CN112311045A - 一种基于电池健康状态的充电桩充电优化策略 - Google Patents

一种基于电池健康状态的充电桩充电优化策略 Download PDF

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CN112311045A
CN112311045A CN202010643431.5A CN202010643431A CN112311045A CN 112311045 A CN112311045 A CN 112311045A CN 202010643431 A CN202010643431 A CN 202010643431A CN 112311045 A CN112311045 A CN 112311045A
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夏向阳
邓子豪
张嘉诚
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Changsha University of Science and Technology
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    • HELECTRICITY
    • H02GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02JCIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
    • H02J7/00Circuit arrangements for charging or depolarising batteries or for supplying loads from batteries
    • H02J7/007Regulation of charging or discharging current or voltage
    • H02J7/00712Regulation of charging or discharging current or voltage the cycle being controlled or terminated in response to electric parameters
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60LPROPULSION OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; SUPPLYING ELECTRIC POWER FOR AUXILIARY EQUIPMENT OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRODYNAMIC BRAKE SYSTEMS FOR VEHICLES IN GENERAL; MAGNETIC SUSPENSION OR LEVITATION FOR VEHICLES; MONITORING OPERATING VARIABLES OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRIC SAFETY DEVICES FOR ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES
    • B60L53/00Methods of charging batteries, specially adapted for electric vehicles; Charging stations or on-board charging equipment therefor; Exchange of energy storage elements in electric vehicles
    • B60L53/60Monitoring or controlling charging stations
    • HELECTRICITY
    • H02GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02JCIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
    • H02J7/00Circuit arrangements for charging or depolarising batteries or for supplying loads from batteries
    • H02J7/0047Circuit arrangements for charging or depolarising batteries or for supplying loads from batteries with monitoring or indicating devices or circuits
    • H02J7/005Detection of state of health [SOH]
    • HELECTRICITY
    • H02GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02JCIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
    • H02J7/00Circuit arrangements for charging or depolarising batteries or for supplying loads from batteries
    • H02J7/0069Charging or discharging for charge maintenance, battery initiation or rejuvenation
    • YGENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02TCLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO TRANSPORTATION
    • Y02T10/00Road transport of goods or passengers
    • Y02T10/60Other road transportation technologies with climate change mitigation effect
    • Y02T10/70Energy storage systems for electromobility, e.g. batteries
    • YGENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
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    • Y02TCLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO TRANSPORTATION
    • Y02T10/00Road transport of goods or passengers
    • Y02T10/60Other road transportation technologies with climate change mitigation effect
    • Y02T10/7072Electromobility specific charging systems or methods for batteries, ultracapacitors, supercapacitors or double-layer capacitors
    • YGENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
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    • Y02TCLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO TRANSPORTATION
    • Y02T90/00Enabling technologies or technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
    • Y02T90/10Technologies relating to charging of electric vehicles
    • Y02T90/12Electric charging stations
    • YGENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
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    • Y02T90/00Enabling technologies or technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
    • Y02T90/10Technologies relating to charging of electric vehicles
    • Y02T90/16Information or communication technologies improving the operation of electric vehicles
    • Y02T90/167Systems integrating technologies related to power network operation and communication or information technologies for supporting the interoperability of electric or hybrid vehicles, i.e. smartgrids as interface for battery charging of electric vehicles [EV] or hybrid vehicles [HEV]
    • YGENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y04INFORMATION OR COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGIES HAVING AN IMPACT ON OTHER TECHNOLOGY AREAS
    • Y04SSYSTEMS INTEGRATING TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO POWER NETWORK OPERATION, COMMUNICATION OR INFORMATION TECHNOLOGIES FOR IMPROVING THE ELECTRICAL POWER GENERATION, TRANSMISSION, DISTRIBUTION, MANAGEMENT OR USAGE, i.e. SMART GRIDS
    • Y04S30/00Systems supporting specific end-user applications in the sector of transportation
    • Y04S30/10Systems supporting the interoperability of electric or hybrid vehicles
    • Y04S30/12Remote or cooperative charging

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Abstract

本发明涉及了一种基于电动汽车动力锂离子电池健康状态的充电桩充电电流优化策略,解决目前市场上用恒压恒流充电方式电池寿命严重衰退的问题。主要步骤如下:1.建立电池健康状态与充电电流的简化模型,得到电池容量衰退速度与充电电流的关系;2.通过直接搜索法和遗传算法动态优化充电电流,得到电池不同寿命阶段下对应最佳充电电流数据库;3.根据SOHbefore得到优化充电电流Ioptimize,将其作为恒流阶段的充电电流;4.充电结束后,将SOHbefore和Ioptimize修正后作为本地数据更新模型数据库的参数,用于提高该方法的匹配精度和提升其收敛速度。本发明可以根据电池的健康状态来优化恒流阶段的充电电流,减少使用单一充电电流对电池的累加损害,从而延长电池的使用寿命。

Description

一种基于电池健康状态的充电桩充电优化策略
技术领域
本发明涉及了一种基于电动汽车动力锂离子电池健康状态的充电桩充电电流优化策略,属于电力技术领域。
背景技术
目前充电桩市场上的主流充电方法是恒流恒压充电(CC-CV,constant current-constant voltage),即阶段1采用较大电流进行恒流充电,电池电压迅速上升,达到截止电压时转入阶段2进行恒压充电,充电电流逐步衰减至预设截止电流后充电过程结束。阶段1是整个充电阶段的主要过程,充入的电荷量占比超过85%,但是电动汽车每次充电时都采用单一设置的充电电流经验值进行充电,电池受到的损害较大且累加效应明显。本发明从电池健康状态的角度,在电池不同剩余循环寿命阶段采用对应的最优充电电流进行充电,从而提高电池的使用寿命。
发明内容
为延长电动汽车动力电池的使用寿命,本发明提供了一种基于电池健康状态的充电桩充电优化策略。
其基本步骤包括:
步骤S1:本发明仅从充电电流对电池健康状态的影响的角度出发,忽略温度和其他参数对电池容量衰减的影响,简化了关系模型。
定义电池健康状态
Figure BDA0002570873980000011
其中CM为当前地池剩余容量,CN为电池出厂的标准容量。当SOH小于80%时,需要更换电池。那么电池当前的剩余容量CM=SOH·CN
根据锂离子动力电池剩余容量衰减速度与充电电流的简化模型,如下式所示
Figure BDA0002570873980000012
其中Cr为电池容量衰退率,k为衰退系数,I为充电电流,nc为循环次数,其余参数采取经验值。利用局部离散化的方法把上述动态优化问题转为非线性规划问题,则可以将上述问题简单定义为:
Figure BDA0002570873980000013
Figure BDA0002570873980000014
0=G(C,I)
Imin≤I(t)≤Imax
Figure BDA0002570873980000021
其中C(t)为电池t时刻的剩余电容,I为控制变量充电电流,F为满足的微分方程,G为满足的代数方程,OCV为开路电压,R为电池内阻。
步骤S2:为了解决目标函数动态优化方法产生的非线性规划问题,采用DS和GA算法去寻找电池剩余寿命各阶段的最优充电电流。
为了快速增加目标函数,首先采用直接搜索法。然后,在遗传算法中,将得到的点作为初始种群的子节点之一,比较两者的解,如果遗传算法GA(genetic algorithm)寻找的值优于直接搜索法DS(direct search)寻找的值,继续代入循环继续寻优,否则,优化算法停止并输出寻找的最优值,得到以延长电池寿命为目标的不同SOH下与之对应的最优充电电流的数据库{SOH(t),Ioptimize(t)}。电池新出厂到退役的循环次数根据动力电池相关标准是可查的(一般为2000次),将电池SOH从1至0.8区间对应的循环次数均分为N个阶段,在不同的阶段采取不同的充电电流对电池进行充电。
由于目标函数,循环数都具有离散值。但是连续目标函数可以提高优化算法的效率,特别是对于直接搜索法(DS)可以快速收敛寻找局部最优解,因此增加了一个循环分数的连续项M,使目标函数成为一个连续函数。然后再利用遗传算法(GA)在全局进行寻优。
φ[C(t),I(t)]=Nc+M
其中
Figure BDA0002570873980000022
Clast(t)为上一个完整周期后剩余的电池容量。
步骤S3:根据充电前电动汽车动力电池的健康状态(SOHbefore),通过步骤2的数据库{SOH,Ioptimize}得到的优化电流Ioptimize,将其作为CC-CV中的恒流阶段的充电电流对电动汽车进行充电,预设一个寿命衰减阈值来判断优化效果。
步骤S4:充电结束后,计算ΔSOH如果大于阈值,说明优化效果未达预期,则对模型数据库中的[SOHbefore,Ioptimize]这一组数据重新进行迭代寻优,并更新数据库,用于提高该方法的匹配精度和提升其收敛速度。
有益效果
与现有采用单一充电电流值对动力电池进行充电的技术相比,本发明以延长电池使用寿命为目标,首先根据动力电池容量衰减与充电电流的关系建立了电池健康状态与充电电流的模型,然后将整个电动汽车动力电池的寿命周期均分为N个子周期,通过DS算法和GA算法配合寻找各阶段最佳充电电流,得到不同剩余寿命阶段和对应的最优充电电流数据库{SOH(t),Ioptimize(t)},然后根据当前电动汽车电池的健康状态选择对应的最优充电电流,提高了电池的使用寿命。同时,采用在直接搜索算法的局部最优解上不断迭代到遗传算法中进行全局寻优,并且将每次电动汽车充电前后的电池健康状态和选择的最优充电电流进行优化效果判断,若效果不达预期设定阈值,则重新对本次电池健康状态以及对应的充电电流这组数据进行寻优并更新数据库,提高了该充电电流优化算法的匹配精度和收敛速度。
附图说明
图1是本发明提供的基本流程图
图2是模型数据库的建立流程图
具体实施方式
为了方便理解本发明方案的内容,下面结合具体实施例对本发明进行阐述。
步骤S1:通过动力电池容量衰退与充电电流的关系得到电池健康状况(SOH)与充电电流的简化模型
Figure BDA0002570873980000031
Figure BDA0002570873980000032
步骤S2:利用局部离散化处理将SOH从1至0.8的区间均分为N个子区间,SOH从1开始,通过直接搜索法(DS)得到局部最优解,代入遗传算法(GA)寻找一次迭代的解,并将两个算法的解进行比较,若GA算法得到的解果优于DS算法,则继续迭代进行全局寻优,否者将输出结果作为当前SOH下的最优充电电流。电池健康状态衰减后进入下一健康状态的充电电流寻优,直到SOH衰减至0.8结束,可以得到动力电池不同子区间(不同寿命阶段)下以优化电池寿命为目标的对应最佳充电电流数据库{SOH(t),Ioptimize(t)};
步骤S3:根据当前电动汽车动力电池的健康状态(SOH),将通过步骤2得到的优化电流Ioptimize作为CC-CV中的恒流阶段的充电电流对电动汽车进行充电,并预设一个寿命衰减阈值(一般设置为0.05%,可以根据电池容量实际衰减情况调整)来判断优化的效果;
步骤S4:充电结束后,将充电前SOHbefore和充电后SOHafter进行作差比较,若ΔSOH大于步骤S3所设阈值,表明优化效果未达预期值,在[SOHbefore,Ioptimize]基础上叠加一个修正值,重新对SOHbefore的充电电流进行迭代寻优并替换之前的[SOHbefore,Ioptimize],最后更新步骤S2中模型数据库{SOH(t),Ioptimize(t)},从而优化算法的匹配精度和收敛速度。若ΔSOH小于阈值,说明采用该算法能通过优化电池各SOH阶段下的充电电流达到延长电池使用寿命的目的。
以上所述仅为本发明的实施例而已,并不用以限制本发明,凡在本发明的思想之内,所做的任何修改、等同替换、改进等,均应该包含在本发明的权利要求范围之内。

Claims (2)

1.基于电池健康状态的充电桩充电优化策略,其特征包括:
步骤S1:根据电池容量衰退速度与充电电流的关系建立锂离子动力电池健康状况(SOH)与充电电流的简化模型;
步骤S2:通过直接搜索法DS(direct search)和遗传算法GA(genetic algorithm)动态优化充电电流,以延长电池使用寿命为目标,得到动力电池不同寿命阶段下的分别对应的最佳充电电流数据库{SOH(t),Ioptimize(t)}。
步骤S3:根据当前电动汽车动力电池的健康状态(SOHbefore),将通过步骤S2得到的优化电流作为恒流恒压(CC-CV)中的恒流(CC)阶段的充电电流对电动汽车进行充电,并预设一个寿命衰减阈值来判断优化效果;
步骤S4:充电结束后,对优化效果进行判断,若优化效果未达预期值,则对模型数据库中的[SOHbefore,Ioptimize]这组参数进行更新,用于提高该方法的匹配精度和提升其收敛速度。
2.根据权利要求1所述的方法,其特征在于,考虑充电电流对电池健康状态的影响,通过建立电池健康状态与充电电流的简化模型,以延长电池使用寿命为目标,利用直接搜索法(DS)和遗传算法(GA)对电池不同剩余寿命阶段的充电电流进行优化,得到了{SOH(t),Ioptimize(t)}数据库。根据车载BMS提供SOHbefore,充电桩选择对应的Ioptimize进行充电。在充电完成后,读取BMS的SOHafter。计算ΔSOH大于阈值,则更新模型数据库中[SOHbefore,Ioptimize]该组数据以提高该方法的匹配精度和提升其收敛速度。本发明可以根据电池的健康状态来优化恒流(CC)阶段的充电电流,减少单一充电电流对电池的损害,从而延长电池的使用寿命。
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