CN112310480B - Electrolyte for improving low-temperature performance of lithium ion battery and lithium ion battery containing electrolyte - Google Patents
Electrolyte for improving low-temperature performance of lithium ion battery and lithium ion battery containing electrolyte Download PDFInfo
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- CN112310480B CN112310480B CN202011193259.4A CN202011193259A CN112310480B CN 112310480 B CN112310480 B CN 112310480B CN 202011193259 A CN202011193259 A CN 202011193259A CN 112310480 B CN112310480 B CN 112310480B
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M10/05—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte
- H01M10/056—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte characterised by the materials used as electrolytes, e.g. mixed inorganic/organic electrolytes
- H01M10/0564—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte characterised by the materials used as electrolytes, e.g. mixed inorganic/organic electrolytes the electrolyte being constituted of organic materials only
- H01M10/0566—Liquid materials
- H01M10/0567—Liquid materials characterised by the additives
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M10/05—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte
- H01M10/052—Li-accumulators
- H01M10/0525—Rocking-chair batteries, i.e. batteries with lithium insertion or intercalation in both electrodes; Lithium-ion batteries
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M2300/00—Electrolytes
- H01M2300/0017—Non-aqueous electrolytes
- H01M2300/0025—Organic electrolyte
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
- Y02E60/10—Energy storage using batteries
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Abstract
The invention discloses an electrolyte for improving the low-temperature performance of a lithium ion battery and the lithium ion battery containing the electrolyte. The electrolyte comprises conductive lithium salt, a non-aqueous organic solvent and an additive, wherein the additive is a polyfunctional sulfite compound, and the additive simultaneously contains sulfite groups, fluoroalkyl groups, ether bonds and allyl groups. Wherein, the fluorine-containing alkyl can improve the reduction potential of the additive and enable the additive to become a good film-forming additive; the allyl can improve the stability of the positive and negative electrode interfaces; the introduction of ether bond can improve the flexibility of the electrode interface film, and is beneficial to improving the interface stability of the electrode material; the sulfite group can improve the ionic conductivity of the SEI film, and is beneficial to reducing the impedance of the battery at low temperature, thereby improving the low-temperature performance of the battery. The additive is added into the electrolyte, so that the low-temperature cycle performance of the lithium ion battery can be obviously improved, and the normal-temperature and high-temperature performance of the battery is not influenced.
Description
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the field of new energy of lithium ion batteries, and particularly relates to an electrolyte for improving the low-temperature performance of a lithium ion battery and the lithium ion battery containing the electrolyte.
Background
With the development of science and technology, the activity space of human beings is greatly expanded, wherein activities such as polar regions, high-latitude and high-altitude regions, deep exploration of universe and the like are increasingly frequent, and the activities all require the lithium ion battery with strong environmental adaptability and excellent low-temperature performance, so that the development of the lithium ion battery with excellent low-temperature performance is a hot topic at home and abroad. The low-temperature performance of the existing lithium ion battery is generally poor, and the low-temperature performance is mainly caused by the following reasons: the first is that the conductivity of the electrolyte is reduced at low temperature, which causes the polarization of the battery to increase, causes the side reaction to increase or separates lithium, and causes the performance of the battery to decrease; secondly, the diffusion capability of lithium ions in the electrode material is reduced at low temperature, so that the polarization of the battery is increased, and the performance of the battery is reduced; and thirdly, the interface performance of the electrode solution formed on the electrode material, particularly the interface of the graphite cathode material, researches show that the charge transfer resistance of the graphite cathode is increased by geometric times at low temperature, and the electrode solution is the main reason for reducing the battery performance.
Since the electrolyte has a significant influence on the low-temperature performance of the lithium ion battery, the main research direction in the current research on the low-temperature lithium ion battery is focused on the electrolyte layer. Mainly starts from the directions of conductive lithium salt, solvent and additiveHigh low-temperature performance of the lithium ion battery. At present, LiBOB and LiBF are reported4And LiDFOB can obviously reduce the charge transfer impedance of the battery at low temperature and effectively improve the low-temperature discharge performance of the lithium ion battery, but the lithium salt cost can only be used as theoretical research at the present stage and cannot be popularized. The solvent aspect mainly uses an organic solvent with a low melting point to replace part of the carbonate, and most representative of the organic solvent is a linear carboxylic ester, such as ethyl acetate, methyl propionate and the like, which can obviously improve the low-temperature discharge performance of the lithium ion battery as a cosolvent, but the introduction of the carboxylic ester can deteriorate the high-temperature performance of the battery. Relevant researches show that the introduction of the fluorine-containing alkyl chain into the carboxylic ester can improve the low-temperature performance of the battery and simultaneously does not deteriorate the high-temperature performance of the battery, but the method still stays in the laboratory research stage in view of the fact that the fluorine-containing carboxylic ester cannot be produced in large quantity at present. In consideration of comprehensive factors such as cost and process maturity, the use of additives to improve the low-temperature performance of lithium ion batteries is the most economical and effective means at the present stage, and the additives reported in the literature to improve the low-temperature performance of lithium ion batteries mainly comprise fluorine-containing additives, such as FEC, DTA and LiPO2F2And the like, sulfur-containing additives such as: DTD, sulfite, and the like. However, these additives must work in conjunction with other film forming additives to ensure good performance of the battery.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention aims to provide an electrolyte for improving the low-temperature performance of a lithium ion battery so as to improve the low-temperature cycle performance of the lithium ion battery and solve the problems in the prior art.
The purpose of the invention is realized by the following technical scheme:
an electrolyte for improving the low-temperature performance of a lithium ion battery comprises a conductive lithium salt, a non-aqueous organic solvent and an additive, wherein the additive is a multifunctional sulfite compound with a structure shown in a formula I,
in the formula RFIs a partially or fully fluorinated fluoroalkyl group having 1 to 6 carbon atoms.
According to a preferable technical scheme, the addition amount of the multifunctional sulfite compound is 0.1-10.0% of the total mass of the electrolyte.
Preferably, the conductive lithium salt is at least one of lithium hexafluorophosphate, lithium hexafluoroarsenate, lithium perchlorate, lithium tetrafluoroborate, lithium bis (oxalato) borate, lithium difluorooxalato borate, lithium trifluoromethanesulfonate, lithium pentafluoroethylsulfonate, lithium bis (trifluoromethanesulfonyl) imide, lithium bis (pentafluoroethylsulfonyl) imide and lithium bis (fluorosulfonyl) imide.
Preferably, the non-aqueous organic solvent is at least one of ethylene carbonate, propylene carbonate, dimethyl carbonate, diethyl carbonate, dipropyl carbonate, ethyl methyl carbonate, methyl propyl carbonate, ethyl propyl carbonate, methyl acetate, ethyl acetate, propyl acetate, methyl propionate, ethyl propionate, 1, 4-butyrolactone, ethylene glycol dimethyl ether, ethylene glycol diethyl ether, 1, 3-epoxypentane, tetrahydrofuran, acetonitrile, adiponitrile, succinonitrile, glutaronitrile, dimethyl sulfone, sulfolane and trimethyl phosphate.
The invention also aims to provide a lithium ion battery which comprises a positive electrode, a negative electrode and a separator, and also comprises the electrolyte.
Compared with the prior art, the invention has the beneficial effects that:
the invention takes a polyfunctional sulfite compound as an additive, and the additive simultaneously contains sulfite group, fluoroalkyl, ether bond and allyl. The fluorine-containing alkyl can improve the reduction potential of the additive and can be preferentially reduced on the surface of the negative electrode, so that the additive becomes a good film-forming additive; the existence of allyl can lead the additive to be polymerized into a film on the positive and negative electrode interfaces, thereby improving the stability of the positive and negative electrode interfaces; the introduction of ether bond can improve the flexibility of the electrode interface film, which is beneficial to improving the interface stability of the electrode material, and the existence of ether-oxygen bond can improve the conductivity of lithium ions in the interface film; sulfite group can be reduced to generate Li on the surface of the negative electrode2S、Li2SO3And sulfur-containing components such as alkoxy lithium sulfonyl and the like can improve the ionic conductivity of the SEI film, and are beneficial to reducing the impedance of the battery at low temperature, so that the low-temperature performance of the battery is improved.
The additive is added into the electrolyte, so that the low-temperature cycle performance of the lithium ion battery can be obviously improved, and the normal-temperature and high-temperature performance of the battery is not influenced.
Detailed Description
The present invention will be further described with reference to the following examples. It is to be understood that the embodiments described are only a few embodiments of the present invention, and not all embodiments. All other embodiments, which can be derived by a person skilled in the art from the embodiments given herein without making any creative effort, shall fall within the protection scope of the present invention.
Firstly, (2-trifluoroethoxyethyl) (allyl) sulfite and (2-pentafluoroethoxyethyl) (allyl) sulfite are synthesized as additives, and the synthesis methods are respectively as follows:
the (2-trifluoroethoxy ethyl) (allyl) sulfite is selected as a polyfunctional sulfite compound to be added into the electrolyte for testing, and the synthetic reaction formula and the preparation method of the (2-trifluoroethoxy ethyl) (allyl) sulfite are respectively as follows:
adding trifluoroethanol (100g) and concentrated sulfuric acid (1g) into a flask with magnetons, fully stirring to mix uniformly, heating to 80 ℃, slowly dropwise adding ethylene glycol (70g) into the flask by using a constant-pressure dropping funnel, and continuously stirring to react for 24 hours after dropwise adding. The flask was washed three times with deionized water to remove unreacted materials, dried over anhydrous magnesium sulfate for 6 hours, filtered to remove magnesium sulfate, and the product was collected in a round bottom flask.
Pyridine (1g) is added into a bottle, the mixture is stirred evenly, thionyl chloride (150g) is added into the bottle by dropping liquid with constant pressure at room temperature, and after the dropping is finished, reflux reaction is carried out for 8 hours at 80 ℃. After the reaction is finished, pouring the liquid in the bottle into ice water, decomposing unreacted thionyl chloride, collecting the lower organic phase, drying the lower organic phase for 6 hours by using anhydrous potassium chloride, filtering the lower organic phase, collecting the product, and placing the product in a round-bottom flask.
4-tert-butylcatechol (1g) and pyridine (1g) were added to a flask, and stirred to mix them uniformly, and allyl alcohol (60g) was added to the flask at room temperature using a constant pressure liquid funnel, followed by reflux reaction at 80 ℃ for 12 hours after completion of the addition. Adding deionized water into the bottle, washing for three times, removing unreacted raw materials, and drying by using anhydrous potassium chloride to obtain a product: (2-trifluoroethoxyethyl) (allyl) sulfite.
The synthesis reaction formula and the preparation method of the (2-pentafluoroethoxyethyl) (allyl) sulfite are respectively as follows:
adding pentafluoroethanol (140g) and concentrated sulfuric acid (1g) into a flask with magnetons, fully stirring to mix uniformly, heating to 80 ℃, slowly dropwise adding ethylene glycol (85g) into the flask by using a constant-pressure dropping funnel, and continuously stirring to react for 36 hours after dropwise adding. The flask was washed three times with deionized water to remove unreacted materials, dried over anhydrous magnesium sulfate for 6 hours, filtered to remove magnesium sulfate, and the product was collected in a round bottom flask.
Pyridine (1g) is added into a bottle, the mixture is stirred evenly, thionyl chloride (200g) is added into the bottle by dropping liquid with constant pressure at room temperature, and after the dropping is finished, reflux reaction is carried out for 12 hours at 80 ℃. After the reaction is finished, pouring the liquid in the bottle into ice water, decomposing unreacted thionyl chloride, collecting the lower organic phase, drying the lower organic phase for 6 hours by using anhydrous potassium chloride, filtering the lower organic phase, collecting the product, and placing the product in a round-bottom flask.
4-tert-butylcatechol (1g) and pyridine (1g) were added to a flask, and stirred to mix them uniformly, and allyl alcohol (60g) was added to the flask at room temperature using a constant pressure liquid funnel, followed by reflux reaction at 80 ℃ for 12 hours after completion of the addition. Adding deionized water into the bottle, washing for three times, removing unreacted raw materials, and drying by using anhydrous potassium chloride to obtain a product: (2-Pentafluoroethoxyethyl) (allyl) sulfite.
Example 1
Preparing an electrolyte: mixing Ethylene Carbonate (EC), Propylene Carbonate (PC), dimethyl carbonate (DMC) and Ethyl Methyl Carbonate (EMC) according to the mass ratio of 2:1:3:4 in a glove box filled with argon to prepare 1mol/L LiPF6And (2-trifluoroethoxyethyl) (allyl) sulfite accounting for 0.3% of the mass of the electrolyte is added into the electrolyte, and the mixture is uniformly stirred to obtain the battery electrolyte of the embodiment 1.
Assembling the battery: using LiFePO4(LFP) the positive electrode material and the graphite negative electrode material were assembled in a 7Ah pouch battery by pairing at a ratio of negative electrode content (N) to positive electrode content (P) of 1.1, and the electrolyte used in example 1 was the electrolyte.
Example 2
Preparing an electrolyte: mixing Ethylene Carbonate (EC), Propylene Carbonate (PC), dimethyl carbonate (DMC) and Ethyl Methyl Carbonate (EMC) according to the mass ratio of 2:1:3:4 in a glove box filled with argon to prepare 1mol/L LiPF6And (2-trifluoroethoxyethyl) (allyl) sulfite accounting for 0.5% of the mass of the electrolyte is added into the electrolyte, and the mixture is uniformly stirred to obtain the battery electrolyte of the embodiment 2.
Assembling the battery: with LiNi0.6Co0.2Mn0.2O2(NCM622) a 7Ah pouch battery was assembled by pairing the positive electrode material and the graphite negative electrode material so that the negative electrode content (N) and the positive electrode content (P) were N/P of 1.1, and the electrolyte solution used in example 1 was.
Example 3
Similar to the procedure in example 1, except that (2-trifluoroethoxyethyl) (allyl) sulfite in example 1 was replaced with (2-pentafluoroethoxyethyl) (allyl) sulfite.
Comparative example 1
Preparing an electrolyte: mixing Ethylene Carbonate (EC), Propylene Carbonate (PC), dimethyl carbonate (DMC) and Ethyl Methyl Carbonate (EMC) according to the mass ratio of 2:1:3:4 in a glove box filled with argon to prepare 1mol/L LiPF6Electrolyte, Vinylene Carbonate (VC) accounting for 1 percent of the mass ratio of the electrolyte and 0.5 percent of sulfuric acid are addedVinyl ester (DTD), and stirring well to obtain the battery electrolyte of comparative example 1.
Assembling the battery: using LiFePO4(LFP) the positive electrode material and the graphite negative electrode material were paired with each other at an N/P of 1.1 to assemble a 7Ah pouch battery, and the electrolyte solution of comparative example 1 was used.
The cells of examples 1, 2 and comparative example 1 were subjected to low, normal and high temperature cycles, respectively, and the assembled cells of examples/comparative examples were tested in parallel for 3 cells at each temperature. The battery was cycled at low temperature using a 0.2/0.5C charge-discharge rate, and at both normal and high temperatures using a 0.5/1.0C charge-discharge rate, with the cycling results shown in the following table.
TABLE 1 cycling results for the cells of examples 1, 2 and comparative example 1 (7Ah) -20 deg.C
TABLE 2 cycling results at 25 ℃ for the cells (7Ah) of examples 1, 2 and comparative example 1
| Battery with a battery cell | Circulation temperature | Battery capacity after 1200 weeks | |
| Example 1 | LiFePO4/C | 25℃ | 6.3Ah |
| Example 2 | LiNi0.6Co0.2Mn0.2O2/C | 25℃ | 5.6Ah |
| Comparative example 1 | LiFePO4/C | 25℃ | 4.6Ah |
TABLE 3 results of 45 ℃ cycling of the cells (7Ah) of examples 1, 2 and comparative example 1
| Battery with a battery cell | Circulation temperature | Battery capacity after 800 weeks | |
| Example 1 | LiFePO4/C | 45℃ | 5.9Ah |
| Example 2 | LiNi0.6Co0.2Mn0.2O2/C | 45℃ | 5.6Ah |
| Comparative example 1 | LiFePO4/C | 45℃ | 3.9Ah |
In conclusion of the cycle results of the batteries of the embodiments 1 to 2 and the comparative example 1, it can be observed that the electrolyte for improving the low-temperature cycle performance of the lithium ion battery disclosed by the invention can effectively improve the low-temperature cycle performance of the lithium ion battery, and does not affect the normal-temperature and high-temperature performances of the battery.
Claims (7)
1. The electrolyte for improving the low-temperature performance of the lithium ion battery comprises a conductive lithium salt, a non-aqueous organic solvent and an additive, and is characterized in that: the additive is a polyfunctional sulfite compound with a structure shown in the following formula I,
in the formula RFIs a fluoroalkyl group having 1 to 6 carbon atoms.
2. The electrolyte of claim 1, wherein: the addition amount of the polyfunctional sulfite compound is 0.1-10.0% of the total mass of the electrolyte.
3. The electrolyte of claim 1, wherein: the conductive lithium salt is at least one of lithium hexafluorophosphate, lithium hexafluoroarsenate, lithium perchlorate, lithium tetrafluoroborate, lithium bis (oxalate) borate, lithium difluoro (oxalate) borate, lithium trifluoromethyl sulfonate, lithium pentafluoroethyl sulfonate, lithium bis (trifluoromethanesulfonyl) imide, lithium bis (pentafluoroethylsulfonyl) imide and lithium bis (fluorosulfonyl) imide.
4. The electrolyte of claim 1, wherein: the non-aqueous organic solvent is at least one of ethylene carbonate, propylene carbonate, dimethyl carbonate, diethyl carbonate, dipropyl carbonate, ethyl methyl carbonate, methyl propyl carbonate, ethyl propyl carbonate, methyl acetate, ethyl acetate, propyl acetate, methyl propionate, ethyl propionate, 1, 4-butyrolactone, ethylene glycol dimethyl ether, ethylene glycol diethyl ether, 1, 3-epoxypentane, tetrahydrofuran, acetonitrile, adiponitrile, succinonitrile, glutaronitrile, dimethylsulfone, sulfolane and trimethyl phosphate.
5. A lithium ion battery comprises a positive electrode, a negative electrode and a diaphragm, and is characterized in that: further comprising an electrolyte as claimed in any one of claims 1 to 4.
6. The lithium ion battery of claim 5, wherein: the anode material contained in the anode is one of lithium cobaltate, lithium manganate, nickel cobalt manganese ternary material, nickel cobalt aluminum ternary material, lithium iron phosphate and spinel lithium nickel manganese material.
7. The lithium ion battery of claim 5, wherein: the negative electrode material contained in the negative electrode is one of graphite, coke, mesocarbon microbeads and silicon-based compounds.
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