High-voltage lithium ion battery non-aqueous electrolyte and lithium ion battery
Technical Field
The invention relates to the technical field of lithium ion battery electrolyte, in particular to a high-voltage lithium ion battery non-aqueous electrolyte and a lithium ion battery.
Technical Field
Since the commercial lithium ion battery appeared in the 90 s of the 20 th century, the lithium ion battery has the advantages of high voltage, high specific energy, no memory effect, long cycle life and the like, and is widely applied to the field of 3C consumer electronic products such as mobile phones, video cameras, notebook computers and the like. In recent years, new energy automobiles in the world are rapidly developed, and the application of lithium ion batteries in the field of power batteries is more and more popular. With the increase of the driving mileage of the electric vehicle and the inclination of the national subsidy policy, the energy density requirement on the power battery is higher and higher, and the increase of the working voltage of the lithium ion battery is one of the important ways for increasing the energy density of the battery. The performance of a high voltage lithium ion battery is mainly determined by the structures and properties of active materials and electrolytes, and furthermore, the matching of the electrolytes is very important. In recent years, various high-voltage cathode materials have been developed, but conventional carbonate and lithium hexafluorophosphate electrolyte solutions are prone to side reactions with the surface of the cathode material under high voltage, which affects the performance of the high-voltage cathode material, and thus the requirements of high-voltage lithium ion batteries cannot be completely met. Therefore, it is particularly important to develop a novel electrolyte that is compatible with a high-voltage positive electrode material.
The lithium ion battery electrolyte mainly comprises lithium hexafluorophosphate, a carbonate solvent and an additive, and from the consideration of economic benefits, development of a proper electrolyte additive for stabilizing an electrode/electrolyte interface is favored by researchers, and development of a high-voltage additive is a key point and a hot point of current electrolyte research. Among the results of many studies, phosphate compounds exhibit excellent properties. For example, patent No. CN106410275A discloses an electrolyte for a lithium ion secondary battery, in which a benzene ring-like phosphate compound is added, and this benzene ring-like phosphate can inhibit side reactions in the electrolyte at high temperatures by complexing with phosphorus pentafluoride and hydrogen fluoride, thereby improving the high-temperature storage performance. Patent nos. CN103296311A and CN1411619A disclose electrolytes containing cyclic phosphate as a flame retardant, respectively, which can improve the safety of the battery.
However, as mentioned in the above patent, the addition of cyclic phosphate ester in the electrolyte solution can significantly increase the impedance of the lithium ion battery, inevitably bring about the deterioration of other performances (such as low temperature characteristics, etc.) of the lithium ion battery, and limit the practical application thereof.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention aims to solve the technical problem of providing a non-aqueous electrolyte for a high-voltage lithium ion battery and the lithium ion battery.
In order to solve the technical problems, the invention adopts the following technical scheme:
provided is a non-aqueous electrolyte for a high-voltage lithium ion battery, the high-voltage electrolyte including an electrolyte lithium salt, a non-aqueous organic solvent, and additives including an additive A, an additive B, and an additive C, wherein:
the additive A is a cyclic phosphate compound with a structural formula 1, specifically phloroglucinol tris (cyclic phosphate), and the structural formula 1 is as follows:
wherein R1, R2, R3, R4, R5 and R6 are respectively and independently selected from one of H, alkyl with 1-5 carbon atoms or halogenated alkyl with 1-5 carbon atoms;
the additive B is lithium salt containing oxalate groups; the additive C is vinyl sulfate or a derivative thereof.
Furthermore, in the halogenated alkyl groups of R1, R2, R3, R4, R5 and R6 of the additive A, H is partially or completely substituted by halogen atoms, and the halogen atoms are selected from one or more of F, Cl and Br.
Further, the phloroglucinol tris (cyclic phosphate) of the additive a includes, but is not limited to, one or more combinations of the compounds shown in the following structural formula 2, structural formula 3, structural formula 4, and structural formula 5.
Structural formula 2 is as follows: (R1, R2, R3, R4, R5, R6 are each independently selected from H)
Structural formula 3 is as follows: (R1, R2, R3, R4, R5 and R6 are independently selected from methyl CH3)
Structural formula 4 is as follows: (R1, R2, R3, R4, R5, R6 are each independently selected from ethyl CH2CH3)
Structural formula 5 is as follows: (R1, R3 and R5 are H; R2, R4 and R6 are CH2CF3)
Further, the air conditioner is provided with a fan,
the addition amount of the additive A is 0.1-20% of the total weight of the electrolyte, and preferably 1-10%.
Further, the air conditioner is provided with a fan,
the lithium salt containing oxalate group of the additive B includes but is not limited to lithium bis (oxalato) borate (LiBOB), lithium difluoro (oxalato) borate (LiDFOB), lithium difluoro (oxalato) phosphate (LiDFOP), and lithium tetrafluoro (oxalato) phosphate (LiTFOP).
Further, the air conditioner is provided with a fan,
the addition amount of the additive B is 0.1-10% of the total weight of the electrolyte, and preferably 0.5-5%.
Further, the air conditioner is provided with a fan,
the vinyl sulfate or the derivative thereof of the additive C comprises but is not limited to one or a combination of several of vinyl sulfate, 4-methyl-vinyl sulfate, 4-fluoro-vinyl sulfate and 4-cyano-vinyl sulfate.
Further, the air conditioner is provided with a fan,
the addition amount of the additive C is 0.1-10% of the total weight of the electrolyte, and preferably 1-5%.
Further, the air conditioner is provided with a fan,
the non-aqueous organic solvent includes, but is not limited to, one or a combination of Ethylene Carbonate (EC), Propylene Carbonate (PC), Butylene Carbonate (BC), dimethyl carbonate (DMC), diethyl carbonate (DEC), Ethyl Methyl Carbonate (EMC), methyl propyl carbonate, γ -butyrolactone (GBL), Methyl Acetate (MA), Ethyl Acetate (EA), propyl acetate (EP), butyl acetate, ethyl propionate, propyl propionate, and butyl propionate.
Further, the air conditioner is provided with a fan,
the lithium salt includes but is not limited to one or a combination of several of lithium hexafluorophosphate, lithium perchlorate, lithium tetrafluoroborate, lithium bis (trifluoromethylsulfonyl) imide and lithium bis (fluorosulfonyl) imide.
The invention also provides a high-voltage lithium ion battery adopting the electrolyte, which comprises: a positive electrode, a negative electrode, a separator, and the above electrolyte solution.
The invention has the beneficial effects that:
the invention provides a novel high-voltage lithium ion battery non-aqueous electrolyte, which is characterized in that a novel cyclic phosphate compound, lithium salt containing oxalate groups and vinyl sulfate or derivatives thereof are simultaneously added into the electrolyte to serve as functional additives. On one hand, the novel cyclic phosphate compound and the lithium salt containing oxalate groups are matched for use, and a stable CEI film with higher conductivity is formed on the surface of the positive electrode, so that the contact of the electrolyte and the active site on the surface of the positive electrode is reduced, the decomposition reaction of the electrolyte is inhibited, the flatulence is effectively inhibited, the high-temperature performance of the lithium ion battery is improved, and the cycle performance and the service life of the lithium ion battery under normal pressure and high voltage (3.0-4.6V) are prolonged. On the other hand, the vinyl sulfate or the derivative thereof in the electrolyte is used as a low-impedance film forming additive, a stable SEI protective film with uniform components, moderate thickness and good compactness can be formed on the surface of the negative electrode, and the battery can keep lower impedance by combining the lithium salt containing oxalate groups and the vinyl sulfate compound, so that the battery can obtain good low-temperature performance. In addition, the novel cyclic phosphate compound has a flame retardant function, so that the electrolyte has a high-efficiency flame retardant effect, and the safety performance of the battery is greatly improved.
In conclusion, the lithium battery adopting the high-voltage lithium ion battery non-aqueous electrolyte provided by the invention has good electrochemical performance, the safety is greatly improved, and the electrolyte provided by the invention can lay a foundation for preparing a high-performance power lithium ion battery.
Detailed Description
In order to better illustrate the content of the invention, the invention is further verified by the following specific examples. It should be noted that the examples are given for the purpose of describing the invention more directly and are only a part of the present invention, which should not be construed as limiting the invention in any way.
1) Preparation of the electrolyte
The electrolytes of examples 1 to 10 and comparative examples 1 to 4 were prepared as follows:
ethylene Carbonate (EC), diethyl carbonate (DEC) and Ethyl Methyl Carbonate (EMC) were mixed in a mass ratio of EC: DEC: EMC of 3:2:5, and then lithium hexafluorophosphate was added to a molar concentration of 1.0mol/L, the additives including additive a, additive B and additive C, the kinds of additives and their contents in the electrolytes of examples and comparative examples are shown in table 1, wherein the proportion of additives is a proportion of the total weight of the electrolytes.
TABLE 1 additives and their contents for examples 1-10 and comparative examples 1-4
2) Preparation of positive plate
Mixing nickel cobalt lithium manganate (LiNi) according to the mass ratio of 95.5:2:1:1.50.5Co0.2Mn0.3) Super-P (small particle conductive Carbon black), CNT (Carbon nano tube) and PVDF (polyvinylidene fluoride), then dispersing the materials in NMP (N-methyl pyrrolidone), and stirring the materials to be stable and uniform under the action of a vacuum stirrer to obtain positive electrode slurry; uniformly coating the positive electrode slurry on an aluminum foil with the thickness of 16 mu m; the aluminum foil was air dried at room temperature and transferred to 120 deg.CDrying for 2 hours in a blast oven, and then carrying out cold pressing and die cutting to obtain the positive plate.
3) Preparation of negative plate
Mixing graphite, Super-P (small particle conductive carbon black), SBR (styrene butadiene rubber) and CMC (carboxymethyl cellulose) according to a mass ratio of 95.5:1.5:1:2, and then dispersing the materials in deionized water to obtain negative electrode slurry; coating the negative electrode slurry on a copper foil with the thickness of 8 mu m; and (3) airing the copper foil at room temperature, transferring the copper foil into a blast oven at 120 ℃ for drying for 2h, and then carrying out cold pressing and die cutting to obtain the negative plate.
4) Preparation of lithium ion battery
And (3) obtaining a bare cell by laminating the positive plate, the negative plate and the diaphragm, putting the cell into a packaging shell, injecting electrolyte, sequentially sealing, and performing standing, hot and cold pressing, formation, capacity grading and other processes to obtain the lithium ion battery.
The performance test process and test results of the lithium ion battery are described as follows:
(1) test of ordinary temperature cycle Performance
After charging the lithium ion battery to 4.6V at 25 ℃ with a 1C constant current, the lithium ion battery is charged at a constant voltage until the cutoff current is 0.05C, and then discharged to 3.0V with a 1C constant current, which is recorded as a charge-discharge cycle. Then 1000 cycles were performed according to the above conditions. Capacity retention (%) after 1000 cycles of the lithium ion battery was ═ 100% of (discharge capacity/first discharge capacity at 1000 cycles).
(2) High temperature cycle performance test
After charging the lithium ion battery to 4.6V at 45 ℃ with a 1C constant current, charging at a constant voltage until the cut-off current is 0.05C, and then discharging with a 1C constant current to 3.0V, which is recorded as a charge-discharge cycle. Then 800 cycles were performed according to the above conditions. The capacity retention (%) of the lithium ion battery after 800 cycles was ═ 100% (discharge capacity/first discharge capacity at 800 cycles).
(3) High temperature storage Performance test
Charging at room temperature at a constant current and a constant voltage of 1C to 4.6V, stopping at 0.05C, then discharging at a constant current of 1C, stopping at 3V, circularly calculating the average capacity as the initial capacity C0 for three times, and testing the volume of the lithium ion battery as V0; charging the lithium ion battery to 4.6V at room temperature under a constant current and a constant voltage at 1C, stopping charging at 0.05C, then placing the lithium ion battery in a high-temperature test cabinet for 15 days at 60 ℃, taking out the volume of the lithium ion battery to be tested and recording the volume as Vn, wherein the volume expansion rate (%) is (Vn-V0)/V0;
after standing at room temperature for 5h, discharging the 1C at constant current to 3V, and recording the discharge capacity C1 and the charge percentage of C1/C0; charging to 4.6V at room temperature under constant current and constant voltage at 1C, stopping at 0.05C, then discharging under constant current at 1C, stopping at 3V, and recording recovery capacity C2; percent recovery was C2/C0.
(4) Low temperature Performance test
At 25 ℃, the lithium ion battery was charged to 4.6V with a 1C constant current and constant voltage, then discharged to 3.0V with a 1C constant current, and the discharge capacity was recorded. And then charging to 4.6V at constant current and constant voltage of 1C, stopping at 0.05C, placing in an environment at the temperature of minus 20 ℃ for standing for 24 hours, discharging to 2.4V at constant current of 1C, and recording the discharge capacity.
A low-temperature discharge efficiency value of-20 ═ 1C discharge capacity (-20 ℃)/1C discharge capacity (25 ℃) x 100%.
(5) Self-extinguishing time test
And respectively using glass wool with the diameter of about 8mm to obtain different electrolytes with the same mass, quickly igniting, recording the time from the moment when the ignition device is moved away to the moment when the flame is automatically extinguished, recording the time as the self-extinguishing time, and comparing the flame retardant effect of each electrolyte.
TABLE 2 test results of examples 1 to 10 and comparative examples 1 to 4
According to the results shown in table 2: compared with comparative examples 1 to 4, the lithium ion batteries of examples 1 to 10 are greatly improved in normal temperature cycle, high temperature storage, low temperature discharge, flame retardant property and the like. The additive A plays a crucial role in improving the high-temperature electrical property and the flame-retardant safety performance of the battery, but has a certain degradation effect on the low-temperature performance, modification can be performed by adding the low-impedance additive C, the effect of the additive A and the effect of the additive C can be enhanced by adding the additive B, and the electrical property of the lithium ion battery can be further improved. In addition, the additive B can adopt a lithium salt containing oxalate groups to combine with additive schemes (such as LiDFOB and LiDFOP mentioned in example 8), the additive C can adopt a vinyl sulfate and derivatives thereof to combine with additive schemes (such as vinyl sulfate and 4-cyano-vinyl sulfate mentioned in example 10), and the combined additive schemes also have certain improvement effects on the electrical properties of lithium ion battery parts.
As described in detail in the above embodiments, it can be seen that the electrolyte (the additive a, the additive B, and the additive C are used together) provided by the present invention has a significant effect on improving the electrical performance and the safety performance of the high-voltage lithium ion battery.
Those skilled in the art to which the present application pertains can also make appropriate changes and modifications to the above-described embodiments, based on the disclosure of the above description. Therefore, the present application is not limited to the specific embodiments disclosed and described above, and some modifications and variations of the present application should fall within the scope of the claims of the present application.