CN112302038B - Collapsible loess slope protective structure - Google Patents
Collapsible loess slope protective structure Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- CN112302038B CN112302038B CN202011151861.1A CN202011151861A CN112302038B CN 112302038 B CN112302038 B CN 112302038B CN 202011151861 A CN202011151861 A CN 202011151861A CN 112302038 B CN112302038 B CN 112302038B
- Authority
- CN
- China
- Prior art keywords
- protection unit
- slope
- collapsible loess
- protection
- hollow columns
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Active
Links
- 230000001681 protective effect Effects 0.000 title abstract description 33
- 239000004568 cement Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 5
- 239000002689 soil Substances 0.000 claims description 9
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- 241001464837 Viridiplantae Species 0.000 claims description 2
- 238000010276 construction Methods 0.000 description 6
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 description 5
- 230000008878 coupling Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000010168 coupling process Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000005859 coupling reaction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000008595 infiltration Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000001764 infiltration Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000001133 acceleration Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000004873 anchoring Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000009286 beneficial effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000009440 infrastructure construction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 235000015097 nutrients Nutrition 0.000 description 1
Images
Classifications
-
- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E02—HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING; FOUNDATIONS; SOIL SHIFTING
- E02D—FOUNDATIONS; EXCAVATIONS; EMBANKMENTS; UNDERGROUND OR UNDERWATER STRUCTURES
- E02D17/00—Excavations; Bordering of excavations; Making embankments
- E02D17/20—Securing of slopes or inclines
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
- A01G9/00—Cultivation in receptacles, forcing-frames or greenhouses; Edging for beds, lawn or the like
- A01G9/02—Receptacles, e.g. flower-pots or boxes; Glasses for cultivating flowers
-
- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E02—HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING; FOUNDATIONS; SOIL SHIFTING
- E02D—FOUNDATIONS; EXCAVATIONS; EMBANKMENTS; UNDERGROUND OR UNDERWATER STRUCTURES
- E02D17/00—Excavations; Bordering of excavations; Making embankments
- E02D17/20—Securing of slopes or inclines
- E02D17/205—Securing of slopes or inclines with modular blocks, e.g. pre-fabricated
-
- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E02—HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING; FOUNDATIONS; SOIL SHIFTING
- E02D—FOUNDATIONS; EXCAVATIONS; EMBANKMENTS; UNDERGROUND OR UNDERWATER STRUCTURES
- E02D5/00—Bulkheads, piles, or other structural elements specially adapted to foundation engineering
- E02D5/74—Means for anchoring structural elements or bulkheads
Landscapes
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Mining & Mineral Resources (AREA)
- Structural Engineering (AREA)
- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- General Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Paleontology (AREA)
- Civil Engineering (AREA)
- General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Environmental Sciences (AREA)
- Revetment (AREA)
Abstract
本发明涉及边坡防护结构技术领域，公开了一种湿陷性黄土边坡防护结构，包括：下层防护单元和上层防护单元，下层防护单元紧贴黄土边坡，上层防护单元设于下层防护单元之上，且通过连接件连接，下层防护单元和上层防护单元之间有间隙，间隙用来填筑水泥或混凝土，下层防护单元的一侧端固连有多个第一空心柱，下层防护单元的相对侧端固连有多个第二空心柱，柱状杆依次穿过多个第一空心柱与第二空心柱将相邻的两个下层防护单元连接起来，下层防护单元具有锚孔，锚杆能够穿过锚孔插入湿陷性黄土边坡内，上层防护单元的一侧端具有凹槽，上层防护单元的相对侧端具有凸缘，凸缘能够插接入凹槽内。本发明结构可以使防护结构与湿陷性黄土边坡完全贴合。
The invention relates to the technical field of slope protection structures, and discloses a collapsible loess slope protection structure, comprising: a lower protection unit and an upper protection unit, the lower protection unit is closely attached to the loess slope, and the upper protection unit is arranged in the lower protection unit Above and connected by connectors, there is a gap between the lower protection unit and the upper protection unit, the gap is used for filling cement or concrete, one side end of the lower protection unit is fixed with a plurality of first hollow columns, and the lower protection unit The opposite side ends are fixed with a plurality of second hollow columns, and the columnar rods pass through the plurality of first hollow columns and the second hollow columns in turn to connect the two adjacent lower protection units, and the lower protection units have anchor holes. The rod can be inserted into the collapsible loess slope through the anchor hole, one side end of the upper protection unit is provided with a groove, the opposite side end of the upper protection unit is provided with a flange, and the flange can be inserted into the groove. The structure of the invention can make the protective structure fit completely with the collapsible loess slope.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to the technical field of side slope protection structures, in particular to a collapsible loess side slope protection structure.
Background
With the continuous acceleration of economic construction pace in China, China is facing the climax of large-scale infrastructure construction, and a lot of slope problems are inevitably generated in engineering construction processes of roads, railways and the like in industrial fields. Particularly, for the high slope of collapsible loess, the loess itself has collapsible property, and when the loess is soaked by water under the action of external load or self weight, the loess is easy to collapse and deform, and if the slope design is unreasonable, the major engineering problems of ground settlement, landslide and the like can be caused, and bad serious results can be generated, so the design of the collapsible loess slope protection structure is particularly important.
Current collapsible loess side slope protective structure adopts integral protective structure more, and this kind of protective structure need carry out large-scale integrated processing with collapsible loess side slope in advance when using, makes its gradient accord with integrated protective structure's inclination, if do not handle when the preliminary treatment and target in place, protective structure then can not laminate with the side slope completely, easily makes soil produce and slides, leads to the protection failure.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention provides a collapsible loess side slope protection structure, which can be paved on the site according to the terrain of the collapsible loess side slope, so that the protection structure is completely attached to the collapsible loess side slope.
The invention provides a collapsible loess side slope protection structure, which comprises:
the lower layer protection unit is tightly attached to the collapsible loess slope, the upper layer protection unit is arranged above the lower layer protection unit and is connected with the lower layer protection unit through a connecting piece, a gap is formed between the lower layer protection unit and the upper layer protection unit, and the gap is used for filling cement or concrete;
one side end of the lower protection unit is fixedly connected with a plurality of first hollow columns which are arranged at intervals, the axes of the first hollow columns are parallel to the slope of the collapsible loess slope, the opposite side ends of the lower protection unit are fixedly connected with a plurality of second hollow columns which are arranged at intervals, the axes of the second hollow columns are parallel to the slope of the collapsible loess slope, the inner diameters of the first hollow columns and the second hollow columns are the same, the plurality of first hollow columns of one lower protection unit can be inserted into gaps formed between the plurality of second hollow columns of the adjacent lower protection unit, the plurality of first hollow columns and the second hollow columns of the adjacent two lower protection units are connected to be flush with the two opposite side ends of the lower protection unit, and the columnar rods sequentially penetrate through the plurality of first hollow columns and the second hollow columns to connect the adjacent two lower protection units, the lower protection unit is provided with an anchor hole, and an anchor rod can penetrate through the anchor hole and be inserted into the collapsible loess slope;
one side end of the upper layer protection unit is provided with a groove, the opposite side end of the upper layer protection unit is provided with a flange, and the flange can be inserted into the groove.
Optionally, the connecting member includes:
the hinge seat is fixedly connected to the upper end face of the lower protection unit;
the lower end of the threaded column is hinged to the hinged seat, the upper-layer protection unit is provided with a through hole, the upper end of the threaded column can penetrate through the through hole to extend out of the upper end face of the upper-layer protection unit, and the threaded column is fixedly connected with the upper end face and the lower end face of the upper-layer protection unit through an upper nut and a lower nut.
Optionally, a planting groove is formed in the center of the upper protection unit, and soil and green plants are filled in the planting groove.
Optionally, the bottom of collapsible loess side slope is equipped with the aqua storage tank, and the aqua storage tank supports with the upper protection unit butt of the bottom of next-door neighbour collapsible loess side slope.
Optionally, the notch of the groove has a first arcuate chamfer.
Optionally, the edge of the flange has a second arcuate chamfer.
Compared with the prior art, the invention has the beneficial effects that: when the collapsible loess slope protection structure provided by the invention is used, the lower layer protection units are sequentially paved from the lowest end to the highest end of the slope for single-row paving, the rotation angles can be generated among the lower layer protection units through the rotation of the first hollow column, the second hollow column and the columnar rod, different slope slopes at different positions are met, the lower layer protection units are attached to the slope, the soil is prevented from slipping, the lower layer protection units are further fixed with the slope through inserting the anchor rod into the slope, after the paving and fixing of all the lower layer protection units are finished, the upper layer protection units are connected with the lower layer structure units, the upper layer protection units in the same row are clamped into the grooves through the flanges to be connected to form an integral structure, the upper layer protection units are integrally formed into an inclined plane with an inclination angle, and the protection structure is more attractive on the whole, the protective structure provided by the invention does not need to occupy a large field in advance for integral processing, and can be paved on the site of the slope to be constructed, so that the field is saved, the construction procedure is simplified, and the construction quality is ensured.
Drawings
Fig. 1 is a partial structural schematic view of a collapsible loess slope protection structure according to an embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 2 is a front view of two lower protective units coupled together according to an embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 3 is a top view of two lower shield units coupled together according to an embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 4 is a front view of two upper protective units coupled together according to an embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 5 is a top view of two upper protective units coupled together according to an embodiment of the present invention;
fig. 6 is an enlarged view of a portion of the structure at G in fig. 5.
Description of reference numerals:
1-lower protection unit, 2-upper protection unit, 3-hinged seat, 4-first hollow column, 5-second hollow column, 6-column rod, 7-anchor hole, 8-anchor rod, 9-groove, 10-flange, 11-threaded column, 12-through hole, 13-nut, 14-planting groove, 15-first arc-shaped chamfer and 16-second arc-shaped chamfer.
Detailed Description
An embodiment of the present invention will be described in detail below with reference to the accompanying drawings, but it should be understood that the scope of the present invention is not limited to the embodiment.
In the description of the present invention, it is to be understood that the terms "center", "longitudinal", "lateral", "length", "width", "thickness", "upper", "lower", "front", "rear", "left", "right", "vertical", "horizontal", "top", "bottom", "inner", "outer", "axial", "radial", "circumferential", etc. indicate orientations or positional relationships based on those shown in the drawings, and are only for convenience of describing technical solutions of the present invention and simplifying the description, but do not indicate or imply that the device or element referred to must have a specific orientation, be constructed and operated in a specific orientation, and thus, should not be construed as limiting the present invention.
As shown in fig. 1 to 5, an embodiment of the present invention provides a collapsible loess slope protection structure, including: lower floor's protection unit 1 and upper protection unit 2, collapsible loess side slope is hugged closely to lower floor's protection unit 1, upper protection unit 2 is located on lower floor's protection unit 1, and be connected through the connecting piece between the protection unit 1 of lower floor, it is gapped between lower floor's protection unit 1 and the upper protection unit 2, the clearance is used for filling cement or concrete, one side end rigid coupling of lower floor's protection unit 1 has a plurality of first hollow posts 4, a plurality of first hollow post 4 intervals set up, the axis of first hollow post 4 and the domatic parallel of collapsible loess side slope, the opposite side end rigid coupling of lower floor's protection unit 1 has a plurality of second hollow post 5, a plurality of second hollow post 5 intervals set up, the axis of second hollow post 5 is parallel with the domatic of collapsible loess side slope, the internal diameter of first hollow post 4 and second hollow post 5 is the same, a plurality of first hollow post 4 of a lower floor's protection unit 1 can insert between a plurality of second hollow post 5 of adjacent lower floor's protection unit 1 The space of formation, and a plurality of first hollow post 4 and the hollow post 5 of second of two adjacent lower floor's protection unit 1 couple together and flush with two side ends that lower floor's protection unit 1 is relative, column pole 6 passes a plurality of first hollow post 4 and the hollow post 5 of second in proper order and couples together two adjacent lower floor's protection unit 1, lower floor's protection unit 1 has anchor eye 7, anchor rod 8 can pass anchor eye 7 and insert in the collapsible loess slope, a side end of upper protection unit 2 has recess 9, the relative side of upper protection unit 2 has flange 10, flange 10 can insert in recess 9.
The use method and the working principle are as follows: the lower protection unit 1 is laid in a single row from the lowest end to the uppermost end of the collapsible loess slope, the first lower protection unit 1 is fixed with the collapsible loess slope, the first lower protection unit 1 is provided with a plurality of first hollow columns 4 along the upper end of the slope, in the embodiment, the number of the first hollow columns 4 and the number of the second hollow columns 5 are two, the two second hollow columns 5 of the second lower protection unit 1 are inserted into the gap formed between the two first hollow columns 4 of the first lower protection unit 1, the integral two ends formed by the four hollow columns are flush with the two ends of the lower protection unit 1, the columnar rods 6 are sequentially inserted into the four hollow columns, the connection between the two lower protection units 1 is completed, the angle between the two lower protection units 1 is adjusted according to the slope, so that the lower protection units are tightly attached to the slope, and if the local part has a depression or a bulge, laying after local leveling through tools, laying in sequence until a row of lower protection units 1 are completely laid, laying adjacent rows again, after all slopes are all laid with the upper protection units 1, respectively inserting anchor rods 8 into soil from anchor holes 7 for anchoring, then connecting a first upper protection unit 2 with a first lower protection unit 1 through connecting pieces, similarly laying in a single row from the lowest end to the uppermost end of a collapsible loess slope, fixing one side of a groove 9 of the first upper protection unit 2 with the bottom of the collapsible loess slope, clamping one side of a second upper protection unit 2 with a flange 10 into the groove 9 of the first upper protection unit 2 to connect the two upper protection units 2, and then connecting the second upper protection unit 2 with the second lower protection unit 1 through the connecting pieces, go on in proper order, until couple together every upper protection unit 2 and every lower floor's protection unit 1, form the space between the overall structure that all upper protection units 2 constitute and all lower floor's protection unit 1 constitute, and all lower floor's protection units 1 laminate with domatic completely, and the overall structure that all upper protection units 2 constitute is a domatic that has the gradient, this gradient is designed according to the roughly slope of collapsible loess side slope, it can in forming the space with cement or concrete placement between upper protection unit 2 and lower floor's protection unit 1 again.
When the collapsible loess slope protection structure provided by the invention is used, the lower layer protection units are sequentially paved from the lowest end to the highest end of the slope for single-row paving, the rotation angles can be generated among the lower layer protection units through the rotation of the first hollow column, the second hollow column and the columnar rod, different slope slopes at different positions are met, the lower layer protection units are attached to the slope, the soil is prevented from slipping, the lower layer protection units are further fixed with the slope through inserting the anchor rod into the slope, after the paving and fixing of all the lower layer protection units are finished, the upper layer protection units are connected with the lower layer structure units, the upper layer protection units in the same row are clamped into the grooves through the flanges to be connected to form an integral structure, the upper layer protection units are integrally formed into an inclined plane with an inclination angle, and the protection structure is more attractive on the whole, the protective structure provided by the invention does not need to occupy a large field in advance for integral processing, and can be paved on the site of the slope to be constructed, so that the field is saved, the construction procedure is simplified, and the construction quality is ensured.
Referring to fig. 1 and 2, the connecting member includes: articulated seat 3 and screw thread post 11, articulated seat 3 links firmly in the up end of lower floor's protective unit 1, and screw thread post 11 lower extreme is articulated mutually with articulated seat 3, and upper protective unit 2 has through-hole 12, and the up end of screw thread post 11 can pass through-hole 12 and extend the up end of upper protective unit 2, and screw thread post 11 links firmly through upper and lower two nuts 13 and the upper and lower terminal surface of upper protective unit 2.
The use method and the working principle are as follows: in this embodiment, two connecting members are disposed between each upper and lower protective units, after the lower protective unit 1 is completely fixed, the threaded post 11 of the first lower protective unit 1 is inserted through the through hole 12 of the first upper protective unit 2, the threaded post 11 can be rotated around the hinge base 3 by rotating the threaded post 11 until the first upper protective unit 2 reaches a predetermined inclination, the first upper protective unit 2 and the threaded post 11 are fixed by the upper and lower nuts 13, the threaded post 11 of the second lower protective unit 1 is inserted through the through hole 12 of the second upper protective unit 2, and then the flange 10 of the second upper protective unit 2 is inserted into the groove 9 of the second lower protective unit 1 by adjusting the angle of the threaded post 11 of the second lower protective unit 1, thereby completing the connection of the two connected upper protective units 2, fix second piece upper protection unit 2 and screw post 11 through two upper and lower nuts 13, then accomplished the upper and lower relative two upper protection unit 2 and lower floor protection unit 1 between be connected, lay in proper order can, the overall structure that makes all upper protection unit 2 constitute like this is a domatic that has the gradient, it is comparatively pleasing to the eye on the whole to make protective structure, and do not have convex edges and corners, do benefit to rivers and flow to lower floor and then discharge from upper protection structure of upper extreme, can not make rivers stop on protective structure, cause the loess to sink in the longer rivers infiltration loess of time and collapse.
It is optional, upper strata protection unit 2's center department has planting groove 14, it has soil and green planting to plant the intussuseption in groove 14, collapsible loess side slope can lead to the caving to collapse because of soil is intake, through the planting groove 14 that sets up, can make rivers flow in planting groove 14 along upper strata protection unit's inclined plane, the storage is in the soil of planting in groove 14, absorb rivers when providing the nutrient for green planting, can not make rivers stop on protective structure, cause the loess to collapse in the longer rivers infiltration loess of time.
Optionally, the bottom of collapsible loess side slope is equipped with the aqua storage tank, and 2 butts of upper protective unit of aqua storage tank and the bottom of next-door neighbour collapsible loess side slope meet heavy rainstorm weather, and the rivers that do not store in planting groove 14 can flow into the aqua storage tank and store, and the drainage is irrigated.
As shown in fig. 6, the notch of the groove 9 has a first arc-shaped chamfer 15, and the edge of the flange 10 has a second arc-shaped chamfer 16, so as to avoid impact damage to the notch 9 when the flange 10 is inserted into the groove 9.
The above disclosure is only for a few specific embodiments of the present invention, however, the present invention is not limited to the above embodiments, and any variations that can be made by those skilled in the art are intended to fall within the scope of the present invention.
Claims (5)
Priority Applications (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| CN202011151861.1A CN112302038B (en) | 2020-10-23 | 2020-10-23 | Collapsible loess slope protective structure |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| CN202011151861.1A CN112302038B (en) | 2020-10-23 | 2020-10-23 | Collapsible loess slope protective structure |
Publications (2)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| CN112302038A CN112302038A (en) | 2021-02-02 |
| CN112302038B true CN112302038B (en) | 2022-03-08 |
Family
ID=74330480
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| CN202011151861.1A Active CN112302038B (en) | 2020-10-23 | 2020-10-23 | Collapsible loess slope protective structure |
Country Status (1)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| CN (1) | CN112302038B (en) |
Families Citing this family (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN114521440B (en) * | 2022-02-25 | 2023-02-28 | 内蒙古和润环境工程有限公司 | Method for repairing ecology of large-dip-angle high-steep-slope rock mass |
Family Cites Families (5)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN106351238B (en) * | 2016-10-17 | 2019-02-01 | 三峡大学 | Plant cover concrete Double-protection selvage slope ecology greening system and the method for carrying out slope ecological greening using the system |
| CN209114488U (en) * | 2018-11-01 | 2019-07-16 | 中铁武汉勘察设计研究院有限公司 | Prevent the expansive soil cut slope support structure on landslide |
| CN211006526U (en) * | 2019-07-30 | 2020-07-14 | 西安公路研究院 | Road soil slope green ecological protection structure suitable for ecological sensitive area |
| CN110805048B (en) * | 2019-10-29 | 2020-09-18 | 江西师范大学 | Vegetation bank protection soil and water conservation device |
| CN111501793A (en) * | 2020-04-29 | 2020-08-07 | 哈尔滨职业技术学院 | Slope reinforcing device for civil engineering and construction method |
-
2020
- 2020-10-23 CN CN202011151861.1A patent/CN112302038B/en active Active
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| CN112302038A (en) | 2021-02-02 |
Similar Documents
| Publication | Publication Date | Title |
|---|---|---|
| CN108277810B (en) | Building foundation pit supporting structure | |
| CN112302038B (en) | Collapsible loess slope protective structure | |
| CN109638720B (en) | A spanning device for a transmission line | |
| CN102011408A (en) | Wire pole base embedded in pit | |
| CN114673178A (en) | Miniature slide-resistant pile combined structure for slope ecological protection and construction method thereof | |
| CN102071696B (en) | Steep slope protective soft frame and construction method thereof | |
| CN218540581U (en) | Slope protection structure | |
| CN210482316U (en) | Assembled foundation pit supporting structure device | |
| CN205025200U (en) | Prevent protection hedge structure of vegetation lodging | |
| CN213571981U (en) | Scaffold for construction of anchor rod sash beam | |
| CN217174806U (en) | Foundation ditch construction support for railway engineering | |
| CN214460595U (en) | Prefabricated cantilever retaining wall structure | |
| CN206722361U (en) | A kind of scaffold of architectural engineering | |
| CN211006686U (en) | Deep foundation pit supporting structure | |
| CN210035278U (en) | Street lamp embedded base | |
| CN210622468U (en) | Novel horticulture molding guardrail | |
| CN107939156A (en) | A fast-constructed prefabricated fence and its construction method | |
| CN210507831U (en) | Improved steel structure prefabricated house | |
| CN217679153U (en) | Foundation engineering side slope support reinforcing apparatus | |
| KR20110087135A (en) | Vegetation block structure considering front vegetation and retaining wall structure using same | |
| CN222413120U (en) | A water conservancy project retaining wall | |
| CN207436232U (en) | A kind of plastics water storage module for optimizing force structure | |
| CN213114502U (en) | Hydraulic engineering construction concrete slope wall | |
| CN223335314U (en) | A livestock breeding fence device that is easy to disassemble and assemble | |
| CN218711878U (en) | Pavement structure for landscaping |
Legal Events
| Date | Code | Title | Description |
|---|---|---|---|
| PB01 | Publication | ||
| PB01 | Publication | ||
| SE01 | Entry into force of request for substantive examination | ||
| SE01 | Entry into force of request for substantive examination | ||
| CB03 | Change of inventor or designer information | ||
| CB03 | Change of inventor or designer information |
Inventor after: Shi Guangming Inventor after: Zhang Yanyang Inventor after: Cheng Ruyi Inventor after: Chen Kai Inventor after: Zhang Zizhao Inventor before: Shi Guangming Inventor before: Zhang Yanyang Inventor before: Zhang Zizhao |
|
| GR01 | Patent grant | ||
| GR01 | Patent grant |