorption tower through an exhaust port, and absorbing the explosion tail gas through condensation, photocatalysis or/and washing liquid.
Specifically, after the explosion is finished, the explosion tank after the explosion needs to be subjected to pressure reduction exhaust treatment, and the explosion tail gas is exhausted from the exhaust hole through the gas guide pipe, enters the explosion tail gas absorption tower and is absorbed by washing liquor, so that the environment pollution is avoided. In this embodiment, the tail gas absorption tower is one of a packed tower, a spray tower or an absorption tower, but is not limited thereto. By way of example, the tail gas absorption tower comprises a multistage condensation part, a photocatalysis part and a washing liquid part, the explosion tail gas firstly enters the multistage condensation part in a positive pressure state in an explosion tank, and part of high-boiling organic waste gas is recovered; the explosion tail gas which can not be recovered through the multistage condensation part enters the photocatalysis part, the part of organic waste gas is decomposed into carbon dioxide and water which are harmless to the environment, and finally the washing liquid part absorbs the soluble tail gas, thereby realizing the harmless treatment of the explosion tail gas.
In some embodiments, as shown in fig. 3, after the explosion is completed, the method further comprises the steps of:
and screening the solid mixture by using a 50-100-mesh oscillating screen, directly using the screened solid mixture for subsequent multi-component separation, wherein the unscreened solid is a power battery shell and a current collector, and realizing the high-efficiency separation of the shell, the current collector and an active material.
In some embodiments, the solid mixture obtained after explosion is copper, iron, aluminum and mixed anode and cathode powder, and the generated explosion tail gas is organic and other waste gas.
In conclusion, the invention adopts a controllable explosion mode to crush the waste power batteries and recovers the organic explosion tail gas, has the advantages of short flow, low energy consumption, high efficiency and the like, and provides a new idea for safe and efficient crushing of the waste power batteries. Specifically, the invention has the following beneficial effects: the invention avoids the process of discharging the battery in the traditional process, obviously shortens the process flow and saves the discharging time (more than 24 h); compared with other charged crushing modes, the invention avoids the fire and explosion risks in other charged crushing processes, fully utilizes the residual energy of the waste battery and effectively improves the safety; the method adopts a controllable explosion method to crush the waste lithium ion battery into powder, and compared with other crushing methods, the method needs multistage crushing such as coarse crushing and fine crushing, and the like, the method can obtain solid powder by only one step, obviously shortens the crushing process and reduces the energy consumption; the invention can effectively control the performance of the explosive product by controlling the explosion environment, and provides high-quality raw materials for subsequent sorting.
It is to be understood that the invention is not limited to the examples described above, but that modifications and variations may be effected thereto by those of ordinary skill in the art in light of the foregoing description, and that all such modifications and variations are intended to be within the scope of the invention as defined by the appended claims.