CN1122466A

CN1122466A - Modern Chinese alphabetic writing code

Info

Publication number: CN1122466A
Application number: CN 94104542
Authority: CN
Inventors: 孙宏亮
Original assignee: Individual
Current assignee: Individual
Priority date: 1994-04-29
Filing date: 1994-04-29
Publication date: 1996-05-15

Abstract

The alphabetic writing code uses 1880 writing syllables to replace most-frequant Chinese word radicals and by adding hyphen "-" and syllable dividing mark ",", over 60 thousand of universal words are decomposed and determined without duplication code. Other monosyllable words are decomposed into the combination of the said 1880 Chinese monosyllable words. The letter U is replaced by "yu" and all tone signs are eliminated. The said writing code is easy to read, write and memory, and is favourable to Chinese data processing in computer.

Description

A kind of Chinese phoneticizing literal code

The present invention promptly encodes to the Modern Chinese universal word with the Chinese phoneticizing literal.It lays the foundation for the foundation of Chinese alphabetic writing on the one hand by the alphabetizing typing to the Modern Chinese universal word, and handling for computer Chinese-character information again on the other hand provides a kind of versatility code, realizes " language two literary compositions " conversion.It both integrated with Chinese characters, integrated with Latin alphabet culture again, had thoroughly solved the computer Chinese information processing, and " bottleneck " problem during Chinese and Western culture exchanges has reached the purpose of international computer resource sharing.

Basic theory

One, voice---semantic index

Language with voice as material carrier, yet the phoneme number in any language all is limited, for example, Australia's language of A Lante has 13 phonemes, the Kashmir Dard has 31 phonemes, and English has 40 (or 45) phonemes, and Russian has 39 phonemes, minimum according to the phoneme in the general estimation language more than 10, be no more than 100 [1] at most.Be combined into the syllable form of some by these phonemes, for example, Japanese 400, Chinese 1200 (tonal), Korean 2500, French 2800, Russian 2900, English 4000, Vietnamese 5500 (tonal) [2].And then come the different meaning unit of materialization by these multi-form syllables.But, cause semanteme to be obscured because the speed of the speed ratio meaning unit growth and decline of language number of syllables growth and decline is much smaller, thereby will make one-to-one relationship generation disagreement of syllable and meaning sooner or later.So in fact, and do not mean that and allow homonym to exist in the language anything but, homonym is because its meaning of a word difference, thereby be distributed in the different environment, these different environment have been eliminated the meaning uncertainty that unisonance produces, thereby have obtained certain living space, otherwise, when word appears in the identical environment, and during in occupation of identical ecological niche, unordered just the beginning produced.If at this moment not by means of explaining (being the conversion environment), that must become unisonance and be unisonance (promptly changing ecological niche) not, for example, when principal says: when " our school's last term final (qi zh ō ng) [interim (qi zh ō ng)] examination has 5 classmate's cheatings ", the hearer can't help and will ask: " you say be in the middle of that time; still last that time? " if principal do not think to explain wordily again, that just has only " final " changed into " end of term ".Asynchronous just because of syllable and meaning unit growth and decline, therefore the meaning unit inevitable requirement that constantly produces is distinguished by the combination of syllable, has just occurred disyllabic word, polysyllabic word like this in the language.Chinese from ancient times till now disyllabic word to increase in a large number be exactly this reason, other Languages is no exception.Though the polysyllabic word code length is longer, hearing wastes time and energy, and its phonetic image distinctness has been eliminated the chance of hearer to the purpose coupling of different directions, and the generation of having avoided fork to separate is retrieved the internal memory meaning accurately.

Two, semanteme---index of objective things () human brain---message handler

Human brain and people's sense organ is the product of the Nature long-term evolution.When the various energy outside the system stimulate people's sense organ, cause the reaction of sense organ, by sense organ to various primitive stimulus selective codings after, the several times relaying conversion of these each road information of importing simultaneously, be admitted to brain cortex matter projection area separately and further process integration, so just form the consciousness presentation.Because the specificity of people's sense organ and the finiteness that human brain is noted energy, therefore, the processing space in the unit interval is limited.At the time empty interval that this is limited, because to from the different cause of attention energy number different channels, intensity, character, position, information distribution that pattern is different, therefore the degree of depth to different information processing also is different with range.And have only when the degree of depth of processing and range reach certain threshold, just can change long-term memory over to and store.The huge neuron of number in the human brain, infinitely various neural circuit, and complicated biochemistry is changed to it provides material base." according to the study, 15,000,000,000 neurons are arranged approximately in the human brain, every neuron can be connected by cynapse with 30,000 adjacent neurons, forms 10 in brain ¹⁴Individual node; It almost is unlimited various neural circuit that these nodes can be combined into again; Each bar neural circuit may be relevant with a kind of memory, a kind of thinking; Therefore the ability of brain memory, thinking almost is unlimited." " nearest research shows that also synthesizing of protein is also relevant with the memory function of brain.Scientists training goldfish is learnt certain technical ability, injectable drug then, and to stop the synthetic of protein in the brain, goldfish can not convert short-term memory to long-term memory as a result, and the thing of acquiring has been forgotten soon." [3] also have one group to experiment showed, that the memory process has three biochemical stages: short-term memory, intermediate memory, long-term memory.Short-term memory may and K ⁺Conduction to change the neuronic hyperpolarization produced relevant, about 10-30 of the time in this stage minute.Intermediate memory seems and Na ⁺-K ⁺It is relevant that the activity of pump changes the hyperpolarization that is produced, and this stage keeps about 30-90 of time minute of memory.Long-term memory is synthetic relevant with protein, and it can keep a couple of days [4].But human brain is not a static world, and the protein of brain will be changed once in per 3 hours, long-term memory still be short-term memory all " by exponential disintegration " [5].Therefore, if deposit the further support (promptly strengthening) that the information of human brain can not get energy later in, just can dissipate gradually with the different speed of forgeing.(2) cognitive program

From the angle that individual cognition takes place, the initial information of input human brain is some very coarse, discrete phenomenons, but it becomes individual initial knowledge about the world.The information of follow-up input and previous storage are through overmatching, comparison, and additions and deletions constantly, modification, the previous storage of reorganization make individual more comprehensive, accurate, clear about the knowledge of objective things.The people is not a passive recipient carrying out in the process of message exchange with the objective world, but the active system of subjectivity.Deepening continuously, enlarging along with the practical activity of individuality, interaction between master, the object is further strengthened, by a series of links such as input, processing, output, feedbacks, individuality not only has been familiar with various discrete phenomenas, and the essential attribute and the various inner link of things progressively have been familiar with, thereby one of formation concerns complicated information network in human brain, various codings in the network are proceeded a series of abstract activities such as additions and deletions, montage, adjustment, classification, reorganization, construct out one connect each other, mutual restriction, crew-served meaning world.(3) chunk---meaning unit

We are " the information index item that can connect rapidly in the long-term memory is commonly referred to chunk, and an index entry can launch many contents.Much is a chunk, is not changeless.A numeral, radical, radicals by which characters are arranged in traditional Chinese dictionaries, a word, a speech, a phonetic symbol, a symbol, a kind of structure, name, place name, a technical term, an image, a pattern, a Chinese idiom, a phrase, stich, one section quotation or the like can be a chunk.”[6]

Chunk is the product of human brain to the abstract reflection of objective things, deepen continuously along with people's practice again and enlarge, so its content has definite with fuzzy relativity.It is subjected to human brain simultaneously, people's sense organ, physical environment, social history, culture background, the level of understanding, the restriction of factors such as national characteristic.

Storing various chunks in the human brain, these chunks can be combined into corresponding meaning field neatly and reflect objective things.Certain this reflection has branch true and falseness, and usually with the truth of objective things certain distance is arranged, and therefore, people are always by constantly changing subjective world in the hope of being coupled with the objective world.(4) mapping: surface structure and deep structure

Language is the product of voice and semantic combination, voice are semantic material carriers, this carrier has been arranged, meaning just can make things convenient between different individualities, exchange exactly, this interchange not only can make individual more comprehensive to the understanding of objective things, accurately, deeply, and reach common understanding, individuality is coupled to the orderly society of a Collaboration, help human existence and development, and the reality of this thought can constantly stimulate people's sense organ, the people is not consolidated by the information of the things of the direct perception of sense organ forgeing in the phase again, make human cognitive achievements be inherited and develop.

Voice are surface structures of language, semanteme is the deep structure of language, form corresponding mapping relations between the two, but this mapping does not have positive connection in essence, but the result that social convention's custom becomes, this agreement is in case formation just no longer is arbitrarily, otherwise language has just lost its communicative function.Inside from language, the restriction that it is also avoided unisonance to obscure, especially after literal occurs, people always select those morpheme words relevant with the meaning of a word as the word-building material as far as possible, because they have reflected the partial content in the meaning of a word usually, are reasonable index entries, so not only can strengthen getting in touch of the literal and the meaning of a word, help memory, and dwindled the semantic retrieval space simultaneously, help rapid extraction information.Therefore, the mapping degree of freedom of surface structure and deep structure is affined." energy in the one degree of freedom cohesion has higher value than the energy that is distributed in a lot of degree of freedom." (Ha Ken " synergetics ") (five) semantic classification: lexical meaning and grammatical meaning

The world is material, and material moves, and time and space are the forms of motion of material.The meaning of a word is the abstract reflection of human brain to the world, promptly to the various phenomenons of things, and essential attribute, the motion of things, forms of motion, and between the things, interpersonal between people and the things, the reflection of various relations between the people and society.

Though the speech in the language is thousands of, can be included into name, moving, shape, number, amount, generation, pair, Jie, company, helps, sighs, part of speech such as the tone.

Noun: expression people, things, time, place, orientation.

Verb: expression action behavior, psychological activity, existence variation, disappearance, judgement, possibility, wish, necessity, trend.

Adjective: expression character, state, non-determined number.

Number: expression number order.

Measure word: expression measurement unit.

Adverbial word: expression degree, scope, time, frequency, sure, negative, mood, mode, the tone.

Pronoun: replace the title of persons or things, expression to ask, censure or distinguish people, thing, situation with fixed attention.

Interjection: expression is sighed with feeling, is called, replys.

Preposition: express time, place, direction, mode, method, foundation, reason, purpose, object, condition,

Relatively, get rid of.

Conjunction: various connecting relations between expression speech, phrase, the sentence.

Auxiliary word: expression dynamic significance.

Modal particle: represent all tone.

From the content that above-mentioned each part of speech comprised, we can clearly be seen that the mankind are familiar with from those aspects and delineate natural things, people, society, and the relation between them.

The world is unlimited, but the world of people's life is limited, and people live among the concrete environment, and all will come into contacts with concrete things every day.The meaning of a word is the abstract reflection of human brain to various things, is pervasive in the scope that it is summarized, so be to grasp concrete things in the concrete environment only according to speech.Sentence also is to be used for expressing natural things, people, society and the various relations between them, but it than speech more specifically, could delineate concrete things in the concrete environment by its people, for example, express time in the adverbial modifier and the attribute, the word in place just can make them modify the composition of restriction in certain spacetime coordinates location.In the represented content of following each sentence element, be not difficult to find out this point.

1. subject: often bear by the nominal word of expression.

2. predicate: often by the verb of expression action, behavior, variation, by expression judge, speech such as the non-action verb "Yes" of the generic of explanation subject and situation, " elephant ", and the adjective that is mainly used to describe subject character and state is born.

3. object: the object that generally is the action domination.

4. the adverbial modifier: often bear by adverbial word, adjective, but the adverbial modifier also often done in the noun in express time, place, auxiliary verb in the verb, preposition phrase, quantity phrase and some other phrase also can be done the adverbial modifier, the adverbial modifier is used for modifying and limiting predicate, the time of expression action, place, mode, condition, object, quantity, scope, proterties, degree or the like, or write the mode or the state of action.

5. attribute: generally born by notional word and phrase, be mainly used to modify and limit head, it describes character, the state of persons or things, affiliated, time of expression things, place, quantity, state, character etc.

6. complement: serve as by predicate, predicate phrase, preposition phrase etc., result, trend, quantity, time, the place of action, the degree of proterties etc. are described.

Complex sentence is that the two or several meaning first line of a couplet are that simple sentence is formed closely, connect with conjunctive word, between the expression simple sentence on the meaning side by side, along hold, explain orally, select, go forward one by one, turnover, condition, suppose, relations such as cause and effect, purpose.

Simple sentence, complex sentence are combined into paragraph, chapter etc., are used for delineating people to natural things, people, society and abundant, the more concrete more understanding of various relations between them.Certainly except the main carrier of this cognitive achievements of language, other human cognitive achievements as music, the fine arts, building, dress ornament, diet, industrial agricultural products etc. also load.Their summation has constituted the human understanding world, although this world is also very little compared with unlimited wide objective world, it is promptly expanding.

From the historical point view of general linguistics, property, number, lattice, body, the time, grammatical category such as formula, attitude concludes from Indo-European language.

The property: reflected the understanding of human development stage to the attribute of things or phenomenon.Now except the people's that censures with noun sex etc. have necessarily get in touch, in most cases do not had and got in touch with the sex of things.

Number: the quantitative relation of things in the expression reality.

Lattice: expression noun (pronoun) in sentence effect and with the relation of other speech.

Body: the situation that the expression action is carried out.

The time: the time that the expression behavior act takes place and carries out.

Formula: the expression speaker is to the attitude of described behavior act.

Attitude: the active and passive relation of expression action subject and object.

Person: express the speaker and the main body of the behavior act during what is said or talked about between relation.

The grammatical meaning that these grammatical categories are summarized, human brain is to attribute, quantity, relation, the motion of things just, the reflection of aspects such as the attitude of time, people's behavior act, the relation between the Subjective and Objective, human relationships.Why these meanings are grammatical meaning, are because people in the process of delineation things, must launch from above-mentioned these the most basic aspects, so their frequency of occurrences are very high.

Grammatical category is generally by means expression such as extentions, inner complications, overlapping, different, word order, auxiliary speech, stress, schwa, intonation.Different language uses the proportion difference of these means, therefore forms different surface structures.Indo-European language uses extention, inner tortuous, means such as different, stress more, and using the language of these means to express with alphabetic writing is very easily, conversely, uses alphabetic writing to strengthen the frequency of utilization of these means again.Chinese uses word order, auxiliary speech more, means such as sound, schwa change, use the Chinese of these means to express, can certainly express, yet Chinese character only is suitable for expressing the such language of Chinese with alphabetic writing with Chinese character, if express the Yin Ouzhu language, then be very inconvenient with it.The grammatical device of Chinese has been strengthened in the long-term use of Chinese character, has also suppressed the variation expansion of Chinese grammar means to a certain extent.

Although the grammatical device difference that various language use, and do not mean that this language does not just express the grammatical category in the other Languages, they can give compensatory by different modes.Though various language top layer isomery, deep layer are isomorphisms, of equal value.Otherwise the intertranslation between language can not realize.The someone hankers after emphasizing " unique humanistic nature of Chinese " in recent years, uniqueness approval for outstanding, and gone in the traditional thinking mode of han nationality and the culture and seek decisive basis, and in but not knowing, western thoughtcast is not opposition, but complementary.Though spoken and written languages are culture, it is not the whole of culture." Military Science of Sun Zi " of translator of English still is Chinese culture, and " Holy Bible " of Chinese translation remains Western Culture, and the cultural issues that they contain will never qualitative change take place because of using different language to express with thoughtcast.

The index of three, literal---word

Literal is the index of word, is by the direct symbol of perception of vision.These sign stimuluses people's the organs of vision have activated the internal memory word, make the people understand the information of literal institute load.Since literal is the index of word, it just must be encoded to sound, the justice of word.

1., watch sound degree: alphabetic writing (phonemic alphabet literal) is that the letter with the watch sound position comes spelling voice joint.These number of letters seldom generally have only tens, one word for one tone, and a sound one word, they just can spell out all words in the language according to the spelling rules of strictness.See that morphology just can read the speech sound, remember that the speech sound just can write out morphology, the voice coding degree is 100%, can be described as a kind of reasonable coding.

Certainly this is desirable alphabetic writing.Present various alphabetic writings and more or less total some distance of this desirable alphabetic writing in the world, such as Dutch and Spanish, phoneme and symbol almost are one to one, therefore study is much easier.And resemble alphabetic writing English, the French, and because its orthography more complicated, therefore study difficulty relatively just.Just English, it has only 40 phonemes, and the different spelling of kind more than 600 [7] is but arranged.A word multitone, a sound multiword has to assist standard pronunciation by the International Phonetic Symbols, and this follows and gives the Chinese character standard pronunciation with the Chinese phonetic alphabet is the same.The relative stability that develops of literal in addition, thus in the English word also retention some aphonic letters, become pure other shape symbol, English watch sound degree is descended, indication power weakens, memorizing mechanically composition increases, towards unreasonable direction transmuting.Yet it is alphabetic writing after all, comes compared with Chinese character, and its watch sound degree is still much higher.Even " resemble English bad like this orthography, (English-speaking) people that education degree is very low will not have much difficulties to his talkative writing down yet.Even if spelling is arranged, also can express one's ideas.Suppose on food supply retail shop's plate and writing sale b-u-c-k-w-e-e-t and s-e-l-l-e-r-y or c-e-l-l-a-r-y that although misspelling, the meaning (" buckwheat " and " celery ") is very clear.According to the English frequency statistics, buckwheat (buckwheat) and celery (celery) all belong to the speech that is of little use.In any case, write English, only need association, just can express the meaning of these two speech or other any his talkative speech than 26 things that letter is more." [8] certainly association write English not resemble Mr. De Fanke said light like this; but after can the English-speaking person having grasped alphabetical spelling rules; both made to run into those irregular alphabetical amalgamations,, also can roughly grasp this speech as long as it is gently wide to risk its voice.The process of writing is just in time opposite, internal memory speech sound converts letter character to according to identical rule, because English speech sound wants much simple with getting in touch compared with getting in touch of Chinese and Chinese character of letter, therefore it is also much smaller to convert the difficulty of literal to from the speech sound, the written form of speech was forgotten, rebuild also than being easier to.

Chinese character comes watch sound with the phonetic element of a Chinese pictophonetic character.Mr. Yin Binyong uses fuzzy mathematics method, and the watch sound degree of the phonetic element of a Chinese pictophonetic character of about 4000 phonograms is calculated, and the result shows that the watch sound degree of the Chinese character phonetic element of a Chinese pictophonetic character is about 50%, promptly is familiar with a new word (phonogram) and reads correct possibility and approximately have only half.

According to Mr. Zhou Youguang " Chinese character phonetic element of a Chinese pictophonetic character pronunciation is just looked into ", Chinese character has 1348 phonetic elements of a Chinese pictophonetic character, and they can keep a grip on 6542 Chinese characters.If the watch sound degree of each phonetic element of a Chinese pictophonetic character is about 50%, can to read accurate Chinese character number then be 2.43 to each phonetic element of a Chinese pictophonetic character so.Promptly learn a phonetic element of a Chinese pictophonetic character and on average can only read accurate two words in half a lifetime (phonogram).

As seen, the phonetic element of a Chinese pictophonetic character of Chinese character not only number is huge, and the man memory burden is very heavy, and watch sound efficient is also much lower than phonetic literal.

2., Biao Yidu: literal also will be considered the meaning of a word also to be encoded except to the speech sound coding as far as possible.Because meaning of a word sign indicating number in certain limit, reflected the partial content of the meaning of a word to a certain extent, has been strengthened getting in touch of the meaning of a word and literal, help the memory of literal; On the other hand, people can grasp the partial content of speech according to the justice sign indicating number in the morphology during reading, help to understand the meaning of a word, and the sound sign indicating number has dwindled meaning of a word search space after adding the justice sign indicating number simultaneously, has also shortened retrieval time certainly, helps the rapid extraction of information.

The pictographic element of a pictophonetic of Chinese character, prefix, suffix, root all are the justice sign indicating numbers of Chinese-character words.Though the pictographic element of a pictophonetic is a table justice, it can not all show the full content of the meaning of word, and also can only indicate at most with the meaning of word has certain relation, promptly indicates the classification of the meaning of word.If we do not know the pronunciation of word, only know the meaning classification of this word, can not understand the definite implication of word.It just under the prerequisite of understanding the word sound, the word sound is played a kind of restriction, plays a kind of prompting and guiding function to the meaning of word, and the search space of so just having dwindled the meaning of word has shortened retrieval time of the meaning of word, helps the rapid extraction of information.

So, does the Biao Yidu of the pictographic element of a pictophonetic have how high actually? Mr. Yin Binyong uses fuzzy mathematics method, and the pictographic element of a pictophonetic of 4000 phonograms is calculated, and the result shows, is reading under the situation of accurate tone, and the Biao Yidu of the Chinese character pictographic element of a pictophonetic is 0.51.And the watch sound degree of the Chinese character phonetic element of a Chinese pictophonetic character has only about 0.5, so the actual Biao Yidu of the pictographic element of a pictophonetic has only 0.255.

Prefix, suffix, root also are the index of the meaning of a word, yet they also can only reflect the partial content of the meaning of a word, can not reflect the full content of the meaning of a word, otherwise written dictionary lexical or textual analysis one by one is just sheerly unnecessary.No matter be Chinese character, or alphabetic writing is not always the case.So the Biao Yidu of the Biao Yidu of alphabetic writing and Chinese character who high who is low? unfortunately we have not yet to see the research material of relevant alphabetic writing Biao Yidu, thereby can't compare exactly.

If we suppose that the Biao Yidu of prefix, suffix, root of various spoken and written languages is basic identical, as long as so in our the more various language, constitute how many speech by how many prefixes, suffix, root, in the perhaps various language, how many prefixes, root suffix, coverage rate have much, we just can compare the acquistion efficient of various literal, complexity in other words so.

Mr. Yin Binyong is according to " word-building dictionary commonly used " (publishing house of Renmin University of China nineteen eighty-two version) statistics, this dictionary is received word 4553 (deletion minority rarely used word, place name, the special-purpose word of name), 79715 of word-buildings, average each Chinese character word-building 17.51, about 18 (in fact, calculate if press disyllabic word entirely, each Chinese character only accounts for half of disyllabic word, therefore can only say 9 of word-buildings).In these 4553 Chinese characters, word-building bar number accounts for 70% of 4553 Chinese characters totally 3209 of the Chinese characters that (does not contain 18) below 18, and word-building bar number accounts for 30% of 4553 Chinese characters totally 1344 of the Chinese characters that (contains 18) more than 18.

According to " modern Chinese frequency dictionary " (publishing house of Beijing Language Institute), word-building bar number is at 1689 Chinese characters more than 10, and their appearance word time sum reaches the last 91% of whole language materials (1,800,000 word).Occurrence number is at preceding 1000 high frequency Chinese characters more than 245 times, and the accumulative total coverage rate reaches 91.25619%.Occurrence number is at preceding 2418 Chinese characters more than 30 times, and the accumulative total coverage rate is up to 99.00023%.

This explanation is in the Modern Chinese language material of 1,800,000 words, as long as with 2418 prefixes, suffix and roots, just can make semantic coding degree reach 99.00023%, and 2418 Chinese characters, 2156 Chinese characters (this dictionary is received 4574 of words) in addition also account for less than 1%.4553 Chinese character word-buildings in " word-building dictionary commonly used " are up to 79715,60400 universal words that this number has been received in " Chinese phonetic alphabet vocabulary ", but it has only used 4553 Chinese characters, and 6763 Chinese characters being received than " Chinese Character Set Code for Informati---baseset " also lack 2210.This shows the low of the weight of learning Chinese characters burden, efficient.

Prefix in the alphabetic writing, suffix, root are exactly its justice sign indicating number, yet it is again the part of sound sign indicating number, and pronunciation is arranged, and do not resemble the image, mute of Chinese character.Jiang strives the morpheme of having listed English in " parsing of English word-building " book, and (bag is known prefix, suffix, root, but do not comprise that formant is as-ing ,-ful ,-ness etc.) 702,11082 of word-buildings, average 15.79 of each morpheme word-buildings altogether, promptly about 16.Britain author W.E.Flood writes in " foreword " of his " science word--its structure and meaning " book: " the huge vocabulary of quantity is to be made of than its much smaller morpheme meaning.Medical science and anatomical about 30000 speech, the title of only having used about 150 standard morphemes and partes corporis humani to divide has just been formed ... " 9.

Certainly in the alphabetic writing, be not that all words all have the justice sign indicating number, some word just has only the sound sign indicating number, does not have the justice sign indicating number, and this is the same with single-morpheme word in the Chinese, forms their letter and can not resolve on meaning, and is unreasonable.

From the word-building situation of above-mentioned English morpheme, alphabetic writing is not pure sound sign indicating number yet, and it also carries out semantic coding as Chinese character to word.

3., shape margin: the shape margin is decided by the factors such as quantity, shape, relation, locations of structures and ratio of the dotted line of forming character graphics.The difference of character is more little, and redundant information is few more, then is not easy difference more, obscure easily more, otherwise difference is big more, and redundant information is many more, and then the antijamming capability of literal is strong more, helps more reading.

People's reading process is such: the character graphics of each tool feature is one by one arrived in visual reception, and the original shape of then feature coding being sent into internal memory and character mates, compares, and activates the internal memory original shape of character, induces sound, the justice of corresponding connection with it then.Fast reading is the process of information rapid extraction, and vision capture is to the pattern of font, the shape of enabled memory, sound, justice then, but this scanning not necessarily must be seen each details of character clearly, thereby have certain ambiguity.This is because the contribution of the distinctive feature of character is that semantic combination is arranged with certain restriction to character owing to exist redundant information in the language on the other hand on the one hand.In a word, the difference of character is big more, helps more reading; Difference is more little, and then the dependence to semantic clues is big more, and reading rate certainly will slow down.But the speed of reading is unhappy soon, the size that not merely depends on the shape margin, it is also relevant with factors such as reader's educational level, professional knowledge, reading skills (experience), vision, mental state, most of people read novel and can " take in ten lines at a glance ", but read Kant, Hegelian philosophy works, the Ancient Chinese ancient books and records in generation read in the article of reading physics and chemistry aspect, probably may not necessarily reach " taking in ten lines at a glance " this level.Notice that we say that fast reading has certain ambiguity, and do not mean that learning text just can be unintelligible, write problem, therefore in the acquistion process of literal, must understand fully its each details, otherwise will write wrongly written character because also have one.

Alphabetic writing is to arrange with the not isometric one-dimensional linear that the different letter character of figure is formed, and its shape difference is mainly reflected in the geometric configuration difference of the letter of forming word, and these letter height are uneven, come in every shape; The difference that puts in order of letter; Word link writing, speech circle is clearly demarcated; The speech sign indicating number is not isometric, surpasses the word of 5 letters, and it is hollow to jump into central authorities once, needs the watching attentively of twice (or more than twice) could information extraction.

Chinese character is by five kinds of basic stroke combinations or 1550 radicals (pictographic element of a pictophonetic and the phonetic element of a Chinese pictophonetic character), and then be combined into ten hundreds of two-dimensional structure figures (Chinese character) by these radicals, one word, one shape, one word for one tone, font style characteristic is abundant, the syllable boundary line is clear, and the word code length is shorter, the disposable central authorities low-lying area of jumping into of character during reading.

It is generally acknowledged that Chinese character is bigger than the shape margin of phonetic literal, but how much big? if compare the shape margin of two kinds of literal, must give assignment to each relevant distinguishing characteristics by its effect size according to the principle of fuzzy mathematics, but this artificial assignment has very big subjective factor again interior, because the effect of each distinguishing characteristics is mutually different, even same distinguishing characteristics, in different font environment, its difference effect is also different, so be difficult to find the assignment foundation of a self-consistentency.This difficult problem does not solve, and just can't quantize comparison to the shape margin of alphabetic writing and Chinese character.Regrettably we do not see the comparative studies of this respect so far as yet.

4., sharpness, write and remember: with the shape margin closely-related be character sharpness, write and remember.The number of stroke is many more, the tendency of stroke, locations of structures, ratio change complicated more variation, and no doubt the shape margin is bigger.But too complicated, then often redundant information is too many, and density is too big, and lack of defination is on the contrary given and write and remember and brought heavy negative pressure.

The alphabetic writing code length does not wait, long morphology is no doubt unfavorable to reading, but the size of its each letter, length, just constant, clear, do not resemble and build one house on top of another the Chinese character, no matter how many strokes, which type of stroke tendency, locations of structures, completely be compressed in the square, the ratio friendshipization of the length of stroke, size, height is very big.When font size was too small, a long time not seeing in the word the end had several strokes, is what structural relation.Besides write, simple and clear, the most graceful geometric figure almost gained all in phonetic alphabet (Latin alphabet), and these number of letters are seldom finished writing it by exercise, are not very difficult, and their write the two or more syllables of a word together, smooth natures each other, and writing speed is very fast.And the stroke tendency of Chinese character is changeful, and it is more to return pen when writing, the fluency extreme difference, unless distortion (rapid style of writing) is difficult to write the two or more syllables of a word together, and the distortion write the two or more syllables of a word together have increased the burden of memory, and sharpness is lower.Particularly run into more, the baroque Chinese character of those strokes, want to write to such an extent that analyse clearly clearly, then arm, leg are often wanted cocoon-break and are gone out; Want to write neatly uprightly, scheme structure is rationally distributed, if cautiously careless; Then must do out a black pimple.Write fast, finish writing speciality and patent that Chinese character has become some people, the cost all too that Chinese export for this reason is big.Why the font of Chinese character changes does not occupy, constantly simplification is exactly in order to recognize well, to remember, write soon, write well well.But it is undue to simplify, and watch sound degree and Biao Yidu are descended, and stays a large amount of character-rubbish (complex form of Chinese characters, variant Chinese character etc.) simultaneously in ancient records, and this is very unfavorable for inheriting national cultural heritage.Chinese character is exactly in such contradiction, by continuous adjustment, makes every effort to make various aspects to reach best configuration.Put off until some time later memory at last.The letter of alphabetic writing and speech sound have simple corresponding relation, therefore a GPRS speech sound, speech sound corresponding relation with letter, sense of hearing symbol is more much easier than the mutual conversion of Chinese and Chinese character with the mutual conversion of visual symbol.Why difficulty is very big in the mutual conversion of Chinese and Chinese character, and the one, because the number of the phonogram (phonetic element of a Chinese pictophonetic character) of Chinese character (phonogram) and the adopted symbol of table (pictographic element of a pictophonetic) is huge.Two, be because a Chinese character is represented with that phonetic element of a Chinese pictophonetic character and the pictographic element of a pictophonetic, can follow without any rule, complete in memorize mechanicalling.Be a kind of unreasonable mechanical corresponding between font and the word sound, do not induce mutually and facilitation that do not resemble the alphabetic writing according to simple corresponding conversion rule, just class is released mutually, sails numerous with letter.

Human sciences's fundamental purpose is exactly to see through varied, thousand difference, ten thousand other things or phenomenons, leads and asks the general character of hiding thereafter (or rule), finds its basic constituent element and common structure pattern.Create the needed various things of people by holding these a spot of basic laws.In this sense, Chinese character can not show a candle to the alphabetic writing science.The illiteracy is numerous in China, and multiple blind phenomenon is serious, and mandarin is difficult to promote and waits and hard to tackle Chinese character does not break away from responsibility.

Four, information society and block character (one) " knowledge explosion " [10]

Since the World War II, along with the scientific research scale enlarges rapidly, scientist's troop sharply expands, and new subject, new theory vigorously emerge in large numbers, and the total amount of knowledge unprecedentedly increases.It is said, the existing specialty more than 500 of contemporary basic subject, technological sciences also have 412 kinds of professional domains, and subject is multi-door above 2400.90% of the human knowledge of having grasped is that World War II obtains later on, remaining 10% be before this several thousand in the period of progressively accumulate.This numeral shows that the growth of human knowledge and time are not linear, but square in direct ratio with the time is a kind of exponential increase relation between the two.According to Britain scientist James Martin's supposition, human knowledge approximately doubled every 50 years in 19th century, to doubling in 30 years 20th century, just doubled to 10 years fifties, and double 5 years seventies, and doubled in about 3 years now.With the science periodical, add up according to U.S. science historian De Keli Price: the whole world was about 10 kinds in 1750, initial stage in 19th century is that 100 kinds of left sides can, reach 1000 kinds mid-term in 19th century, reached 10,000 kinds in 1900, nineteen sixty-five has been broken through 100,000 kinds, and now the science periodical is then to increase by 1500 kinds speed every year in development.Again with delivery of books, according to the statistics of UNESCO: the Number of Book of whole world distribution, nineteen fifty-two is 250,000 kinds, and 1962 is 38.8 ten thousand kinds, and 1967 is 450,000 kinds, and reaches 56.1 ten thousand kinds in 1972.In China, the Number of Book of distribution also is being doubled and redoubled, and the numeral of announcing according to State Statistics Bureau: nineteen fifty is a kind surplus in the of 1.2 ten thousand, and nineteen eighty-three is a kind surplus in the of 3.5 ten thousand, has increased by 3 times to the greatest extent.The magazine of China's distribution, nineteen fifty is 295 kinds, nineteen eighty-three is 3415 kinds, has increased nearly 12 times.

The variation of " knowledge explosion " an urgent demand information transfer means and the high speed of transfer efficiency.The modern means of transmitting are except books and periodicals, TV, recording, video and microfilm and holographic technology etc. have been increased again after also having telecommunications, broadcasting, film, World War II, in addition, the communication of sound, the international computer system of the prosperity of traffic, post and telecommunications network, also all greatly improved the transfer efficiency of knowledge information, encourage the intensity of " knowledge explosion ", thereby made " blast " situation that had formed already grow in intensity.(2) intelligence developed

The world today, can interstate white war be talent competition after all, turn out the modernized new talent of high intelligence, is that can the overall national strength that be related to us improve the strategic issue that can the Four Modernizations realize as early as possible rapidly.

Though literal is not the talent's a deciding factor.But crucial factor.Easy, easy, fast, literal efficiently, for spreading education, eliminate illiteracy, open the wisdom of the people, for international cultural exchanges.It all is very favourable handling for the mechanization electronization of knowledge information.

Chinese character had once been made indelible contribution for the outstanding heritage of the record Chinese nation.But basically, it is not a very friendly interface between book knowledge and the people, only this contradiction rhythm slowly feudal society do not seem very outstanding.And today when we step into information society, in the face of information mighty torrent with the momentum of an avalanche, we feel that more and more this senile elderly person for whom a birthday celebration is being held is incompatible with reality society.Although the literal through decades changes motion, what several generations were extremely hard and bitter works hard, and makes this contradiction obtain part and alleviates, and is not fundamentally eliminated.Difficulty is read, is difficult to write, the block character of difficult note, difficult usefulness so far still to spread education, eliminate illiteracy, tap intellectual resources resource and computer Chinese information processing producing sizable negative effect.

More once the countries in the world pupil level of being received an education more can illustrate problem." according to the material of the fifties, Soviet Union primary school 4 years Chinese language singly be that " reading textbook " translated into Chinese character and just had 730,000, and our primary school 4 years Chinese textbooks approximately was 120,005 K words at that time, and both ratios are six to one; 1977 approximately is 80,000 words, and the gap position becomes nine to one ".Original work in 100 multidigits classic writer of Russia and the Soviet Union writer centuries literature treasure-house is arranged in the text of other this 730,000 word, also have many literature and art sex knowledge articles in addition." and in our the above-mentioned textbook all there not being one piece of literature original work, quality can't be compared.”[11]

Obtain literacy (yes is only limited to the content that adapts with my understandability and language proficiency) with regard to children, " using Germany, the Italy of alphabetic writing is 1 year; Britain is a year and a half; and the Japan of use Chinese character, the course that finished one's primary school 4-5 years can't be said so and be obtained sufficient literacy.Our situation is also strong unlike Japan.Comrade Lv Shuxiang says: the time in ' ten years, and class hour more than 2,700, be used for learning national Chinese language, but be that great majority do not pass a test '.If but Japanese children is used alphabetic writing, has the time of half a year just to be enough to obtain literacy ".[12]

Modern physiological, psychology prove: existing about 14,000,000,000 neurocyte of brain when child is born, and almost equal with the brain cell quantity that the adult is had, just immature, volume is little, and not contact can not be set up conditioned reflex between the cell; In the time of 1-3 years old, brain very fast maturation, 70% one 80% cell has been finished and has been connected and the conditioned reflex function, atomization is also finished substantially, brain weigh to be grown up 2/3.During by 6.7 years old, corticocerebral associative fiber sheathization is also finished substantially.Brain weigh adult about 90%, for material base has been prepared in the development of intelligence.

The early education theory thinks that children's possible ability is followed the " rule of successively decreasing.The famous American psychologist Broome had once proposed " development speed " theory, he think supposition 17 years old the time the ripe level of intelligence be 100%, reach 80% of intelligent maturation level when just having reached 50%, 8 years old of intelligent maturation level so 4 years old the time; Remaining 20% is to obtain in this time in 9 years from 8 years old to 17 years old.

From children's language development, the preschool child has a good command of one's mother tongue basically, has stored several thousand words in the brain.After the entrance, if they can use time science meeting literal in a year or so, that just can absorb more knowledge from books, develop their intelligence, this is very usual thing in the country that uses alphabetic writing, still, in China, hard to tackle Chinese character but makes children's literacy lag behind language ability for a long time, has limited children's the cultural visual field, makes their intelligence potentiality get not more effective exploitation." be about about 2000 according to the aesthstic living comparative studies of carrying out of the nearest centering of Chinese language educational circles, having a large vocabulary of Chinese primary school sixth-former grasp, read that newspaper is very inadequate; But foreign student at the same level has but grasped 7000 left and right sides vocabulary, and the ability that reading is read newspaper is much better than.”[13]。If people's intellectual development truly exists " critical period ", so this delayed development can't but be a kind of intellectual resources waste.

Pop psychology is by studies show that functional asymmetry of cerebral hemispheres: the left and right sides two hemispheres of human brain is divided the work.Left hemisphere has advantages such as language, mathematics, logic, analysis, reasoning, symbol, and right hemisphere has advantages such as the imagination, rhythm, locus, color, music.Left hemisphere provides the information processing of analytical property, and right hemisphere provides the information processing of bulk property, and two hemisphere are brought into play own function speciality with different cognitive styles, and are additional mutually, and are unlikely to mutual conflict.But " though we must remember on many functions difference is arranged between two hemisphere, difference is very little often, and which hemisphere under normal circumstances also difficult of proof participates in a certain concrete work more.Under the normal tested condition of great majority, offer tested information hardly and be only limited to hemisphere of arrival.Two hemisphere while machining informations are more likely.And this is two typical working methods of hemisphere." [14] so-called excellent meaning advantage just comparatively speaking, such as, recently studies have shown that dextral's auris dextra is only limited to consonant to the advantage of speech, vowel is not shown advantage.Left in other words brain cortex table is showed, and the advantage of debating the sound that keeps silent is not a kind of exceptional function to speech itself, but a kind of special responsive ability to fast-changing sound.[15]

The function specificity of oversimplifying, understand turgidly two hemispheres has caused " developing right brain " " education of two hemisphere " to be advocated.More the someone applies it to the research field of Chinese character, thinks that the alphabetic writing is-symbol has left, and Chinese character image is strong, thereby has a right brain advantage, left side brain pipe word sound, the meaning of word, right brain pipe font not only can alleviate the burden of left brain, and develop right brain.And right brain is the pipe imagination, and the imagination is the mother of all inventions, and Chinese character can make the people associate, so Chinese character can make the people more clever." Chinese character is picture, building blocks and the magic square of exploitation wisdom learning Chinese ", " Chinese character is science, easy, intelligent, international outstanding literal ".

The inference of this deduction formula is exciting really, yet unfortunately its prerequisite becomes final conclusion far away.About the location theory of Chinese character dominant hemisphere, have following several viewpoint at least: 1. dominant hemisphere is positioned at right brain at present.2. the dominant hemisphere of single Chinese character is right brain, and two-character word is left brain.3. dominant hemisphere is positioned at left brain.4. the left and right sides brain balance of power.[16]

Deduce under such prerequisite, the confidence level of its conclusion is zero no better than.Human brain is unusual exquisite, a complicated black box, present progress, and the fan that distance is opened this black box is also quite remote, therefore, we must be especially careful under quoting certain specified conditions during experiment conclusion that draw and that have predictive, gets hold of its " degree ".Can not be only be foundation with the experiment conclusion of small sample, carry out inference unbridledly, to favourable its science of just discussing of viewpoint of oneself, that gives is golden rule and precious percept.Then you had better shut up to opposite viewpoint, and that is in fear of to keep away is too late, and this carefree academic style has great duplicity to some little readers that understand the psychological study situations.

Even so, even if the font of Chinese character is stored in people's the right brain, that can not prove that the Chinese that learnt Chinese character are generally more clever than the foreigner who does not learn Chinese character.Chinese character can make the people associate, can not alphabetic writing just make the people associate? people's association is big with the degree of correlation of the meaning of word, is it still big with the degree of correlation of font? are there how many inventions to bring out by font? even if the such figure of some Chinese characters of storage obtains developing in right brain?

It is big that but Chinese character accounts for memory headroom, and power consumption is high, and the conversion difficulty greatly but is admitted facts.If we save the time energy of learning Chinese characters, allow the pupil be used for learning music, the fine arts, dancing, engraving, in wide the Nature, go sight-seeing wonderful scenery, wouldn't more can developing right brain?

Here be not the place that the psychology problem of Chinese character is discussed, go arguement but psychologic labyrinth is introduced in the research of Chinese character, the birth for postponing Chinese alphabetic writing can't but be a clever way.(3) cultural exchanges

The contact of different social groups certainly leads to cultural interchange, and the mutual loan word of various language is one of concrete manifestation of this interchange.

Word is the carrier of human knowledge's achievement, and therefore, loan word is exactly in fact a cognitive achievements of using for reference others, remedies my deficiency.

Chinese has four kinds of coded systems when using for reference alien word: 1. semantic coding (free translation).2. 3. 4. font code (borrow shape) of voice, semantic hybrid coding of voice coding (transliteration).

Semantic coding is to select for use speech or the morpheme that meaning is relevant in the Chinese to go to explain the meaning of alien word.This coding is exactly thoroughly Chinesizing, because it meets the culture psychology and the value orientation of han nationality, also meets the inherent laws of Chinese, is convenient to understand and memory, therefore, is easy to be admitted by han nationality.But because the Chinesizing process is the process of a recreation, waste time and energy, " one upright; the moon in ten days hesitates " with what speech or morpheme translates in addition, and different people has different selections, be the translated name generally followed of society and will create one, then also need a standard, unified process.

Voice coding is to express alien word speech sound with the identical or close Chinese character of voice.This coding is time saving and energy saving, but understand, memory is good not as free translation.On the other hand, because phonetically similar word is a lot of in the Chinese character, express with those Chinese characters, each does what he thinks is right for translator, and translated name is very chaotic.For the translated name to confusion carries out standard, the terminological dictionary that China publishes surpasses 1000 kinds, but does not also tackle the problem at its root.Such as " this medicine of hydroquinone, industrial common chemical medicine, its translated name has reached 39 kinds ".A large amount of existence of these cultural garbages are for study and use extremely harmfully, make our cultural construction be absorbed in first the pollution among the vicious cycle of afterwards administering.

Voice, semantic hybrid coding are meant an alien word in two, half transliteration, and half free translation, or after the whole speech transliteration, add the Chinese morpheme of an adopted class of expression, the relative merits of this encoding context are between free translation and transliteration.

Font code is exactly the word of other kind of character calligraph to be indiscriminately imitated without change use by oneself.Such as, the many loan words of Chinese from Japanese are exactly like this.This mode is widely used in the Western languages that uses the Latin alphabet.And Chinese makes in the character cultural circle that can only be confined to atrophy day by day in this way.

In a word, the outer cultural information interchange of the singularity centering of Chinese character has brought many resistances that are difficult to overcome.Basically unified in the world new terminology, various proper names, abbreviation all have to make a fresh start in Chinese, really do a thankless task.And face the thousands of new terminology that " knowledge explosion " fusion fissions out; Translate again and be unequal to translating.If this incurable disease of Chinese character is not effected a radical cure by the reform of a writing system, also can constantly torment scientific and technological circle, the cultural circles of China.(4) computer Chinese information processing

Computer is the core technology of information processing, transmission, and it just rapidly permeates to fields of society at present.How many platform computers a country has, and how are its popularity rate and utilization rate, is the outstanding feature of weighing this national information socialization and social informatization.

Computer is after generation, and the westerner has imported computer to literal easily with character keypad, and Chinese will send into computer to thousands of Chinese character with western language keyboard, and the only way out is encoded to Chinese character exactly.

Chinese character " forces us national with the time is groped all schemes that computer imported in Chinese character for many years; the material resources of Tou Ruing certainly needless to say therebetween; singly to be exactly the whole nation's intelligence total amount (Mr. Qian Weichang says that there are 500,000 people in the whole nation in research); but be out-and-out forced waste---existing successful waste (ten or twenty kind scheme is emerged), the waste (kind of a scheme is banished to the cold palace surplus in the of 500) of failure is more arranged.If these intelligence are saved the research that is used for others, can produce much benefits! " [17]

It is said that the Hanzi coding scheme sum has been broken through 700 high pointes at present, but compiles nothing more than font code, sound sign indicating number, phonetic-stroke code three major types.And the principal contradiction that most codings are difficult to solve is: " beating of learning easily is unhappy, and that beats soon finds it difficult to learn very much." encode Chinese characters for computer is secondary coding, must remember loaded down with trivial details decoding rule before the last machine, and these rules usually to be complicated difficulty note easily forget, simple easily learning and defeated speed is too slow.Also will constantly decipher behind the last machine, a word hundred changes in the brains, and the lateral thinking of decoding is constantly disturbed the vertical thinking of writing thinking, the mental load overload.

The international computer resource is very abundant at present, and what western language software was current all is the important source of domestic software from now on, but many high-level softwares, what have can not Chinesize, the difficult Chinesizing that has, the inadequate Chinesizing that has but can lose original many characteristics, even loses some critical functions.By the Chinese language computer of Chinese character interface I/O Chinese character, not only be difficult to share the international computer resource, and intelligent retrieval, mechanical translation, machine are spoken and knowledge representation and senior application such as obtain and have difficulty in walking.

In addition, it is big that Chinese character accounts for memory headroom, and to the hardware requirement height, coding is difficult unified, or the like.All affect the P/C ratio of computer directly or indirectly, affect popularizing and utilizing of computer.

The development computer technology is a cause that bears an international character, and any one national computing machine cause is all only sought survival, asked progress, seeks development in open environment.We will transform existing computing machine on the one hand at present, make its characteristics that adapt to Chinese information, seek the proper technology scheme and solve Chinese character input problem; Must set up Chinese alphabetic writing on the other hand, realize " language two literary compositions " computer conversion, thoroughly solve the variety of issue that Chinese information computer is handled.Otherwise will produce negative effect difficult to the appraisal to China's development from now on.

Background technology is looked back

In at present numerous coding, only be the sound sign indicating number of having of basic engineering for word character with the Scheme for the Chinese Phonetic Alphabet, and other alphabetic writing scheme, be only the object that we will investigate.Those are single to be the various codings that purpose designs with input, output Chinese character, and the Chinese alphabetic writing that adopts non-Latin alphabet design is not at this domain.

The design Chinese alphabetic writing must solve following point: 1. homonym is handled.2. word link writing.3. alien word spelling.4. classical Chinese becomes divisional processing (Chinese idiom).5. abbreviation, abbreviation are handled.6. capitalization usage.7. punctuation mark is divided a word with a hyphen at the end of a line.8. Chinese personal name, place name spelling etc.But in these problems, the homonym problem is a key issue, to its treatment technology difference of employing, can produce the Chinese alphabetic writing of different mode and usefulness, so we will be looking burnt concentrate on this problem.Recall respectively below and have certain representational generation character code and alphabetic writing scheme at present.

One, " standard Chinese new literacy computer II type " [18]

This encoding scheme is the Needham, Noel Joseph Terence Montgomery professor of Nankai University research, design.It is actually a kind of language coding system of broad sense, i.e. Chinese alphabetic writing.The advantage of this coding is that it has replaced the mark in the Scheme for the Chinese Phonetic Alphabet with mark accent letter and has transferred symbol, and this input for computer is very favourable, because computer can only add tone mark and return after can not being totally lost by the input of alphabetical sequence one dimension again on letter.Next is to transfer letter to break up homonym (with the sign indicating number speech) by mark, make homonym in the standard Chinese make a distinction that (by the 45200 entries statistics that " Chinese phonetic alphabet vocabulary " is received, do not consider tone, homonym is up to 38.6% writing on the form, consider tone, then drop to 11.6%).Secondly be that code length is shorter again.If but treat as Chinese alphabetic writing, then this coding but exists significant disadvantages: 1. it only considers the speech sound is encoded, and do not consider the meaning of a word is also encoded, this understanding and memory for word is disadvantageous, because most words all are compound words in the Modern Chinese, grasped some root, prefix, suffix,, not only help the memory of literal, and help the understanding of the meaning of a word.2. the monogram space is too little, and the frequency that identical monogram section occurs is too high, so the shape margin is little, and this is disadvantageous for reading.Even 3. in the scope of 45200 entries, also exist 11.6% repeated code speech.Though 4. mark transfers letter to have the function of differentiation homonym (homograph), these aphonic letters are too many, and the frequency of occurrences is too high, and is then not only not attractive in appearance, always rough on the emotion, and increased the burden of memory.The situation that the just present whole nation speaks standard Chinese pronunciation, some large-and-medium size cities such as Beijing are much better, and the people of northern localism area is wanting in apart from also not too big at sound, rhythm, but then gap is bigger on tone.Uncertainly, just write inaccurately, write standard, must memorize mechanically, though this positive action helps popularizing Beijing pronunciation, be unfavorable for the popularize Chinese alphabetic writing, and in a single day alphabetic writing is defeated, then it also disappears to pushing away general benefit thereupon.Truly have some aphonic letters in the alphabetic writing in west, but that un-reasonable phenomenon that to be the historical reasons of various complexity cause needs the place of reforming just, and we must not be transplanted to Chinese alphabetic writing to it, and amplified, such alphabetic writing grade is can be very not high.As seen, this encoding scheme is not the optimum code scheme of Chinese alphabetic writing.

Two, " phonetic spelling literal " [19]

This encoding scheme is a kind of spelling computer Chinese language system of Chinese American Mr. Tian Hongwen design.It has following advantage: 1. do not have the repeated code word.Owing to represent the four tones of standard Chinese pronunciation, add aphonic suffix (radicals by which characters are arranged in traditional Chinese dictionaries) and limit, so shape similar word (phonetically similar word) just comes writing to distinguish on the form with two methods of writing consonant or vowel.2. not only the word sound is encoded, and the meaning of word is also encoded, this helps understanding the meaning of word, because aphonic suffix (radicals by which characters are arranged in traditional Chinese dictionaries) has the such table justice function of the Chinese character pictographic element of a pictophonetic.3. do not have mark special-purpose in the Scheme for the Chinese Phonetic Alphabet to transfer symbol, input is favourable to computing machine for this.4. the shape margin is relatively large.This be because in the word, speech except double letter, also have aphonic suffix, distinguishing characteristics increases.But it but exists following shortcoming as Chinese alphabetic writing: 1. it has only carried out semantic coding to the single syllable Chinese character, and double-tone joint polysyllabic word is not carried out semantic coding, and this is unfavorable for the understanding of people to double-tone joint, polysyllabic word.Though 2. it has eliminated the repeated code of single syllable Chinese character, but be cost to increase aphonic suffix.And the radicals by which characters are arranged in traditional Chinese dictionaries number of Chinese character is a lot, and single consonant is obviously not enough, makes up with a plurality of consonants and represents then speech sign indicating number lengthening, and burden is write in memory.If the radicals by which characters are arranged in traditional Chinese dictionaries to Chinese character further merge, then the Biao Yidu of suffix letter is also lower than Chinese character certainly.3. except adding aphonic suffix, it also writes consonant or vowel is represented the four tones of standard Chinese pronunciation by two, like this word, speech in twoly write that not only quantity is many but also frequency appearance is very high, vision does not go up attractive in appearance, and is not comfortable psychologically.4. strict to the grasp of tone, note is forbidden, and it is not right just to write.In a word, because there is above-mentioned shortcoming in Mr.'s Tian Hongwen " phonetic spelling literal ", so our not talkative this generation character code is the optimal case of Chinese alphabetic writing.

Three, " Chinese alphabetic writing " [20]

This scheme is that Mr. HuangBing Yu of Shaanxi Province institute of section of man puts forward.It has following advantage, and 1. the word code length is shorter.2. the shape margin is bigger.3. do not mark circumflex, help the computing machine input, help certainly writing yet.4. what deserves to be mentioned is especially and from western language, used for reference some common letter group row forms that be used for representing initial consonant, the simple or compound vowel of a Chinese syllable of Chinese, this has not only broken up homonym (homograph), and has increased the shape margin of word.Also help " outlet " that alien word advances " import " and Chinese terms in addition, promptly help Chinese and foreign cultural exchange, as ph, tr, dr, dz, ds, ts, tz etc.But this alphabetic writing scheme also exists many shortcomings: 1. it is only encoded to the speech sound, and almost the meaning of a word is not encoded, so the dominant information amount in its surface structure is not high, be unfavorable for the understanding of people to the meaning of a word, also be unfavorable for the memory of people to morphology.The code length that covets briefly, no doubt can make write with computing machine input save time, laborsaving, but be unfavorable for memorize.The Chinese of the notice all languages of Indo-European family of languages and Han-Tibetan family differs greatly, the word of Yin Ouzhu language not only comprise semantic information, and comprised morphology, syntactic information, just can grasp the lexical meaning and the grammatical meaning of word by recognition phonetic comprehensively.That is to say its voice messaging.Semantic information, syntactic information all are dominance on literal, even there are some semantic informations to be recessive pure tone sign indicating number speech, yet because voice messaging, syntactic information are arranged, and prompting, guiding and the qualification of linguistic context up and down, so be not very difficult to the retrieval (or understanding) of semanteme yet.And Chinese terms does not reflect syntactic information basically, and it is recessive that syntactic information is, and it will lean on the understanding of people to the meaning of a word, semantic relation between word and the word, and function word determines that it not only be can not help to the understanding of the meaning of a word, will help its a helping hand by the meaning of a word on the contrary.Just because of this, so that the pictographic element of a pictophonetic of Chinese character and the phonetic element of a Chinese pictophonetic character just seem is especially valuable, although along with development, the differentiation of language, its Biao Yidu and watch sound degree reduce greatly, hold the important clue of the word sound and the meaning of word but still can yet be regarded as.From the formation situation of double-tone joint, polyphonic word, why Chinese terms uses composite algorithm more, and uses affixation less, exactly in order to increase the semantic information in the surface structure, is convenient to understand and memory.The morpheme word that the Chinese written word is always selected as far as possible and the meaning of a word degree of correlation is bigger is expressed, and is exactly this reason.So when the design Chinese alphabetic writing, do not consider the meaning of a word is encoded, then do not meet Chinese reality, pure tone sign indicating number literal the masses can not take like a shot.2. double letter is too many, mm particularly, and nn, hh, ss, zz can be used for prefix, has not both met international practice, and is also very not attractive in appearance.3. the alphabetical value in some the alphabetical value and the Scheme for the Chinese Phonetic Alphabet falls far short.As l[u], cu, cl[iou], im[ing] and, omm[uang], umm[ong] and, ean[in] etc.4. aphonic letter is more, as uhu[un], oh[uo] etc. in the middle of h, uln[un] in l.5. adopt the way of " polysemy " to be merged to the homonym that does not have to have broken up, this also is that the masses always oppose.In a word, because Mr.'s HuangBing Yu design proposal exists above-mentioned various shortcoming, so can not think a preferred embodiments.

Four, " regularization Chinese alphabetic writing " [21]

This scheme is that Mr. Yin Binyong puts forward.It uses 5 kinds of regularization methods, determined more than 2200 syllable written form, and then write form go to finalize the design the most frequently used in the Modern Chinese, that word-building power is the strongest monosyllable and morpheme with these 2200 syllables, finally reach the purpose of the universal word of typing about 50000.

Mr. Yin Binyong " regularization Chinese alphabetic writing " has following advantage: 1. it is not only encoded to the voice of word.And the meaning of a word also encoded.It has inherited Chinese character breaks up the unisonance root in the typing single syllable root with different book forms strong point and experience, with finalize the design about 50000 universal word of 2200 syllable written forms, the repetition rate of coding is dropped to about 3%, word about 97% keeps unique appearance, and the compound word of the overwhelming majority as can be seen their root come, the correspondence of syllable written form and root is strong, Biao Yidugao, this not only helps the understanding to compound word, and help memory to morphology, in a word, it has caught the very corn of a subject really, and alphabetic writing can be integrated with well with Chinese characters.2. the word code length is shorter, and the shape margin is bigger, helps reading.This is because it has enlarged alphabetical interblock space by simplifying syllable form, variant syllable form, symbol mark accent form and letter mark accent form, increases the cause of distinctive feature.But it also exists following shortcoming: 1. because it uses mark to transfer symbol and the alphabetical ü that remains to break up typing unisonance root, realizing I/O on the word processor arbitrarily so be unfavorable for very much Chinese alphabetic writing, certainly also be unfavorable for writing, not attractive in appearance yet.Said as Mr. Yin Binyong: " as Vietnam's literal; the whole face pockmarks; crust is several in dirty; both ugly; as to be difficult to write again, trouble for the mechanization electronization, broad masses can not accept this alphabetic writing: " 2. transfers symbol and two cover marks to transfer letter to break up typing unisonance root with mark, what must memorize mechanically during study which root uses is that mark is transferred symbol, which usefulness be that mark is transferred letter; Be that the first cover mark is transferred letter, still usefulness is that the second cover mark is transferred alphabetical; Must remember which has omitted a mark accent symbol in the polysyllabic word, which all omits.The tone of mandarin is grasped inaccurate, or morphology do not remember, and just wrongly writes easily, and the burden of memory is heavier.3. aphonic symbol letter is too many.Except transferring outer symbol with mark, also used two cover marks to transfer letter to break up typing unisonance root, so having aphonic mark, these transfer the root of letter in case group is lined up compound word, will certainly enlarge its distribution range, make the code length lengthening of compound word.660 letter mark accent forms add its 1260 of symbol mark accent forms about 800, account for 57% of whole syllable written forms 2200, it serves to show the scope of its negative effect.4. utilize the sharp and rounded sounds typing, though can increase some written forms, break up a part of unisonance root, and the people who helps distinguishing " point group " localism area learns to use, but people from localism area for vast nothing " point group " is distinguished then increased burden in study undoubtedly.5. because with the most frequently used root of basic syllable form typing and some words softly, and 2200 syllable written forms root in addition also usefulness be basic syllable form, so typing power a little less than, Biao Yidu is not high.In a word because Mr.'s Yin Binyong scheme is being deposited above-mentioned shortcoming, so need further perfect.

The literal code of DF type Chinese phoneticizing

So-called " DF type " is meant what this programme mainly came the Modern Chinese universal word is encoded by typing method and composite algorithm.DF is its abbreviation.

One, cryptoprinciple 1. is with the basis of Chinese phoneticizing scheme.2. integrate with the Modern Chinese Chinese character.

Both made us design a kind of science, Chinese alphabetic writing reasonable, practical, that accept extensively for society now, therefore that Chinese character that has write down han nationality excellent traditional culture in several thousand can not disappear yet, because we still are faced with the problem of inheriting national cultural heritage.This shows, " language two literary compositions " will be long-standing from now on social realities, in the face of this reality, we just must integrate with the Modern Chinese Chinese character by the alphabetic writing of design, realize the convenient conversion of alphabetic writing and Chinese character, could satisfy social each side user's needs like this, otherwise will in face of powerful Chinese character, be defeated.

Specifically, Chinese alphabetic writing must inherit that the Chinese morpheme form is brief, word-building is flexible, syllable-boundary is clear and definite, the shape margin is big, the Biao Yidu advantages of higher, what make Chinese alphabetic writing and Chinese-character words correspondingly has simplicity, a uniqueness, overcome Chinese-character words watch sound degree low, be difficult to write, difficult note, difficulty read, difficulty such as uses at shortcoming.Only in this way, just can make Chinese alphabetic writing have good transitionality.3. integrate with international Latin alphabet culture

Chinese alphabetic writing must help absorbing exotic culture, also helps exporting the culture of oneself simultaneously, and courtesy demands reciprocity, and it is convenient to exchange, common development.

Specifically, be exactly suitably to absorb some common in western language monogram forms, as ph[f], tr[chu], dr[zhu], ds, dz[z], ts, tz[o] etc., this has not only increased the syllable written form, helps the differentiation typing of homonym, and help combining into syllables of alien word, the output of Chinese word.4. help calculating the meter Chinese information processing

Robot calculator is the powerful pusher that Chinese alphabetic writing is set up, also be its beneficiary, so must helping Chinese information, Chinese alphabetic writing " directly on arbitrary western language computer or Chinese Computer, imports easily; output; processing such as storage; also can up-to-date western language software is rapid; convenient; ' chinesization ' efficiently, help us under the international background of computer technology, high-level efficiency, digesting and assimilating to high benefit external word processing technology uses by oneself (comprising hardware and software), international competition of participating computer technology and cooperation effectively on high starting point impels China's computing machine cause to go to the world early ".(22) Chinese alphabetic writing that loses the robot calculator support is difficult to set up, though or development and design come out, then be not to suffer " cold treatment ", better eliminated very soon for word code.

Specifically, in the Chinese alphabetic writing, do not keep alphabetical ü, and substitute it with " yu ": not keeping mark transfers symbol, and tone has only indicated just in dictionary, in other words, in alphabetic writing, it is recessive that tone information is, and resembles Chinese character, or the stress information in the western language is such, grasps by speech according to phonetic symbol (Scheme for the Chinese Phonetic Alphabet) during study.Letter V is used for spelling alien word and ethnic group's word.5. inherit the historical tradition of the Chinese phonetic alphabet.

Existing more than 300 year of the history of the Chinese phonetic alphabet, during this period, elder generation have created the successful experience of many worth references, and we must conscientiously sum up, and are absorbed.Get each strength, give up the weak point of each family, " accomplish on good grounds, fair and sensible as far as possible, and do not follow one's bent, do out some grotesque syllable forms, make everybody be difficult to approve of and accept.”(23)

Specifically, do not adopt the orthographic form of old Chinese phonology, the phonetic aspect of a dialect to break up typing unisonance root in the Chinese alphabetic writing, do not break up typing unisonance root yet by distinguishing " point group ".6. scientific, practicability

1. design Chinese alphabetic writing, must follow the phonetics principle, do not coin the orthographic form that greatly differs from each other with the Scheme for the Chinese Phonetic Alphabet and international practice.Because this exchanges not only bad for Chinese and Western culture, and the watch sound degree is not high yet.In other words, can not be reference system only with English, French, the Chinese alphabetic writing orthography is made very complicated, finds it difficult to learn.A word multitone, a sound multiword is added some old Chinese phonology, phonetic aspect of a dialect orthographic form, aphonic mark accent letter, justice symbol, has at last assist standard pronunciation by the International Phonetic Symbols, has become to have the not high alphabetic writing of grade.2. the highest according to " modern Chinese frequency dictionary " frequency of utilization of preferentially finalizing the design, the usage degree maximum, the root that word-building power is the strongest strengthens the Biao Yidu of literal, makes most compound words can both find out that their root comes, and helps understanding and memory.3. make the code length of syllable written form brief as far as possible, must extend, only increase a letter at most, be beneficial to the computing machine input, export and write.4. increase the distinctive feature of alphabetic writing, outstanding its individual character increases the shape margin, is beneficial to read as far as possible.

Two, homonym issue handling

Number of syllables is few more in the language, and monosyllabic number is many more, and skewness will inevitably make homonymous phenomena very serious in addition.If with phoneme and letter one to one orthographic form write and a large amount of homographs must occur, no any difference on the homograph morphology, during reading to contextual bigger according to lazyness, want the semantic environment after forward to remove uncertainty, therefore reading rate is very slow, as the article of writing with the Chinese phonetic alphabet.

Homonym is all arranged in any language, homonym is distinguished by different syllable written forms in literal, so the syllable written form in the various language is generally all many than syllable form, has 3800 such as the syllable written form of French, English has 4900, Vietnamese 6200.And the syllable written form of Chinese is considerably beyond syllable form (1200), it is said that Chinese character has been accumulate to more than 60000 from ancient times so far, " 42-volume Chinese dictionary compiled during the regin of Kang Xi in the Qing Dynasty " 47000, " Xinhua dictionary " 8000, totally 6763 of the I and II Chinese characters in " doubly breath exchange Hanzi coded character set---baseset ".The syllable written form is many more, means that then the memory burden is heavy more.

Using the western language of alphabetic writing is the comparison sensitivity for homonym, so it always does one's utmost to enlarge monosyllabic number by the variation group row of phoneme, lines up multisyllable by the single syllable group and avoids the word unisonance.And use alphabetic writing to make the variation group row of phoneme, the single syllable group is lined up the very easy realization of multisyllable, also helps simultaneously introducing new phoneme and phoneme group row form by loan word from other Languages, so their syllable form is generally all abundanter.It is exactly diversified letter group row that diversified phoneme group comes in the literal, and letter group row's style is many more, and just big more between the group emptying, the shape margin is just big more, helps more reading.Certainly only take reading into account, write, and too much by a word multitone, the method for a sound multiword, or increase mute letter and make that its shape margin increases, the word code length is inconsiderable briefly, then.Because literal and watch sound degree and Biao Yidu are descended, that orthography becomes is very complicated, find it difficult to learn.Asking of they must be kept ecological balance, and can not attend to one thing and lose sight of another.

Using the Chinese of Chinese character then is more blunt, tolerant for homonym.Homonym in the spoken language can retell or explain just in case do not understand; Then can distinguish in the written language, so it is not especially pursued, values for the rich of monosyllabic number, style by the Chinese character that comes in every shape one by one.The new phoneme that produces of Chinese itself, phoneme group row form, the phoneme of introducing from other Languages, the basic performance in Chinese character of phoneme group row's form are not come out.These voice change with the new Chinese character of specially making expresses, and others is not familiar with; Express with existing Chinese character, do not express again, finally still do not break away from the destiny that assimilates.Chinese character is being kept the ecologic equilibrium of it and Chinese with unique mode, and a large amount of homonyms that this operating mechanism produced make Chinese character very difficult to the transition of Chinese alphabetic writing.

32 tonequality phonemes are arranged in the mandarin pronunciation, totally 22 of consonant b, p, m, f, d, t, n, l, g, k, h, j, x, zh, ch, sh, r, z, c, s, ng, vowel a, o, e, i, u, ü, e,

(simple or compound vowel of a Chinese syllable of initial consonant z, c, s back, with the i table of holding concurrently),

(the simple or compound vowel of a Chinese syllable of initial consonant zh, ch, sh, r back, with the i table of holding concurrently), totally 10 of er, also have 4 non-tonequality phonemes (four positioning are gone up, gone to yin, yang), 32 tonequality phoneme groups are lined up 415 basic syllables (" newly changing dictionary "), are enlarged into 1200 syllables with four tones of standard Chinese pronunciation combination again.Tonequality phoneme in any language all is its main constituent, but not the tonequality phoneme then is less important constituent.Difference between difference between the different syllables of being lined up by the tonequality phoneme group syllable that only non-tonequality phoneme is different than tonequality phoneme group row is identical is much bigger, Chinese relies on non-tonequality phoneme (four tones of standard Chinese pronunciation) excessively and debates justice, so the phonetic image of its most of syllable is very not distinct, individual character is very not outstanding.This is the mandarin tone reason place that is difficult to grasp just also.Want people to grasp tone exactly, to most of people are comparison difficulties, also be unpractical, note is inaccurate also just to be wrongly write easily, in literal, use mark to transfer symbol or mark to transfer letter to mark tone on the other hand and also be unfavorable for the mechanization electronization, be unfavorable for writing, remember, read, not attractive in appearance yet, make tone information become recessive information so alphabetic writing should resemble the Chinese character, a loose interface is provided for the study user.

In the Modern Chinese, monosyllabic number has about 3,000, and " Chinese phonetic alphabet vocabulary " receives monosyllabic 2100, and " Modern Chinese is dictionary frequently " receives monosyllabic 2957.Go to write with 415 syllables, homograph (repeated code) quantity is a lot.The Modern Chinese universal word has about 45000 (according to " Chinese phonetic alphabet vocabulary " statistics), and the syllable form with about 415 removes to write this 45000 speech, and 17435 of homographs are arranged, and content is 38.6%; Remove to have write 5249 of homographs with toned about 1200 syllable form, content is 11.6%.Even be with tone, the content of homograph still exceeds far away and It is generally accepted that the regularization degree is than higher English and French (their homograph content is about 3%).

Modern Chinese solves the homonym problem two kinds of methods: the one, and be combined into multisyllable by single syllable and become unisonance and be unisonance not.The 2nd, increase the syllable written form, make sound with person's shape difference.This two rules only followed in the Chinese phoneticizing literal, could successfully set up.

First talk about second method.This method is exactly on the basis of the basic syllable form of the Scheme for the Chinese Phonetic Alphabet, by the written form that the increases syllable root that frequency of utilization is the highest, word-building power is the strongest in the Modern Chinese of finalizing the design.The written form of syllable has 3 kinds: simplify syllable form, variant syllable form, basic syllable form.1. simplify syllable form frequency of utilization is the highest, word-building power is the strongest root and some suffixes softly that is used for finalizing the design.

So-called simplification syllable form is exactly some letter that removes basic syllable form.Three kinds of situations are arranged: (one) removes simple or compound vowel of a Chinese syllable, stays initial consonant, as b (ripple), d (), h (river), z (son), zh (it) etc.(2) remove initial consonant, stay simple or compound vowel of a Chinese syllable, as i (), u (nothing), ie (also), etc.(3) remove the centre, stay two, as ja (family), go (mistake), ho (fire) etc.

The advantage of reduced form is, the syllable written form is brief, with its root that word-building power is the strongest, frequency of utilization is the highest of finalizing the design, not only can make double-tone joint that the people is composited from them, the polysyllabic word and find out its root, help understanding to compound word, and shortened the syllable written form (code length) of compound word, and increased the shape margin, help reading, write and remembering.As: rnja (other), blang (wave), lohow (backwardness), iqe (all), wnfng (writing style), zoye (operation), btao (great waves), plo (declining), kndyng (affirming), jnxng (carrying out), zngjya (increase), mnfng (tradition of a family), jhwi (chance), jeq (solar term), qty (gas), tbye (especially), byern (others), tshu (special), fnbye (difference), ynggai (should), 2. the variant syllable form frequency of utilization that also is used for finalizing the design is the highest for bnlay (originally), the root that word-building power is the strongest.

The variant syllable form can be " equivalent syllable form " again, is meant the another kind of spelling form that equates with the value of basic syllable substantially.Mainly contain following form: the replacement of (1) vowel ending of a final.As: bai (hundred), bay (in vain); Cao (mortise), caw (behaviour), cau (grass); Jiu (nine), jiw (moxibustion); Kai (wiping), kay (opening); Gui (kneeling), guy (returning); Guai (well-behaved), guay (turning) or the like.(2) replacement of alliteration (referral letter).As: hua (words), hoa (change), hwa (flower); Guai (well-behaved), goai (Jue), gwai (slaping); Lian (white silk), lyah (company); Jiang (river), jyang (saying); Jia (frame), jya (adding); Or the like.(3) replacement of the head vowel of a final.As: cong (clump), cung (green onion), cwng (from); Dui

, doi (heap), dwi (team); Chou (smelly), cheu (ugly); Dou (all), deu (trembling); Zong (hair on the neck), zung (indulging), zwng (always); Song (disputing), sung (reading aloud), swng (pine); Jing (finishing), jyng (essence) or the like.(4) replacement of whole simple or compound vowel of a Chinese syllable.As: bu (cloth), bw (no); Gui (kneeling), gwy (rare); Hui (braised), hwy (returning); Bi (closing), by (ratio); Guo (wrapping up in), gwe (pot); Ju (sentence), jio (office), jyo (tool); Cui (spitting), cwy (breaking); Or the like.(5) replacement of initial consonant.As: can (residual), tsan (ginseng), tzan (disastrously): cong (clump), tsong (acute hearing), tzong (long hollow piece of jade with rectangular sides); Fen (grave), phen (part); Feng (seam), pheng (honeybee); Sao (scratching), thao (disturbing); Song (disputing), thong (song); Zao (meeting with), dsao (hot-tempered), dzao (making an uproar); Zou (beating), dzou (consulting), dsou (corner); Zuo (left side), dzuo (scooping up), dsuo (cutter) or the like.(6) initial consonant and simple or compound vowel of a Chinese syllable are all replaced.As: zu (rent), dsw (finally), dzw (cursing); Zi (now), dsy (creaking); Cu (vinegar), tsw (urging), tzw (sudden); Tsy (toe), tzy (giving a tongue-lashing) or the like.(7) initial consonant and alliteration are replaced simultaneously.As: zhau (pawl), dra (grabbing); Zhuai (dragging), drai (Swagger); Zhuang (hitting), drang (dress); Zhuan (earning), dran (commentaries on classics); Zui (liquor-saturated), dzoi (Birthday-of-a-child), dswi (chewing) or the like.(8) initial consonant and the head vowel of a final are replaced together.As; Cong (clump), tswng (Cong); Cui (spitting), tsuy (worried); Sun (supper), thon (damage); Song (disputing), thung (sending), thwng (alarmming); Sou (whiz), theu (having eyes without pupils) or the like.(9) initial consonant and the ending of a final are replaced together.As: zao (meeting with), dsaw (jujube), dzaw (kitchen range), dsau (cutter), dzau (being pickled with grains or in wine); Zai (again), dsay (carrying), dzay (government official); Sai (match), thay (cheek); Cao (mortise), tsaw (noise), tsau (Cao), tzau (boat), tzaw (Anxious); Or the like.(10) alliteration and the head vowel of a final are replaced together.As jiu (nine), jyw (just); Qiu (fur coat), qyw (ball); (11) alliteration and the ending of a final are replaced simultaneously.As, huai (Huai), hway (ankle), liao (), lyau (putting down), lyaw (burning), diao (angling), dyau (falling), dyaw (hanging); Biao (mounting), byau (table), byaw (fish glue) or the like.(12) head vowel of a final and the ending of a final are replaced together.As: pou (Handful), pew (gathering); Hou (Snore), hew (larynx); Gou (reaching), gew (dog); Or the like.(13) initial consonant, alliteration, the head vowel of a final are replaced together.As: cui (spitting), tzwy

Zuo (left side), dzwe (sucking) or the like.(14) initial consonant, alliteration, the ending of a final are replaced together.As: zhui (dragging), dray (commentaries on classics); Or the like.(15) initial consonant, the head vowel of a final, the ending of a final are replaced together.As: sou (whiz), thew (whistling to a dog) or the like.(16) two vowel a, o, e, i, the y that write in the simple or compound vowel of a Chinese syllable of part syllable, as: boo (broadcasting), dee (getting), beei (doubly), beey (north), naa (where), laa (), ree (heat), sii (silk), syy (raising), qii (its), qyy (phase), hoou (monkey), joou (wine), meey (U.S.), meei (coal), goou (colluding), goow (purchasing), shee (society), lii (reason), mii (rice), myy (honey), kee (visitor) or the like.

The variant syllable form is that remaining frequency of utilization that is used for finalizing the design is very high, the root that word-building power is very strong after the simplification syllable form has been finalized the design.Though part syllable form has wherein increased a letter, makes code length elongated, be unfavorable for computing machine input and write that its shape margin is bigger, Biao Yidu is higher, helps reading and understanding.In the variant syllable form, the Chinese character of some syllable correspondences is arranged, or frequency of utilization is extremely low, or in Modern Chinese, does not use basically; Or word-building power extremely a little less than, or in Modern Chinese, do not have word-building capacity, also finalized the design with those idle variant syllable forms.This be consider these Chinese characters also may be some day spring comes to the withered tree enlivens as " party " word.But their quantity is few.As: tzen (rainwater in puddles), tsuei (Mourning), tsoi (?), suon (Sun), dsuy

, dsoo (ashamed), dzuan (jumping up) or the like.3. basic syllable form is used for the root that frequency of utilization is the highest, word-building power is stronger of finalizing the design.

Because the limited amount of syllable written form, basic syllable form still write in the single syllable root outside the syllable written form typing scope, thus the typing power of basic syllable form a little less than, " type " " do not decided ".In other words, syllable form is distributed more widely substantially, and the shape margin is less, and Biao Yidu is not high.Recognize this point, so we are preferentially not necessarily very strong with its those word-building power of finalizing the design, but the very high monosyllable of frequency of utilization.As ji (both), hua (words), liao (), duo (piece), bi (closing), jia (frame), fu (pair), huan (changing), ce (side), ba (eight), lu (land), jiao (), guo (wrapping up in), bian (just), bai (hundred), guang (strolling), zhi (only), zha (blinking), yang (sample), xian (county), ta (he) or the like.

It is individual more than totally 1880 to simplify syllable form, variant syllable form and basic syllable form.Write 60400 word phrases in " Chinese phonetic alphabet vocabulary " (1989 rearrange this) with these syllable written forms, last homograph seldom.Take following method to be broken up typing again to these homographs, just the repeated code in 60400 words, the phrase all can be eliminated.1. two part initial consonants of writing second syllable of word not be used in the beginning of word as bb, pp, mm, qq, zz, ff, tt, nn, ll, ss, dd, rr.Because these letters are the generally middle or suffix repetition at speech in western language, and not be used in prefix.As: dytan (carpet), dyttan (stall with goods spread out on the ground for sale) or the like.2. with hyphen " " and syllable-dividing mark " ' " the extremely low homonym of remaining frequency of utilization is broken up typing again.Here the existing sound insulation function of hyphen " " and syllable-dividing mark, different again shape function.And always preferentially use hyphen " ", secondly just use symbol " ' ".As shi-shi (history of poetry), shi-shy (serving as master), shi ' shi (unfounded), shishii (missing the season), shish (losing power), sh ' shy (agent), sh ' shi (enforcement), shiishii (constantly), shiishi (up-to-date style), shii ' sh (times), shiishy (current events), shiish (current situation), shishi (epic), shi-sh (historical facts), sh-shi (rally to pledge resolution before going to war), shshyy (arrows and stones), shysh (fact), shshii (in good time), shyshi (state of affairs), sh-shy (assuming office), shshy (accident), shishy (affairs of human life), shish (dying).

From above-mentioned this example, we make every effort to briefly at frequency of utilization is the highest as can be seen the general morphology of speech, and the shape margin is also bigger.The speech that has is its whole roots as can be seen, as shiishy (current events); The speech that has is the part root as can be seen.As shshyy (arrows and stones), shysh (fact), shshii (in good time).This not only helps understanding, and helps memory and reading.As for the lower speech of those frequencies of utilization, though tangible margin is less, do not see its root, be again come shortcoming such as other shape with non-letter character, their features of always having any different on form are used once in a while also and can not obscured.These low-frequency words can be eliminated it with the mode that neologisms substitute in the evolution of language, also can be overcome its above-mentioned shortcoming in actual use by the new orthographic form of social convention.In addition, in order to increase the shape margin of alphabetic writing, make code length brief, we make part consonant syllableization, spell the unshaped Chinese character of sending out bo, po, fu, de, te, ge, ke, ji, qi, xi, zi, ci, si, zhi, chi, shi sound outside the root of more than 1880 syllable written form typing with b, p, f, d, t, g, k, h, j, q, x, z, c, s, zh, ch, sh.As kxyoe (science), dawd (morals) etc.

The front was said, monosyllable (" modern Chinese frequency dictionary " receives monosyllabic 2957) about 3000 is arranged in the Modern Chinese, obviously can not be with more than 1880 syllable written forms with its all differentiation typing, does so how the Sheng Xia monosyllable that those frequencies of utilization are lower, word-building power is more weak break up typing? answer is with " synthetic method ".Two kinds of main word-building are arranged in " synthetic method ": a kind of is composite algorithm, and a kind of is add on method.Composite algorithm is used in Chinese extensively, and add on method is used in western language extensively.We break up typing with wherein a kind of so, still do two kinds of methods have both at the same time? through practice for many years, it is more than the add on method advantage that we feel to use composite algorithm to break up typing.Below we introduce us respectively and how to use add on method and composite algorithm to break up typing.1. add on method, the i.e. word formation of root prefixing, suffix.This method also usefulness in Chinese, but word-building quantity is many not as composite algorithm.Our first kind of design proposal used this method exactly.Its basic ideas are such: by the identical, close of meaning and relevant the classification, be divided into is 18 big classes to Lin Xingguang, Mr.'s Fei Bai " simple and clear Chinese thesaurus ", 1,730 groups to entry surplus 60,000.This 18 big class is: personage, virtue, intelligence, emotion, sensation, appearance, situation, contacts, fight, language, information, material, motion, time, space, quantity, degree, character.

" 18 big classes are organic wholes.With ' personage ' is starting point, and the performance by people self is divided into ' virtue, intelligence, emotion, sensation, appearance, situation; By interpersonal relation, be divided into contacts, fight, language, information '.Another core relative with ' personage ' is ' material '.' material ' is ' motion ', and ' time ' and ' space ' is the form of expression of motion, and ' quantity, degree, character ' also has close contact with ' material ' and ' motion '.Therefore, 18 of pandect big classes have inherent logical communication link ".("＜simple and clear Chinese thesaurus〉preface " Commercial Press's woods apricot light, phenanthrene are compiled in vain).

We further are summarised as 33 groups with 1,730 groups in this 18 big class, and unshaped monosyllable is returned wherein by the meaning branch.And then it is bigger to pick out those shape margins in the syllable written form that never uses, the syllable written form that form is brief (in general, the Chinese total number of these syllable correspondences seldom, what word-building capacity they do not have again often neither monosyllabic), as, byn, lya, toy, ton, myw, roy, ro, nw, noo, koi, on, sow, cn, cow, pye, pn, jow, qow or the like is attached in the monosyllabic typing monosyllable that is used for afterwards to them, the sign of the big class of initial consonant conduct of these syllables, as b (personage), l (virtue), t (intelligence), x (emotion), d (sensation), z (appearance), g (situation), h (contacts), m (fight), r (language), f (information), n (material), k (motion), s (time), c (space), p (quantity), j (degree), q (character).Whole syllable is as the sign of group, as cow (land: ground, place, territory, field, field, graveyard, locality, local, border ...); Con (waters: ocean, river, lake, marsh, pond, well ...); Cho (shape: figure, concave, convex, side, circle, flat, sharp, point, line, angle, face, flat, neat ...); Co (buildings: palace, ancestral hall, temple, tower, corridor, barracks, warehouse, canopy, fort ...) or the like.Ko (manually: grab, lift, put, hang, embrace, hold up, pluck, separate, be, adorn, pacify ...); Ki (foot-propelled: lead to, step on, play, stride, stand on tiptoe, walk, run, jump ...); (mouth is moving: eat, drink, gnaw, open one's mouth, suck for kow ...) or the like.Totally 90 of additional syllable forms like this, wherein 33 is citation form, remaining syllable written form is used for distinguishing their syllable written form accidentally just in big class when group is all identical.

Adopt the add on method following advantage of having finalized the design: 1. become the monosyllabic polysyllabic word that is; be used for breaking up homonym; the rule of development of synthetic language; this written word has distance with spoken word at the beginning; go but can be penetrated in the spoken language gradually, book words and phrases and spoken word are agreed, can certainly substitute it with neologisms; from a long-term point of view, people's memory burden can be more and more lighter.Do not transfer symbol and mark to transfer letter as mark, mute forever, must memorize mechanically forever.2. the distinctive feature of additional syllable transfers letter and mark to transfer symbol abundant than mark, and the information of semantic aspect in load, transfer letter and mark to transfer only loading section language message different in kind of symbol with mark, information more comprehensively, Biao Yidugenggao, help understanding, reading, also transfer letter and mark to transfer symbol to grasp well than mark.3. additional syllable has the function of the Chinese character pictographic element of a pictophonetic, and it has not only inherited the advantage of the Chinese character pictographic element of a pictophonetic, and than the table justice merit of the Chinese character pictographic element of a pictophonetic with more systematization, more be imbued with logicality.It is similar to the western language suffix in form.This frame mode meets people's cognition of Chinese characters psychology.Can perhaps, someone say that this is the phonetic phonogram not? we think that it and phonetic phonogram have essential distinction because its additional syllable can be penetrated in the spoken language go, by mute to the pronunciation.The pictographic element of a pictophonetic of phonetic phonogram is then mute forever.4. adventitious sound joint number purpose is few; and only be distributed in after the lower monosyllable of a part of frequency of utilization; do not transfer symbol and mark to transfer letter as mark; have in the monosyllable; also have in double-tone joint, the polysyllabic word syllable speech; widely dispersed, comparatively speaking, its memory burden is still light.But it also exists following shortcoming: 1. the double-tone jointization of Modern Chinese word, multisyllable process are gradual, rather than this sudden change formula, therefore, it gives a kind of like this impression of people easily: Modern Chinese has become another language seemingly.In fact, as long as the basic vocabulary and the grammer of Modern Chinese are constant, variation has taken place in the lower monosyllable of only a part of frequency of utilization, will not make Modern Chinese become another language.Even so, go even this written word can not be penetrated in the spoken language quickly, we also can be used as the aphonic pictographic element of a pictophonetic to it for the time being and treat, though write trouble a bit, are convenient to read and understand.However,, sit back and wait after these low-frequency words that need break up typing break up naturally to convert Chinese alphabetic writing again to that this is with trusting to chance and strokes of luck not have difference if we adopt gradual program.Because concerning Chinese character, it does not need the pressure of differentiation, and under the effect of Zipf's law, unless carry out consciously, planned mandatory intervention is difficult to reach the purpose of differentiation.Consider this point, thus our specialized designs tens with the corresponding Chinese character of additional syllable, be attached to after these monosyllabic words, become monosyllabic word and be disyllabic word, make two kinds of literal promote synchronized development mutually.In other words, be exactly when carrying out Chinese alphabetic writing, also the Chinese character written word is reformed.Though 2. these additional syllable phonetic image distinctnesses are difficult for producing new homonym with monosyllable combination back, read more awkward-soundingly, because their major parts all are to use the lower syllable of frequency, this permeates to spoken language for the book words and phrases is disadvantageous.On the contrary, if we adopt the higher syllable form of frequency of utilization, then can produce new homonym and its shape margin and Biao Yidu again neither be gratifying.3. break up the remaining monosyllable of typing with tens additional syllable forms,, help memory though number is less, but identical syllable written form appears at after many monosyllables, repetition rate is too high, and the variation of morphology is too little, sees that on the whole the shape margin of alphabetic writing is little.In a word, use the artificial regulation of add on method more, the approval difficulty that obtain society is bigger.2. composite algorithm: be the word that combines by two or more roots.In order to overcome episomal shortcoming, development based on inheritance Chinese character mean-expressing degree height, advantage such as the shape margin is big, we find with composite algorithm more than the add on method advantage in practice.Be these monosyllables that need finalize the design and what root compound so? answer is to carry out compoundly with same meaning or close English word, and promptly Dan Yinjieci basic orthographic form adds English word.The word that many this patterns are in fact just arranged in the Modern Chinese word.We know that Chinese often adopts transliteration to add the mode of free translation when absorbing external speech.Be after the whole speech transliteration, add a Chinese morpheme of representing adopted class.As: Bacille Calmette-Guerin, tsar, ballet, champagne, flannel, truck, motorcycle, jeep, sardine, beer, cigar, tank, tractor.The Chinese morpheme and the meaning of a word that adopted class is shown in the back have certain getting in touch, and have reflected the partial content of the meaning of a word, help understanding and memory.And we have only changed this two-part front and back position once, and the front is that Chinese word back is an English word, come other shape, table justice with English word, the monosyllable in the differentiation typing Chinese.

The concrete practice is: 1. select with the identical or close English word of the Chinese single-syllable speech meaning of a word.If these English words have synonym or near synonym, we then select as far as possible, and morphology is brief, the shape margin is big, with the Chinese phonetic alphabet be easy to combine into syllables, with the Chinese single-syllable word combination after syllable boundary line English word clearly.If 2. the monosyllable of Chinese is a polysemant, we are standard with its literal sense then, select same meaning or close English word, and whether the senses of a dictionary entry of not considering to extend are in full accord with the senses of a dictionary entry of extending of English word; If its literal sense is not as the independent meaning of a word that uses, and when only occurring as the word-building morpheme justice of compound word, we are the Standard Selection English word with the justice of extending of close literal sense then, and do not consider that whether remaining senses of a dictionary entry fits like a glove with other senses of a dictionary entry of English word.

Has following advantage with English word with the Chinese single-syllable speech is compound: the 1. differentiation remaining monosyllable of having finalized the design, no repeated code.Open good, those are not taken in the monosyllable of dictionary to break up typing easily.2. English word also is to work with great care to form in long-term use, and its distinctive feature is abundant, and the shape margin is big; Meaning is clear and definite, stable, Biao Yidugao.Help reading and understanding.3. English word is international strong, breaks up typing Chinese single-syllable speech with it, helps Chinese's studying english, though the pronunciation difference, morphology is identical with the meaning of a word, has also learnt by heart in the time of the learning Chinese alphabetic writing and has killed two birds with one stone a part of English word.This multi-functional Chinese alphabetic writing is to the student, and study such as scientific and technical personnel, user transfer symbol, mark to transfer the Chinese alphabetic writing of letter, mute justice symbol to have more learning value than mark-on.Simultaneously also help the foreigner and learn Chinese, help the interchange of Chinese and Western culture, help human spoken and written languages and finally head for unification.4. English word is arranged the degree height, breaking up typing Chinese single-syllable speech with it accepts for society easily, especially easily be scientific and technological circle, cultural circles, educational circles' acceptance, the realization of this popularization for Chinese alphabetic writing, " language two literary compositions " all is very favourable.Transfer symbol and do not resemble mark, mark is transferred letter, aphonic justice symbol like that, artificial regulation too much, too assorted, be unfavorable for that again robot calculator handles.But also exist shortcoming with English word typing Chinese single-syllable speech: the code length that has 1. increased word.3. before they also are not penetrated into spoken language, memorize mechanically one by one, only after understanding and remembeing, their competence exertion semantizations, the memory burden is heavier.But when they are penetrated in the spoken language, when becoming Chinese terms a part of, the memory burden just can be more and more lighter, do not resemble mark and transfer symbol, mark to transfer letter, and mute justice symbol must be memorize mechanicallyd like that forever.Certainly overcritical Chinese alphabetic writing is impossible without any shortcoming, and we must read well, write well, good note, aspect seeking balance point such as handy, make every effort to make each side to reach best configuration.

Three, word link writing

The design Chinese alphabetic writing must solve the word link writing problem, and the purpose of participle is for write the two or more syllables of a word together.What is " speech " so? be difficult to provide all accurate definition in four seas of clearly putting from the angle of general linguistics, this is because speech is the typing symbol of pronunciation and meaning combination, it is the base unit of vocabulary, be again the tectonic unit of grammer, must relate to many problems of lexicology and grammar simultaneously so give a definition to speech.Certainly will be comprehensive inadequately if list is had in mind from some angles, various in the world still more language all have the concrete condition of oneself, the definition of next suitable all language then more difficult.

This (Joseph Vendryes) is said as Delhi, French linguist room: " definition of speech is different in different language.The speech of some language is independent and indivisible unit.Other language speech but is difficult to difference with sentence, and the definition of this speech must comprise many various key elements ... this shows, can not give speech the next general definition that is applicable to all language." he advocates " language difference, the definition of speech also should be different ".The famous linguist of Switzerland is beating, and you also say: " to any definition under the speech all is futile." however, but say that from the general extent all grasp this clansman of a kind of language, and no matter he can or can not write with the literal of this language, but what is " speech " to, a understanding is instinctively probably all arranged.

The Chinese language scholar also made many definitions to " speech ", and conclusion is got up, and outer putting down defined speech from voice, semanteme, three aspects of grammer.More general formulation is thought at present: speech is to have certain speech form, represents certain meaning, the least unit that can freely use.Specifically, the phonetic structure form that to be exactly that speech has complete, fixing, do not change because of the difference of situation; Speech has independent, complete meaning, is not the simple addition of morpheme justice; The least unit that speech can freely use when being sentence-making, " freely using " repelled morpheme (morpheme), and " minimum " repelled phrase.

For many writing systems, learned word can think to appear at a series of letters between two blank, and blank is exactly the sign of word the beginning and the end.And not having such blank between the Chinese learned word, a Chinese character suffers a Chinese character and is arranging equably.Monosyllable has comparative advantage in archaic Chinese, a Chinese character is exactly a speech, boundary between word and the word, it is exactly the sign of word the beginning and the end, but along with the development part Chinese character of language is morpheme, can not have independently been used again by the speech decay gradually, yet they but still are active in the compound word as the word-building material, when monosyllabic word and polysyllabic word are evenly distributed like this, can not separate them from form.

The participle standard must go to seek academic foundation from grammer, semanteme, voice three aspects.Mr. Zhou Youguang has summarized the segmenting method that the fifties was once attempted in his " reform of Chinese characters outline ":

1. the standard of grammatical character: a. substitutes determination method, and b. inserts determination method (development method), and c. is single to use and the sentence-making determination method d. suffix mark.

2. the standard of meaning of a word character: the simple property of a. meaning determining method, b. meaning compactedness, compactedness determining method.C. extended meaning determining method.D. property determining method commonly used.

3. the standard of voice character: a. pauses with the relation of participle, and the b. number of syllables is followed the relation of participle, the relation that c. schwa, alliteration assonance, company read to modify tone.

The result be " standard is many, do not have a kind of can be universally applicable, and various standard also can be conflicted mutually ".The disunity of participle standard has caused the confusion on the write the two or more syllables of a word together, and " practice is told us, deals with problems uniformly with a kind of standard and does not accomplish.The way that gears to actual circumstances is the standard of the syntax of integrated use simultaneously, the meaning of a word, voice three class character, they is replenished mutually mutually proofread and correct.This method can be called three overall approach ".(Zhou Youguang " reform of Chinese characters outline ").There is theory to coach; Have the masses' spelling practice to do the basis, the word link writing problem could finally be solved.But we must stipulate a framework earlier when the design Chinese alphabetic writing, only under the prerequisite that guarantees to use, just talk correction, perfect.If according to the way in past, problem is pushed away completely to the masses, the result is that you divide me to connect, and divides today connect tomorrow, lacks overall consideration, lacks practical value, can influence the masses' the enthusiasm of putting into practice conversely again.

We think that the word link writing problem should adopt " cuts apart encirclement.Defeat in detail " strategy, utilization " three overall approach " is analyzed earlier monosyllabic, and then analyzes double-tone joint, polysyllabic word.Result's typing of analyzing as dividing the basic foundation that connects, has good grounds the masses in the Chinese alphabetic writing dictionary, to shorten the chaotic phase of spelling, dwindles the chaotic scope of spelling.Not quite influencing under the prerequisite of practical application, individual problem can be through discussion, practice is progressively solved, and finally reaches purpose sanctified by usage.

Our specific practice is as follows:

1. monosyllabic: the easiest merchandiser syllable word of monosyllable lumps together.This is that their frequency of utilization is more and more lower because some monosyllabic word decays in the Chinese, and usable range is more and more littler, and is alternative by another neologisms gradually, but does not also completely lose the qualification of speech, also can occur once in a while in indivedual occasions; On the other hand, because the orphan of Chinese character is strong from property, Biao Yidugao is not " even some archaic Chinese words still can pass in and out at modern article, cause complicated language hierarchy " not annotatedly.

We can leach monosyllable in utilization " single with and make sentences determination method " from Chinese character, and are finalized the design.

2. disyllabic word: because the word-building of Chinese is consistent with sentence structure, so disyllabic word is difficult for making a distinction with two monosyllabic phrases of forming.Having two compositions of following several situation: a. all can not singly use, perhaps have a composition singly not use, is a disyllabic word, write the two or more syllables of a word together.B. can insert other composition between two compositions, promptly so-called " separable word " handled by three speech.For example: " making a bow ", " bringing up " are speech, and " bending forward " is a speech, and " bowing " also is a speech; " visible ", " seeing " are speech, and " opinion " is a speech, and " seeing " also is a speech; " beat unbeaten ", " beating " is a speech, and " losing " is a speech, and " defeating " also is a speech; " do not finish industry ", " finishing " is a speech, and " already " is a speech, and " graduation " also is a speech; Or the like.C. two compositions can both singly be used the most difficult judgement.This is both can word to express because of a semantic unit or notion, also can express with phrase.Be related on meaning between the constituent of speech, each speech of phrase also is related on meaning, they accurately can not be made a distinction with " getting in touch closely or not " so very fuzzy saying.Therefore, must make its sanctified by usage as soon as possible settling out in conjunction with the masses' spelling custom." Chinese phonetic alphabet vocabulary " (Chinese Press) entry of receiving is the product of the long-term combination of theory and practice, and the agreement degree is than higher; We are mainly based on it.

3. polysyllabic word: polysyllabic word also is difficult for drawing distinction in accordance with phrase, and reason is identical with the double-tone joint.Following several situation is arranged: have one or more composition singly not use in many constituents of a., do not become speech, write the two or more syllables of a word together again after separating.B. several components can both singly be used, and meaning is in conjunction with also more closely, and we follow the rule word link writing of " only inhaling mutually " " refusing mutually in pairs ".

Whether the branch of determining polysyllabic word connects standard, except utilization " three overall approach ", also must also will consider simultaneously to help to read and understand in conjunction with the masses' spelling custom.The branch of polysyllabic word we also based on " Chinese phonetic alphabet vocabulary ", but for the ease of reading and understanding, some entry and " Chinese phonetic alphabet vocabulary " are not quite similar.As the integer between 11 to 99, " Chinese phonetic alphabet vocabulary " (rearranging this in 1989) regulation write the two or more syllables of a word together, as shiyi (11), sanshisan (33), jiushijiu (99): the units write the two or more syllables of a word together of " hundred ", " thousand ", " ten thousand ", " hundred million " and front, " ten thousand ", " hundred million " write with the several branches more than ten of front, as jiuyi ling qiwanerqian sanbai wushiliu (900,072,356).We then all carry out to divide and write, as shi (11), san sh san (33), jiu sh jiu (99), jiu yi lying qi wan arqian san bai ar sh sy (900,072,324), dividing the benefit of writing is that these speech are finalized the design, it is brief separately to write morphology, and image is outstanding, can be because of write the two or more syllables of a word together and other speech similar shape (with sign indicating number), Biao Yidu is also high simultaneously, is convenient to read and understand.

Above-mentioned word link writing rule is embodied in " the Chinese phoneticizing literal vocabulary " that we compile, during use, temporarily with it as standard, individual problem can be discussed, and progressively solves.Do not have the word of income to carry out branch temporarily and write, sanctified by usage in practice after, augmented again.As for the vocabulary of each professional domain, then edit separately according to the design concept of Chinese alphabetic writing.

Four, classical Chinese becomes divisional processing

The classical Chinese composition comprises: classical Chinese speech, classical Chinese word, classical Chinese Chinese idiom.

Classical Chinese word word link writing pressed in the classical Chinese speech.Because the classical Chinese word is typing not, so write out very hard to understand with the Chinese phonetic alphabet.Therefore the classical Chinese speech in the modern writings in the vernacular need be indicated with quotation marks, and is explained or translate in the parenthesis of back.

Classical Chinese word (mainly being monosyllabic) substitutes with corresponding modern vernacular word in writings in the vernacular without exception.The person that do not have the corresponding substitute with the tilted letter typesetting and printing, and in the parenthesis of back, explained.

The classical Chinese Chinese idiom is a kind of special fixed phrases of handing down and commonly using.It has the globality and the stability of structure characteristics of meaning.Its wide material sources is mainly from mythical fable, history story, pearls of wisdom, poetic prose word, oral common saying.The syntactic function of Chinese idiom is equivalent to a speech, when carrying out the sentence structure analysis, need not the inner structure of Chinese idiom is analyzed.Because the complex structure of Chinese idiom is various, standard differs, so spelling always is very chaotic." modern Chinese dictionary " adopted 7 kinds of spelling forms; " Chinese phonetic alphabet vocabulary (revising and enlarging original text) " adopted 15 kinds of spelling forms.But nothing more than dividing, connect entirely, partly connect entirely, these four kinds of word link writings.

Full benefit of dividing is that standard is unified, even confusion phenomena of branch can not occur, is actually to be word for word phonetic notation of Chinese idiom.Its shortcoming is to write dispersion, can not embody the meaning globality of Chinese idiom and the compactedness characteristics of structure; On the other hand, the archaic Chinese word in the Chinese idiom is typing not, beyonds one's depth, reads so write out with the Chinese phonetic alphabet.

The advantage that connects entirely is that standard is unified, the confusion phenomena that branch even differs can not occur, and has embodied the meaning globality of Chinese idiom and the compactedness characteristics of structure.Its shortcoming is that the assembly formula is long, not well organized, seems burdensome.

Partly connect branch is arranged in promptly connecting, branch and connecting.Method is classical Chinese speech or phrase to be held together with hyphen in Chinese idiom inside.A hyphen only used in the Chinese idiom of distich formula.Be used as speech in the Modern Chinese, all write the two or more syllables of a word together.The advantage of this method be features more clear, be convenient to read and understand.Shortcoming is that hyphen is too many, is unfavorable for writing, remembering.Because concerning the general masses, they can not be as the linguist, and everybody possesses the knowledge of grammar of system and analyzes the institutional framework of Chinese idiom, unless memorize mechanically, must cause and write confusion.

Word link writing is promptly pressed the classical Chinese participle, respectively write the two or more syllables of a word together.Its advantage is that features are more clear, writes conveniently, and shortcoming is to write too to disperse, and can not embody the globality of Chinese idiom meaning and the compactedness of structure, and the context boundary is unclear, is unfavorable for Fast Reading.

Above-mentioned four kinds of trials respectively have relative merits, and in order to overcome their shortcoming, we do following processing when the spelling Chinese idiom:

1. four compositions all are archaic Chinese single syllable words, and all not as the root typing, then whole write the two or more syllables of a word together; If these four compositions are finalized the design, then all divide and write.

If 2. in four Chinese idioms two disyllabic words are arranged, then divide and write.

If 3. in four compositions a disyllabic word is arranged, two monosyllable or words of having finalized the design as root then divide and write; If a disyllabic word is arranged in four compositions, one or two is arranged not as the monosyllable or the speech of root typing, then whole write the two or more syllables of a word together.

The Chinese idiom regularity is relatively poor beyond the four word lattice, needs typing one by one.As: the unprecedented ptyanhoang zwe shan guanlook hutiger dow. shan yurain yudesire lay fng man lew. of making every possible effort s mea dangzoo hoo meayidoctor. the rising wind forebodes a coming storm that sits on top of the mountain to watch the fight between two lions

Five, alien word is handled

Alien word also is loan word, is meant the word of borrowing in other nationality's language.The Chinese loan word has following several types: 1. transliteration speech, the sound translation of shining alien word is come.2. transliteration adds the free translation speech, an alien word in two, and half transliteration, half free translation; Or after the whole speech transliteration, add the Chinese morpheme of an adopted class of expression.3. borrow shape, speech as Chinese directly taken back in the Japanese speech that writes out with Chinese character.4. free translation speech, according to the meaning of alien word, the speech of creating with the word-building material and the word-building mode of Chinese.

Because the phoneme of various language is also not quite identical, so the transliteration alien word is inaccurate, just the speech sound is similar substantially; Letter owing to the phoneme correspondence also is not quite similar again, so the written form of transliteration alien word usually differs greatly with former speech.Sound is inaccurate, and shape is also different.Though this loan word mode is more time saving and energy saving, the transliteration speech be difficult for to be understood, and with the international standard disunity, also cause the confusion of written form easily.The free translation lexicon closes the inner structure rule of Chinese, meets the understanding psychology and the value orientation of han nationality, easy to understand.But free translation is the process of a recreation.Waste time and energy, and with the international standard disunity.Transliteration is translated and introduced with special care between the two.Borrow shape, i.e. " original text is borrowed method "." single romanization " of international implementation in recent years promptly belongs to this kind method, and its advantage is the international uniform standard, helps cultural exchanges.The literal of non-Roman character had legal or general Roman character reprint method originally, as long as selected a kind of as standard, problem has just solved.At name, place name and scientific and technical terminology aspect face adopt unified international standard, are convenient favourable to cultural exchanges." but single romanization " borrowed shape to exist one not allow the problem of avoiding, i.e. pronunciation problem.The pronunciation problem also is a complicated problems, needs conscientiously research, works up and combines detailed rules and regulations into syllables, and tion reads shen such as regulation.And can not read with Chinese phonetic alphabet difficulty because of some alien word, just abandon the principle of " naming after the originating person or place ", revert to the mix of self-isolation again.Foreign in a word name, place name, scientific and technical terminology directly adopt the original name of Latinize The afvantages outweigh the disadvantages, are trends of the times, and we only conform to the world historical trend, just can seek survival in opening, seek development.

Do following processing about the spelling of alien word:

1. foreign name, place name all adopts current international practice standard.

2. scientific and technical terminology also adopts the international uniform standard.Because scientific and technical terminology generally all appears in the more special scholarly work or publication, their reader generally is familiar with foreign language, so indiscriminately imitate the obstacle that original text can not cause reading to them, understand the aspect.If certain scientific and technical terminology becomes general word in the future, and its bad combining into syllables, we can recreate a corresponding free translation speech so, or its orthographic form is suitably transformed, and are beneficial to combine into syllables.Become the scientific and technical terminology of the general word of Modern Chinese, if they have homonym or homograph, then allowed them recover original text, Chinese-character words is cancelled thereupon, no longer separately and exclusively differentiation typing.If they do not have homonym or homograph, then still keep, and on scholarly work or publication, adopt the international uniform standard.

Six, the processing of abbreviation and abbreviation

Abbreviation is formed by the phrase breviary.Its objective is to time saving and energy saving.But the general difficult understanding of abbreviation is write out than Chinese character with alphabetic writing and to be write out to more beyonding one's depth.Because the single syllable root of finalizing the design in the alphabetic writing is wanted much less than Chinese character, Biao Yidu is not as the Chinese character height.Some abbreviation is because long-term frequency of utilization is very high, so do not have what difference with general general word, user even do not recognize comes.In order to overcome abbreviation shortcoming hard to understand, and consider that it might become a general word, we do following processing to abbreviation:

1. from phrase, choose the typing root of Biao Yidugao as far as possible, be beneficial to understand.

2. abbreviation should be avoided and other speech unisonance or similar shape as far as possible.

3. separate with hyphen in the middle of the double-tone memorandum language,, preparation is arranged theoretically when the people is read, be unlikely to guess with extending endlessly as the sign of abbreviation.The multisyllable abbreviation is generally without hyphen, mainly be for write conveniently, morphology is attractive in appearance.

Abbreviation is meant " letter abbreviations ", separate with round dot between the letter or write the two or more syllables of a word together together, be abbreviated as Z.R.G or ZRG as " People's Republic of China (PRC) ".The capitalization without exception of abbreviation letter.

Seven, uppercase usage

1. capitalization is used for the article beginning, the expression beginning.

2. word beginning letter capitalized without exception in proper names such as name, place name, mechanism.

The Chinese personal name homonymous phenomena is very serious, writes out with the Chinese phonetic alphabet just to be the similar shape word, does not open respectively.Therefore need do following reform:

A. advocate and use two-character surname,, be used for distinguishing the identical surname of written form as " Ouyang ", " Linghu " etc.

B. adopt " surname+name+word " this naming method, as Li Bay Taibay (li po is too white); Maw Zedoong Rwnzh (Mao Zedong is moistened it) or the like.

Eight, punctuation mark and dividing a word with a hyphen at the end of a line

Punctuation mark that Chinese uses and the English punctuation mark that uses are not quite similar, the pause mark that do not have in the English is arranged in the Chinese (), mark of emphasis (.) separation dot (), punctuation marks used to enclose the title (" "), line under or beside a word to show that it is a proper noun (-).Chinese is represented fullstop with small circle, and English is represented fullstop with dot.

Can go everywhere without any hindrance here on QWERTY keyboard for Chinese alphabetic writing, we adopt english punctuation mark, with " round dot " replacement " circle " expression fullstop; Replace pause mark with comma; Replace punctuation marks used to enclose the title with quotation marks; With the initial letter representation proper name of capitalization; Represent separation dot with blank.The cancellation mark of emphasis.

Divide a word with a hyphen at the end of a line, the place of not write at lastrow adds hyphen.

Use and prospect

Is alphabetic writing superior, or Chinese character is superior? need Chinese or not alphabetizing? these problems become the focus of people's arguement in recent years once more.We think that this is a theoretical question, practical problems especially, enumerated the dramatic benefit of alphabetic writing although advocate the personage of the Chinese phonetic alphabetization, cannot take out making the stronger scheme of unsatisfied operability all the time, be pale and weak no wonder their eloquence seems.

The design Chinese alphabetic writing need be resolved the many problems in the orthography, yet these problems are intricate, pull one hair and move the whole body, for many years facts have proved " let drift and allow the masses remove ' creation ' alphabetic writing; wait it naturally and understandably to finalize the design, this road is impracticable ".And must system consider, carefully design, draft a basic framework, guaranteeing under the prerequisite of practical application, just talk correction, perfect.Not for the word function, do not have practical value, whose experiment enthusiastically arranged?

" the DF type Chinese alphabetic writing " of our design, the rule of development that not only meets Chinese, and inherited the advantage of Chinese character, and having multiple function, it both can be used as independently that literal uses, can be used as the unifier sign indicating number of computing machine again, realize the computer conversion of " language two literary compositions ", because it and Chinese character have stronger corresponding relation, in addition with scientific and technical personnel, intelligentsia and robot calculator that students etc. are familiar with English are the strong point and breach, so have transitional preferably.Practical application by them drives the practice that the masses participate in Chinese alphabetic writing more energetically, could constantly discover problems and solve them like this, makes alphabetic writing gradually attain perfection.

Any in the world alphabetic writing all will could be grasped gradually through study, and Chinese alphabetic writing is no exception.Because Chinese alphabetic writing and Chinese character have stronger correspondence, the watch sound degree is very high, and is so study is got up and is not really difficult concerning the people who has grasped Chinese character, more much easier than learning Chinese characters.The alphabetic writing publication support that the alphabetic writing publication is arranged or contrast with Chinese character connects during reading to piece together to be with and guesses, does not need too much with the help of a dictionary the have more than is needed single syllable root that how long just can grasp large quantities of typings; There have been these roots to do the basis,, Chinese-character words converted to the alphabetic writing word with the root of having grasped even those alphabetic writing words of not learning also can be understood the rest by analogy.Reading rate also can be accelerated greatly simultaneously.Statistics according to " modern Chinese frequency dictionary "; In the highest preceding 8548 words of usage degree, usage degree is totally 2256 of the speech more than 50, and they have covered 83.6306% of whole language materials.Remaining 6202 speech only covers 16.3604.In the highest preceding 8441 words of frequency, preceding 5000 speech more than 22 times occur, their coverage rate has reached 91.6675% of whole language materials.Therefore a GPRS these words that usage degree is the highest, frequency is the highest, most of obstacle of reading is just removed, and middlely runs into strange word once in a while, relies on its pronunciation and context also to be not difficult to guess.Simultaneously we both available it write article, also can realize the computer Chinese-character input with it.

DF type Chinese phoneticizing literal has good realizability, just can realize the mutual conversion of alphabetic writing and block character by the method for language translation.In case of necessity, can convert block character to by batch fashion.

The easiest being blamed in the DF type alphabetic writing probably will have been counted those with the low frequency monosyllables of English word typing.It is " a foreign classical Chinese " in other words; Its code length is long in other words, and is too burdensome; It has increased the energy expenditure of study use etc. in other words, but all opposes only its benefit.It transfers letter, mark to transfer symbol and Yi Fu that better outlet and home to return to are arranged than those aphonic marks still more.Mr. Wang Li once write in " reform of Chinese characters " postscript of his work: " the firstth, peasant's cultural underrating, it is antipathetic that so-called peasant's language and highbrow language are arranged seemingly.As long as culture arrives the rural area, how many neologisms highbrow vocabulary just can after liberation during the last ten years, not know to have absorbed gradually with peasant's vocabulary interflow in peasant's vocabulary in fact, and this is that I am quite unexpected.The secondth, the effect of written language is underestimated, think that artificial neologisms can not take root in spoken language.Is not fact proved today, to enter in the spoken language already to go as the speech of ' study ', ' criticism ' class written language? the 3rd is to have exaggerated difficulty on the phonetic study of Beijing, thereby advocates that regulation phonetic second formula yields to the southerner.Writing of font main not necessarily wants can distinguish in the spoken language by memory in fact, let alone go to school phonetic in primary school, kindergarten, do not had the problem of language barrier especially.The 4th is correct inadequately to the view of ' special character '.Certainly, it is bad that the masses have learned that new literacy do not use fully, if but with Chinese character simultaneously and with a period, as transition, be a good method on the contrary ".This section that Mr. Wang Li says decades ago reads still to make us to be doubly encouraged today.

Creating Chinese alphabetic writing is the systems engineering of Chinese national culture history the next item up magnificence, never is that any individual can bear, and it needs support, the encouragement of government, needs whole nation's collective wisdom and effort.If our seeking can be offered as a tribute widow's mite for it, or cast a brick to attract jade better scheme can be emerged as early as possible, all will make us feel gratified very much.

Now DF type Chinese alphabetic writing sample is listed below:

1. single syllable root differentiation typing for example: bei (quilt), bey (back of the body), beey (north), beei (doubly); Biaw (mark), biau (fat), byau (table), biao (mounting), byao (), byaw (fish glue); Huy (ash), huoy (waving), hoy (brightness), hoey (emblem), hwoi (extensive), hwy (returning), huei (fennel), hwoy (regreting), hoi (ruining), huoi (remittance), huey (beak), hwi (meeting), hui (braised).

The monosyllabic row of lifting of the part of 2. English differentiation typing: tangroom (hall), tangsugar (sugar), tangboring (boring), tangshed (dropping down), tangscald (scalding), tangdyke (pool), tangwater (soup), tangharrow (weeding and loosen the soil); Yuanyard (institute), yuanwish (hope), yuanresent (resentment), yuanpuli (helping), yuancause (edge), yuangarden (garden), yuanape (ape), yuansource (source); Zhured (Zhu), zhukill (putting to death), zhucandle (candle), zhutell (advising), zhueook (boiling), zhusave (storage); Yinghawk (hawk), yingwarbler (warbler), yingwin (win), yingfly (fly), yinggreet (meeting), yingmirror (reflecting).

3. double-tone joint, polysyllabic word differentiation typing are for example:

Feeytu (not only), pheitw (loam), pheytu (bandit); Fzhi (fostering), fuzhi (mansion will), fuzh (position of a deputy), fu-zh (father's friends), fzh (resuming one's post), fzhy (duplicating), phwzh (notes appended to a book, etc); Gwnglli (millimetre), gwnglyi (kilometer), gwnglii (axiom), gungly (skill), gongly (power), gonglyy (material gain), gwngli (Gregorian calendar), gwng-li (general rule), gwngliy (public); Gwnglwqau (vehicular bridge), gwnglwwang (network of highways), gwahaufeei (registration fee), gwahauxn (registered mail), jswanj (computing machine), jswanqy (counter), jiytyhoa (collectivization), jyngzhypyn (highly finished product), jyenbnwizhy (gold standard), jinbiawsai (championship), xlihutu (muddleheaded).

4. the Chinese idiom spelling for example: myanyubeyhoi (praising to his face and abuse him behind his back), myingjianglyyswe (bondage of reputation and wealth), wanjiebwf (beyond redemption), weyhuzochang (acting as cat's paw for an evil-doer), yanqxigu (stopping figthing), xing-shi dung drong (dragging in many people), xng jang jyw mw (just being about to originally).

5. short essay is for example:

Baofngxyue?zay?feyyang?zhe……

Snowstorm is flying upward

i?jiu?sy?san?nyan?d?Haylai?shanqio，zhanlli?zay?linlie?d?handong

Tremble in piercingly cold lyi fng juan zhe xyuehwa in severe winter, kwangbao de sawdang zhe shanyee, cwnzhoang, lining in the extra large Laishan District in 1943 years.Wind is being rolled up snowflake and is being mopped up hill village yiaohan zhe guw shuw d qu-gan furiously, zhuang kay l rnja d mn choang, the door and window that the trunk that bea p is giving a violent shake to ancient tree has rushed open other the cogongrass a large amount of on the broken uwz shang d maocau da bea da bea de si xalay xiang kwngzhwng yangraise room tear it down and raise qyu in the air, bea lngsensen d xyuehwa tha jn rnja d uwz lyi, bingqye zay goes to spread in other room to chilly snowflake and at gwangtutu d shuwshao shang gway sheeng d heowjiau zhe, paoxiao zhe, roaring the fangf shjyee shang d iqe that roaring of strange sound on the trees bare of leaves tip, dou shiy tea d xunshwn d nuli, tea k-ii seemingly in the world all be it tame and docile slave it can reenyi de reoulin tamen, hoimye tamen ... at random trample on them and destroy them

(selecting from high green grass or young crops " party member's registration form ")

List of references [1] " linguistic base " Wang Zhenkun, Xie Wenqing, Liu Zhenduo, publishing house of Central Radio ﹠ TV University, P106.[2] " Chinese language modernization " 1980 the 3rd volume, " the Chinese alphabetic writing regularization is just wiped " Yin Binyong, P61.[3] " method collection " Zhu Changchao, Qi Yueran, Qi Jinqin, Deng Weizhi, scientific popularization publishing house.[4] People's Education Publishing House, P522 are write in " physiological psychology " Shao suburb.[5] " kybernetics, information theory, systematology and science of education " looked into beam, Sichuan Social Science Publishing House, P38.[6] " kybernetics, information theory, systematology and science of education " looked into beam, Sichuan Social Science Publishing House, P59.[7] the 3rd phase of " reform of a writing system " nineteen eighty-two, " some contradictions in the Chinese Language reform " [U.S.] De Fanke, P8.[8] the 3rd phase of " reform of a writing system " nineteen eighty-two, " some contradictions in the Chinese Language reform " [U.S.] De Fanke, P8.[9] " Chinese character problem academic discussion collected works ", " about several basic problems of Chinese character evaluation " Yin Binyong, Chinese Press, P261.[10] material draws from " method collection " Zhu Changchao, Qi Yueran, Qi Jinqin, Deng Weizhi, scientific popularization publishing house, P1.[11] 1980 the 2nd phases of [12] " Chinese Language " " literal of having a talk modernization ", Liu Zexian.[13] " Chinese information " the 1st phase in 1994 " alphabetizing is to make foreign things serve china ", P4.[14] People's Education Publishing House, P561 are write in " physiological psychology " Shao suburb.[15] People's Education Publishing House, P554 are write in " physiological psychology " Shao suburb.[16] " psycholinguistics " Zhu Manshu. publishing house of Miu Xiaochun East China Normal University, P104.[17] " Chinese language construction " the 4th phase in 1992 " the superior all theory of Chinese character puts forward a suspicion " Wang Kaiyang, P11.[18] uncle [19] " computer Chinese information processing " first volume Zhao jade tablet, Xu Li write the Yuhang Publishing House.[20] " Chinese information " the 4th phase in 1992, " principle of design of the Chinese phonetic alphabetization and scheme " HuangBing Yu, P52.[21] " Chinese language modernization " the 4th volume of " Chinese alphabetic writing regularization pre-test " mediocre P123 of Yin Bin in 1980, the Chinese Press.[22] " Chinese information " the 2nd phase in 1992, " historic mission of Chinese information processing research " Liu Juebin, P27.[23] " Chinese language modernization " 1980 the 3rd volume, " Chinese alphabetic writing regularization pre-test " Yin Binyong, P70.

Claims

1. one kind " literal code of DF type Chinese phoneticizing ", by alphabetizing typing to the Modern Chinese universal word, lay the foundation for the foundation of Chinese phoneticizing literal on the one hand, handling for computer Chinese-character information again on the other hand provides a kind of versatility code, realizes " language two literary compositions " conversion.

2. according to the described content of claim 1, feature of the present invention exists: with more than 1880 the syllable written forms root that frequency of utilization is the highest, word-building power is the strongest in the Modern Chinese of finalizing the design, finally reach the purpose of typing Modern Chinese universal word.

3. according to the described content of claim 2, the invention is characterized in: break up low frequency double-tone joint, the multisyllable homograph that more than 1880 syllable written form of typing do not break up typing with two part initial consonant bb, pp, mm, qq, zz, ff, tt, nn, ll, ss, dd, rr that write second syllable of word.

4. according to the described content of claim 2, the invention is characterized in: with hyphen "-" and syllable-dividing mark " ' " break up that the low frequency double-tone that more than 1880 syllable written form of typing and " two second syllable part of word initial consonant of writing " break up typing saves, the multisyllable homograph.

5. according to the described content of claim 2, the invention is characterized in:, break up the monosyllable that frequency of utilization is low, word-building power is weak that more than 1880 syllable written form of typing do not break up typing with Chinese single-syllable speech and English word composite methods.

6. according to the described content of claim 1, the invention is characterized in: part consonant syllableization, spell the unshaped root Chinese character of sending out bo, po, fu, de, te, ge, ke, he, ji, qi, xi, zi, ci, si, zhi, chi, shi sound outside the root of more than 1880 syllable written form typing with b, p, f, d, t, g, k, h, j, q, x, z, c, s, zh, ch, sh.