CN112302663B - Milling and blasting combined construction method for water-rich desertification dolomite formation tunnel - Google Patents
Milling and blasting combined construction method for water-rich desertification dolomite formation tunnel Download PDFInfo
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- CN112302663B CN112302663B CN202011190691.8A CN202011190691A CN112302663B CN 112302663 B CN112302663 B CN 112302663B CN 202011190691 A CN202011190691 A CN 202011190691A CN 112302663 B CN112302663 B CN 112302663B
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- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E21—EARTH DRILLING; MINING
- E21D—SHAFTS; TUNNELS; GALLERIES; LARGE UNDERGROUND CHAMBERS
- E21D9/00—Tunnels or galleries, with or without linings; Methods or apparatus for making thereof; Layout of tunnels or galleries
- E21D9/14—Layout of tunnels or galleries; Constructional features of tunnels or galleries, not otherwise provided for, e.g. portals, day-light attenuation at tunnel openings
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- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E21—EARTH DRILLING; MINING
- E21D—SHAFTS; TUNNELS; GALLERIES; LARGE UNDERGROUND CHAMBERS
- E21D11/00—Lining tunnels, galleries or other underground cavities, e.g. large underground chambers; Linings therefor; Making such linings in situ, e.g. by assembling
- E21D11/04—Lining with building materials
- E21D11/10—Lining with building materials with concrete cast in situ; Shuttering also lost shutterings, e.g. made of blocks, of metal plates or other equipment adapted therefor
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- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E21—EARTH DRILLING; MINING
- E21D—SHAFTS; TUNNELS; GALLERIES; LARGE UNDERGROUND CHAMBERS
- E21D11/00—Lining tunnels, galleries or other underground cavities, e.g. large underground chambers; Linings therefor; Making such linings in situ, e.g. by assembling
- E21D11/14—Lining predominantly with metal
- E21D11/15—Plate linings; Laggings, i.e. linings designed for holding back formation material or for transmitting the load to main supporting members
- E21D11/152—Laggings made of grids or nettings
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- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E21—EARTH DRILLING; MINING
- E21D—SHAFTS; TUNNELS; GALLERIES; LARGE UNDERGROUND CHAMBERS
- E21D20/00—Setting anchoring-bolts
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- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E21—EARTH DRILLING; MINING
- E21D—SHAFTS; TUNNELS; GALLERIES; LARGE UNDERGROUND CHAMBERS
- E21D9/00—Tunnels or galleries, with or without linings; Methods or apparatus for making thereof; Layout of tunnels or galleries
- E21D9/006—Tunnels or galleries, with or without linings; Methods or apparatus for making thereof; Layout of tunnels or galleries by making use of blasting methods
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- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E21—EARTH DRILLING; MINING
- E21D—SHAFTS; TUNNELS; GALLERIES; LARGE UNDERGROUND CHAMBERS
- E21D9/00—Tunnels or galleries, with or without linings; Methods or apparatus for making thereof; Layout of tunnels or galleries
- E21D9/10—Making by using boring or cutting machines
- E21D9/1006—Making by using boring or cutting machines with rotary cutting tools
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- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E21—EARTH DRILLING; MINING
- E21D—SHAFTS; TUNNELS; GALLERIES; LARGE UNDERGROUND CHAMBERS
- E21D9/00—Tunnels or galleries, with or without linings; Methods or apparatus for making thereof; Layout of tunnels or galleries
- E21D9/12—Devices for removing or hauling away excavated material or spoil; Working or loading platforms
Abstract
A milling and blasting combined construction method for a water-rich desertification dolomite stratum tunnel is used for effectively reducing risks of collapse, water inrush and mud gushing of an arch part under the condition of broken surrounding rocks, controlling over-underexcavation of the tunnel, accelerating construction progress, shortening unit circulation construction time and effectively reducing tunnel construction cost. The method comprises the following steps: preparation work before construction; weak blasting excavation of upper step core soil, slag removal of an upper step excavator to positions of a middle step and a lower step, milling excavation of an upper step reserved rock mass by adopting a cantilever excavator, and timely construction of upper step periphery primary support after the upper step reserved rock mass is repaired to a design contour; excavating middle step core soil by weak blasting, slagging off to a lower step position by a middle step excavator, then milling and excavating a left reserved rock mass of the middle step and a right reserved rock mass of the middle step by a cantilever excavator, and timely constructing a left primary support of the middle step and a right primary support of the middle step after the middle step core soil and the right reserved rock mass of the middle step are repaired to a design contour; weak blasting excavation of a lower step rock mass, and construction of a lower step left side primary support and a lower step right side primary support; weak blasting excavation inverted arch rock mass is carried out, and inverted arch primary support is carried out.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to the field of tunnel construction methods, in particular to a milling and blasting combined construction method for a water-rich desertification dolomite formation tunnel.
Background
Along with the continuous perfection of the national railway network in China, the construction of railway tunnels crossing mountain areas under complex geological environment conditions cannot be avoided, and particularly, when the tunnels cross water-rich dolomite desertification strata, collapse, water inrush, mud gushing and the like frequently occur during construction due to the characteristics of serious weathering difference, frequent longitudinal short-distance change, compact rock mass before disturbance, extremely poor self-stability under the action of water scouring and erosion and the like of the strata, so that the construction safety of the tunnels is seriously endangered.
At present, the drilling and blasting method is mainly used in tunnel construction, the influence of blasting on surrounding rocks and a supporting structure is reduced through a smooth surface blasting method or a presplitting blasting method, overbreak is controlled, the overall stability of the surrounding rocks is protected to the maximum extent, and the bearing capacity of the surrounding rocks is fully exerted. However, under the condition of breaking the surrounding rock stratum, the drilling and blasting method has poor effect, large blasting disturbance and serious overbreak, the vault part often has falling blocks or collapse of different degrees, and the problems of primary support deformation limit invasion and the like are also faced.
The invention patent specification of the publication No. CN101638989B discloses a milling and supporting construction method for a fault broken zone of a submarine tunnel, aiming at reducing temporary support, simplifying construction organization, reducing disturbance of excavation to surrounding rocks and effectively improving construction efficiency and benefit. According to the method, a rock body in front of a tunnel face is slotted in a subsection and subsection mode, a steel grating and a prestressed anchor rod are arranged in the slot, the steel grating and the anchor rod are wrapped and covered through sprayed concrete to form primary support, all separation units are connected into a support whole through temporary cushion blocks after the support is segmented one by one to form a support arch, rock and soil at a core part are excavated after the support is completed, the whole steps are continuously repeated, and then the whole tunnel is constructed.
The invention patent specification of the publication No. CN103244133B discloses a coal series stratum tunnel milling and blasting combined construction method, which comprises the steps of milling and cutting grooves on an upper step arc guide part, carrying out primary support to form a stable bearing arch, then milling and cutting grooves on two side walls of a lower step on a left side wall part and a right side wall part of the lower step, carrying out primary support, finally carrying out core soil drilling, charging and detonating operations on an upper step core soil part and a lower step core soil part, discharging slag after ventilation, and repeating the steps until the whole tunnel is excavated. The construction method gives full play to the advantages of a mechanical milling and digging method and a drilling and blasting method, realizes the accurate molding of the tunnel outline by adopting mechanical milling and digging, has small disturbance of the surrounding rock, good control effect of the overbreak and overbreak, has high operation environment and construction safety, reduces the overbreak and the overbreak, protects the surrounding rock, improves the self bearing capacity of the surrounding rock and avoids large deformation and local collapse.
In the two methods, the milling and excavating machine is used for performing subsection pre-grooving from bottom to top along the contour of the tunnel, then a supporting system is installed, and then the core soil part is excavated, so that the defects of the following three aspects exist:
firstly, the pre-grooving space is narrow, the steel frame is difficult to construct, and the anchor rod of the radial system cannot be constructed in time, so that the bearing capacity of the supporting structure is influenced;
secondly, core soil is constructed by adopting a milling excavation method, the working efficiency is low, and blasting excavation is adopted, so that blasting disturbance or mechanical slag discharge easily causes great damage to the constructed primary support;
and thirdly, if surrounding rock in front of the tunnel face is broken and underground water is abundant, construction is carried out in the pre-grooving space, arch surrounding rock is easy to collapse, and construction safety risk is high.
Disclosure of Invention
The technical problem to be solved by the invention is to provide a milling and blasting combined construction method for a water-rich desertification dolomite stratum tunnel, so that the risks of collapse, water burst and mud gushing of an arch part under the condition of crushing surrounding rocks are effectively reduced, the over-underexcavation of the tunnel is controlled, the damage to the surrounding rocks is reduced, the integrity of the surrounding rocks is ensured, the bearing capacity of the surrounding rocks is effectively exerted, the construction progress is accelerated, the unit cycle construction time is shortened, and the tunnel construction cost is effectively reduced.
The technical scheme adopted by the invention for solving the technical problems is as follows:
the invention relates to a milling and blasting combined construction method for a water-rich desertification dolomite formation tunnel, which comprises the following steps:
preparing before construction, performing comprehensive advanced prediction by adopting advanced drilling and geophysical prospecting means, and prejudging rock stratum change, rock integrity, karst development condition, water burst position, water quantity and water pressure condition in front of a tunnel face;
weak blasting excavation of upper step core soil, slag removal of an upper step excavator to positions of a middle step and a lower step, milling excavation of an upper step reserved rock mass by adopting a cantilever excavator, and timely construction of upper step periphery primary support after the upper step reserved rock mass is repaired to a design contour;
weak blasting excavation of middle step core soil, slag removal of a middle step excavator to a lower step position, milling excavation of a left reserved rock mass of a middle step and a reserved rock mass of a right side of the middle step by using a cantilever excavator, and timely construction of a left primary support of the middle step and a right primary support of the middle step after the middle step is repaired to a design contour;
weak blasting excavation of the lower step rock mass, and applying primary support on the left side of the lower step and primary support on the right side of the lower step;
weak blasting excavation of an inverted arch rock mass, and performing primary inverted arch support;
sixthly, repeating the steps from the first step to the fifth step until the whole tunnel excavation is finished.
The beneficial effects of the invention are mainly reflected in the following aspects:
the method is suitable for tunnel construction of a water-rich desertification dolomite stratum or a surrounding rock broken stratum, and reduces the risks of collapse, water inrush and mud gushing of an arch part under the condition of broken surrounding rocks by comprehensively adopting advanced geological forecast, depressurization drainage measures and advanced support measures;
secondly, the advantages of a mechanical milling excavation method and a drilling and blasting method are fully exerted, the core soil is constructed by weak blasting, the excavation efficiency is improved, the disturbance of blasting excavation on the peripheral stratum of the tunnel is reduced, the precise molding of the tunnel profile is realized by adopting the reserved rock mass for milling excavation, the overbreak and the underexcavation of the tunnel are controlled, the damage to the surrounding rock is also reduced, the integrity of the surrounding rock is ensured, and the bearing capacity of the surrounding rock can be effectively exerted;
and thirdly, the parallel line production of the upper step, the middle step and the lower step can be realized, the construction progress is accelerated, the working efficiency is improved, the unit cycle construction time is shortened, and the tunnel construction cost is reduced. After the core soil of the upper step is blasted, ventilated and risk-eliminated, the slag body of the upper step can be skimmed to the positions of the middle step and the lower step, and the milling and excavation of the cantilever excavator of the upper step can be carried out when the slag of the lower step is discharged; when the upper step is used for preliminary support, the cantilever tunneling machines on the side wall parts of the two sides of the middle step can be synchronously and sequentially milled and excavated, then the middle step and the lower step are sequentially used for preliminary support, the upper step, the middle step and the lower step are sequentially subjected to anchor spraying after the support is finished, and then the process is shifted to the next cycle of excavation core soil blasting excavation and slag discharging.
Drawings
The specification includes the following three figures:
FIG. 1 is a cross section construction process diagram of the milling and blasting combined construction method for the water-rich desertification dolomite formation tunnel;
FIG. 2 is a process diagram of the step-up construction of the longitudinal section of the milling and blasting combined construction method for the water-rich desertification dolomite formation tunnel according to the present invention;
FIG. 3 is a process diagram of steps in the construction of the longitudinal section of the milling-blasting combined construction method for the water-rich desertification dolomite formation tunnel.
The figures show the labels and meanings: the method comprises the following steps of (1) upper step core soil 11, an upper step reserved rock mass 12, an upper step peripheral primary support 13, middle step core soil 21, a middle step left reserved rock mass 221, a middle step right reserved rock mass 222, a middle step left primary support 231, a middle step right primary support 232, a lower step rock mass 31, a lower step left primary support 331 and a lower step right primary support 332; the method comprises the steps of inverted arch rock 41, inverted arch primary supports 43, water drainage holes 50, self-advancing type middle pipe shed 60 and concrete spraying 70.
Detailed Description
The invention is further illustrated with reference to the following figures and examples.
Referring to fig. 1 to 3, the milling and blasting combined construction method for the water-rich desertification dolomite formation tunnel comprises the following steps:
preparing before construction, performing comprehensive advanced prediction by adopting advanced drilling and geophysical prospecting means, and prejudging rock stratum change, rock integrity, karst development condition, water burst position, water quantity and water pressure condition in front of a tunnel face;
excavating upper step core soil 11 by weak blasting, excavating the upper step excavator to the positions of a middle step and a lower step (the lower step is simultaneously mucked), then milling and excavating an upper step reserved rock mass 12 by adopting a cantilever excavator, and timely constructing an upper step peripheral primary support 13 after the upper step reserved rock mass is trimmed to a design outline;
excavating middle step core soil 21 by weak blasting, slagging off the middle step excavator to a lower step position (simultaneously slagging off the lower step), milling and excavating a middle step left reserved rock body 221 and a middle step right reserved rock body 222 by using a cantilever excavator, and applying a middle step left primary support 231 and a middle step right primary support 232 in time until a designed contour is repaired;
fourthly, excavating the lower step rock mass 31 by weak blasting, and applying a lower step left side primary support 331 and a lower step right side primary support 332;
weak blasting excavation of an inverted arch rock body 41, and constructing an inverted arch primary support 43;
sixthly, repeating the steps from the first step to the fifth step until the whole tunnel excavation is finished.
In the technical field, weak blasting generally refers to a blasting mode that the single blasting charge of a unit rock mass is less than 10% of that under the conventional blasting condition.
Referring to fig. 2 and 3, the invention fully exerts the advantages of a mechanical milling excavation method and a drilling and blasting method, adopts weak blasting construction core soil to improve the excavation efficiency, reduces the disturbance of blasting excavation on the peripheral stratum of the tunnel, adopts milling excavation reserved rock mass to realize the accurate molding of the tunnel outline, controls the over-under excavation of the tunnel, also reduces the damage to the surrounding rock, ensures the integrity of the surrounding rock and can effectively exert the bearing capacity of the surrounding rock. The parallel line production of the upper step, the middle step and the lower step can be realized, the construction progress is accelerated, the working efficiency is improved, the unit cycle construction time is shortened, and the tunnel construction cost is reduced. After the core soil of the upper step is blasted, ventilated and risk-eliminated, the slag body of the upper step can be skimmed to the positions of the middle step and the lower step, and the milling and excavation of the cantilever excavator of the upper step can be carried out when the slag of the lower step is discharged; when the upper step is used for preliminary support, the cantilever tunneling machines on the side wall parts of the two sides of the middle step can be synchronously and sequentially milled and excavated, then the middle step and the lower step are sequentially used for preliminary support, the upper step, the middle step and the lower step are sequentially subjected to anchor spraying after the support is finished, and then the process is shifted to the next cycle of excavation core soil blasting excavation and slag discharging.
In the first step, if the large water quantity in front of the face is detected through comprehensive advanced prediction, advanced drilling drainage energy-releasing pressure-reducing measures are taken to ensure that rock mass in front of the face is stably consolidated, and an advanced support structure is constructed to stabilize arch rock mass and ensure the safety of tunnel construction. The drainage energy-releasing pressure-reducing measures comprise that a drainage hole 50 is additionally arranged in the range of an arch part of an upper step, and underground water is guided and drained in combination with a pilot drilling hole to release energy and reduce pressure. The advanced supporting structure can adopt a self-advancing type middle pipe shed 60, and the arch rock mass is reinforced through grouting of the self-advancing type middle pipe shed 60.
In the second step, after excavating the upper step core soil 11 and the upper step reserved rock body 12, a concrete spraying layer 70 is constructed in time to temporarily close the tunnel face, so that the stability of the tunnel face of the dolomite sandstone section is ensured.
In the second step and the third step, the thickness of the rock mass between the upper step reserved rock mass 12, the middle step left reserved rock mass 221, the middle step right reserved rock mass 222 and the designed contour is not less than 1m, the vertical reserved contour is adopted by the rock mass 221 reserved on the middle step left side and the side walls on the two sides of the middle step right reserved rock mass 222, and therefore the situation that the side walls on the two sides of the middle step reserved rock mass cannot be self-stabilized according to the arc reserved contour is avoided.
And in the third step and the fourth step, the left and right sides of the middle-step left primary support 231, the middle-step right primary support 232, the lower-step left primary support 331 and the lower-step right primary support 332 are staggered, the spacing of no less than 2 steel arches is staggered, a steel frame bottom is connected in time, and collapse of the upper-step primary support due to the fact that the left and right primary supports are in a suspended state at the same time is avoided.
In the second step, the third step and the fourth step, the peripheral primary support 13 of the upper step, the left primary support 231 of the middle step, the right primary support 232 of the middle step, the left primary support 331 of the lower step and the right primary support 332 of the lower step are sequentially applied to primary shotcrete, steel bar mesh paving, steel frame erecting, foot locking anchor drilling, radial system anchor drilling and concrete re-shotcrete to the designed thickness.
The whole length of the King-wire Gill tunnel is 11120m, the tunnel is a single-hole double-line tunnel with extremely high risk, and the maximum buried depth of the tunnel is about 1206 m. The whole tunnel is designed to be single-side upslope. The cave body is mainly constructed by 16 sets of strata such as limestone, basalt, shale, mudstone coal-sandwiched line, mudstone sandstone, dolomitic limestone, dolomite and the like, 1 fault, a fault influence zone at 1 position and the like.
The exit section of the Gelru tunnel penetrates through a dolomite stratum of an upper system of the seismic denier system by about 5.6 kilometers, and a water and sand inrush event occurs in the construction process, wherein the main reason is that under the influence of active fracture, microcrystalline dolomite of a lamp image group (Zbd) of the upper system of the seismic denier system generates network-shaped joint cracks; due to the rock mass breakage, a good channel and a good space are formed for the occurrence and the migration of underground water. The dissolution and filtration of the sewage and the circulation of the dolomite lithification are carried out simultaneously, so that a special dissolution and desertification phenomenon is generated, and a sand-coated stone shape is formed. Under the influence of continuous rainfall on the earth's surface, the eroded fractured rock mass in a water-saturated state is burst under the action of osmotic pressure.
Dolomites "sand" is a very special karst phenomenon. Similar projects of the tunnel penetrating through the dolomite sandstone water-rich stratum are few, domestic project cases are extremely rare, and corresponding project experiences are lacked. According to the published data, only a small part of the diversion tunnels of the hydropower stations in the state of Liangshan encounters similar strata, and the disposal process is extremely difficult, and the diversion tunnels of the hydropower stations are partially even stopped for years.
The applicant successfully applies the milling and blasting combined construction method for the water-rich desertification dolomite formation tunnel to the water-rich desertification dolomite formation construction of the Gill tunnel, and the tunnel construction safety is effectively ensured without major collapse and water burst and mud gushing during the construction. The tunnel excavation contour is accurately formed, the over-short excavation is effectively controlled, compared with the conventional construction method, the use amount of the sprayed concrete is reduced by 20%, the deformation of the tunnel section is reduced by about 5cm, and therefore the construction method can be judged to play an active role in saving the use amount of materials and exerting the bearing capacity of surrounding rocks. Meanwhile, the parallel line production of the upper step, the middle step and the lower step of the tunnel is realized in the construction process, the construction progress is accelerated, the monthly progress index of the water-rich desertification dolomite stratum is improved to 30 m/month from 15 m/month, and the production cost is effectively reduced.
The above description is only intended to illustrate some principles of the milling and blasting combined construction method for water-rich desertification dolomite formation tunnel according to the present invention, and the present invention is not limited to the specific steps and the application range shown and described, so all the corresponding modifications that may be utilized belong to the patent scope of the present invention.
Claims (8)
1. A milling and blasting combined construction method for a water-rich desertification dolomite formation tunnel comprises the following steps:
preparing before construction, performing comprehensive advanced prediction by adopting advanced drilling and geophysical prospecting means, and prejudging rock stratum change, rock integrity, karst development condition, water burst position, water quantity and water pressure condition in front of a tunnel face;
weak blasting excavation of upper step core soil (11), slag removal of an upper step excavator to positions of a middle step and a lower step, milling excavation of an upper step reserved rock mass (12) by adopting a cantilever excavator, and timely construction of an upper step peripheral primary support (13) after the upper step reserved rock mass is modified to a design contour;
thirdly, excavating middle step core soil (21) by weak blasting, skimming slag of a middle step excavator to a lower step position, milling and excavating a left reserved rock mass (221) and a right reserved rock mass (222) of the middle step by using a cantilever excavator, and timely applying a left primary support (231) and a right primary support (232) of the middle step to a designed contour after being repaired;
weak blasting excavation of a lower step rock mass (31), and construction of a lower step left side primary support (331) and a lower step right side primary support (332);
weak blasting excavation of an inverted arch rock body (41), and application of an inverted arch primary support (43);
sixthly, repeating the steps from the first step to the fifth step until the whole tunnel excavation is finished.
2. The milling and blasting combined construction method for the water-rich desertification dolomite formation tunnel as claimed in claim 1, which is characterized in that: in the first step, if the large water quantity in front of the face is detected through comprehensive advanced prediction, advanced drilling drainage energy-releasing pressure-reducing measures are taken to ensure that rock mass in front of the face is stably consolidated, and an advanced support structure is constructed to stabilize arch rock mass and ensure the safety of tunnel construction.
3. The milling and blasting combined construction method for the water-rich desertification dolomite formation tunnel as claimed in claim 2, which is characterized in that: the drainage energy-releasing pressure-reducing measures comprise that a drainage hole (50) is additionally arranged in the range of an arch part of an upper step, and underground water is guided and drained in combination with a pilot drilling hole to release energy and reduce pressure.
4. The milling and blasting combined construction method for the water-rich desertification dolomite formation tunnel as claimed in claim 2, which is characterized in that: the advanced supporting structure adopts a self-advancing type middle pipe shed (60), and the arch rock mass is reinforced through grouting of the self-advancing type middle pipe shed (60).
5. The milling and blasting combined construction method for the water-rich desertification dolomite formation tunnel as claimed in claim 1, which is characterized in that: in the second step, after excavating the upper step core soil (11) and the upper step reserved rock body (12), a concrete spraying layer (70) is constructed in time to temporarily close the tunnel face, and the stability of the tunnel face of the dolomite sandstone section is ensured.
6. The milling and blasting combined construction method for the water-rich desertification dolomite formation tunnel as claimed in claim 1, which is characterized in that: in the second step and the third step, the thickness of the rock mass between the reserved rock mass (12) on the upper step, the reserved rock mass (221) on the left side of the middle step, the reserved rock mass (222) on the right side of the middle step and the design profile is not less than 1m, and the reserved rock mass (221) on the left side of the middle step and the reserved rock mass (222) on the right side of the middle step adopt the vertical reserved profile.
7. The milling and blasting combined construction method for the water-rich desertification dolomite formation tunnel as claimed in claim 1, which is characterized in that: and in the third step and the fourth step, the left side primary support (231), the right side primary support (232), the left side primary support (331) of the lower step and the left side primary support (332) of the right side primary support of the lower step are staggered, the distance between not less than 2 steel arch frames is staggered, a steel frame bottom is connected in time, and the primary support collapse of the upper step caused by the fact that the left and right side primary supports are in a suspended state at the same time is avoided.
8. The milling and blasting combined construction method for the water-rich desertification dolomite formation tunnel as claimed in claim 1, which is characterized in that: in the second step, the third step and the fourth step, the peripheral primary support (13) of the upper step, the left primary support (231) of the middle step, the right primary support (232) of the middle step, the left primary support (331) of the lower step and the right primary support (332) of the lower step are sequentially applied to primary spraying concrete, paving a reinforcing mesh, erecting a steel frame, drilling a foot locking anchor rod, drilling a radial system anchor rod and spraying concrete again to the designed thickness.
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| CN113982597B (en) * | 2021-09-29 | 2023-06-23 | 中铁七局集团有限公司 | Tunneling construction method suitable for karst subsidence area strong water permeability unconsolidated formation tunnel |
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