CN112244143A - 一种小龙虾亲虾繁育专用饲料 - Google Patents
一种小龙虾亲虾繁育专用饲料 Download PDFInfo
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- CN112244143A CN112244143A CN202010883391.1A CN202010883391A CN112244143A CN 112244143 A CN112244143 A CN 112244143A CN 202010883391 A CN202010883391 A CN 202010883391A CN 112244143 A CN112244143 A CN 112244143A
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Abstract
本发明提供了一种小龙虾亲虾繁育专用饲料，所述饲料按饲料的成分以及重量百分比：秘鲁鱼粉3～5％、发酵豆粕15～30％、菜粕5～20％、虾粉5～10％、肉骨粉5～10％、血粉1～5％、玉米酒糟1～5％、面粉15～40％、米糠10～15％、鱼油0～5％、乌贼膏1～5％、预混料1～5％、磷酸二氢钙1～5％。发明的小龙虾亲虾繁育专用饲料具有如下技术效果：蛋白质含量要求达到30％以上，含有多种必需氨基酸，以及多种维生素和矿物质，能量满足亲虾日常所需，营养全面均衡，满足亲虾生长所需条件，提高小龙虾繁殖性能，改善性腺成熟质量、受精卵孵化率以及幼体成活率，且具有优质低价的特点，能够降低养殖成本。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及水产养殖领域，更具体地，涉及一种小龙虾亲虾繁育专用饲料。
背景技术
克氏原螯虾(学名：Procambarus clarkii)，俗称红螯虾、小龙虾，属甲壳纲十足目螯虾科原螯虾属。原产墨西哥，该品种以产量大、出肉率高、易于集约化养殖以及肉质鲜美等特点而迅速成为我国重要经济养殖品种。近二十年来，我国小龙虾养殖产量和出口量位居世界前列，成为了农业经济产业发展的重要力量。近几年来连续的养虾困局，凸显小龙虾优良虾苗及其亲虾培育种质资源的巨大需求与市场呼唤。近些年来靠从美国等国家进口亲虾不仅成本高，培育的种苗质量也参差不齐，造成了极大养殖风险。如何培育高健康虾苗成为解决对虾养殖的关键制约因素。
亲虾繁育期间的营养供给是小龙虾虾苗培育的关键因素之一，能够决定小龙虾亲虾性腺发育、受精卵质量与孵化率以及幼体成活率。当前我国小龙虾亲虾培育过程中缺乏专用配合饲料，市场养殖所用的普通小龙虾饲料不能满足亲虾培育阶段所需的营养需要。或者用鲜活或天然冷冻饵料直接投喂，这些饵料不仅价格高，质量不稳供应有限，特定营养与功能需求而且容易携带病菌、病毒等病原体，投喂期间容易败坏水质滋生病菌，给亲虾养殖管理与虾苗培育带来较大的潜在威胁。
CN 108552413 A公开了一种复合小龙虾饲料，采用的原料包括玉米粉、猪血、蚯蚓粉、高粱粉、蚕蛹粉、山药粉、茉莉、姜黄、谷朊粉、黄精、白术、线香、玄参、知母和绿茶粉。其声称该成分配比的饲料能够有效的促进小龙虾的生长，但将如此大剂量的药材作为小龙虾饲料的原料还有待商榷，此外，将此饲料用于小龙虾亲虾不能满足亲虾培育阶段的营养需要。
发明内容
针对现有技术的不足，本发明提供一种小龙虾亲虾繁育专用饲料。所述专用配合饲料专用于小龙虾亲虾繁育期间使用，有助于主要营养物质的消化利用，用于满足亲虾在繁育阶段所需要的营养，而且有利于改善对虾的免疫能力与健康状况，提高小龙虾繁殖性能，改善性腺成熟质量、受精卵孵化率以及幼体成活率。
本发明是通过以下技术方案实现的：
一种小龙虾亲虾繁育专用饲料，按饲料的成分以及重量百分比：秘鲁鱼粉 3～5％、发酵豆粕15～30％、菜粕5～20％、虾粉5～10％、肉骨粉5～10％、血粉1～5％、玉米酒糟1～5％、面粉15～40％、米糠10～15％、鱼油0～5％、乌贼膏1～5％、预混料1～5％、磷酸二氢钙1～5％。
优选地，所述虾粉采用虾肉和虾皮制成。
优选地，所述肉骨粉采用家畜躯体、残余碎肉、骨、内脏制成。
优选地，所述血粉采用猪血制成。
优选地，所述预混料按重量包括硫胺素，25mg；核黄素，45mg；盐酸吡哆醇，20mg；维生素B12，0.1mg；维生素K3，10mg；肌醇，800mg；泛酸，60mg；烟酸，200mg；叶酸，20mg；生物素，1.20mg；维生素A，32mg；维生素D， 5mg；维生素E，120mg；次粉3.66g；氟化钠，2mg；碘化钾，0.8mg；氯化钻， 50mg；硫酸铜，10mg；硫酸铁，80mg；硫酸锌，50mg；硫酸镁，1200mg；磷酸二氢钙，3000mg；氯化纳，100mg；沸石粉，0.5g。
本发明的小龙虾亲虾繁殖专用饲料的制作方法如下：将上述饲料原料粉碎后过60目筛，采用逐级放大的方法混匀后加水搅拌，进制粒机压制成规格为1.5 ×3.0mm的亲虾饲料，烘干后，储存于阴凉避光处保存备用。
本发明的饲料中部分原料说明如下：
发酵豆粕又名生物肽，生物豆粕，生物活性小肽，大豆肽，目前已成为饲料中鱼粉最好的替代品，可以降低饲料的成本。其以优质豆粕为主要原料，接种微生物，通过微生物的发酵最大限度地消除豆粕中的抗营养因子，有效地降解大豆蛋白为优质小肽蛋白源，并可产生益生菌、寡肽、谷氨酸、乳酸、维生素等活性物质。其富含生物活性小肽蛋白，可以提高小龙虾的免疫力，减少抗生素的用量或替代部分抗生素，具有营养和提高免疫力的双重作用。
虾粉是一种以虾肉或者虾皮为原料，经过加热或者微波烘干后，通过研磨制成的一种小颗粒状者纤维状的物质。虾粉一般常作为副添加到主料中，用来增加一定的诱食效果。虾粉富含蛋白质，且蛋白质易被水产动物吸收。富含风味物质，添加在饲料中有一定的诱食作用。含有丰富的类胡萝卜素、Ca、P等，能补充钙质和甲壳质并能显著改善体色。
肉骨粉是以新鲜无变质的家畜废弃组织及骨经高温高压蒸煮、灭菌、脱胶、干燥粉碎后的产品。黄至黄褐色油性粉状物，具肉骨粉固有气味。无腐败气味，无异味异臭。肉骨粉还混有毛、角、蹄、粪便等产物。肉骨粉的粗蛋白一般在 50％～60％，且氨基酸组分比较平衡，价格相对较鱼粉便宜，是鱼粉的优质替代物。
玉米酒糟是由酵母发酵的某种谷物或谷物混合物蒸馏提取酒精后剩下的残液中分离出的粗渣，经干燥所得的产品。
血粉主要为猪血，富含维生素B2、维生素C、蛋白质、铁、磷、钙、尼克酸等营养成分，是一种非常廉价的健康食品，它的蛋白质、铁、锌、钴等含量很高，而脂肪含量则很低，可增强小龙虾的体质，提高其免疫力。
磷酸二氢钙均含有磷、钙等小龙虾蜕皮所需的微量元素，可作为饲料的营养增补剂。
本发明的有益效果如下：
1、本发明的饲料专用于小龙虾亲虾繁育期间使用，用于满足亲虾在繁育阶段所需要的营养。其中，采用鱼粉、豆粕、菜粕、虾粉、肉骨粉和血粉作为优质蛋白源，不仅价格低廉容易获取，而且消化吸收好，诱食性好，还富含胆固醇、氨基酸、不饱和脂肪酸、维生素微量元素甚至未知活性因子等成分，为亲虾性腺成熟提供充足的营养源。
2、本发明的饲料多种成分之间相互协同增效，不仅有助于主要营养物质的消化利用，而且有利于改善对虾的免疫能力与健康状况，提高性腺成熟质量、受精卵孵化率以及幼体成活率。
具体实施方式
为使本发明实施例的目的、技术方案和优点更加清楚，下面将结合本发明实施例，对本发明实施例中的技术方案进行清楚、完整地描述，显然，所描述的实施例是本发明一部分实施例，而不是全部的实施例。基于本发明中的实施例，本领域技术人员在没有作出创造性劳动前提下所获得的所有其他实施例，都属于本发明保护的范围。
下面结合具体实施例对本发明做进一步阐述。
实施例1
一种小龙虾亲虾繁育专用饲料，按饲料的成分以及重量百分比：秘鲁鱼粉 3％、发酵豆粕25％、菜粕10％、虾粉5％、肉骨粉5％、血粉2％、玉米酒糟5％、面粉32％、米糠10％、鱼油3.6％、乌贼膏2％、预混料2％、磷酸二氢钙2％。
优选地，所述虾粉采用虾肉和虾皮制成。
优选地，所述肉骨粉采用家畜躯体、残余碎肉、骨、内脏制成。
优选地，所述血粉采用猪血制成。
优选地，所述预混料按重量包括硫胺素，25mg；核黄素，45mg；盐酸吡哆醇，20mg；维生素B12，0.1mg；维生素K3，10mg；肌醇，800mg；泛酸，60mg；烟酸，200mg；叶酸，20mg；生物素，1.20mg；维生素A，32mg；维生素D， 5mg；维生素E，120mg；次粉3.66g；氟化钠，2mg；碘化钾，0.8mg；氯化钻， 50mg；硫酸铜，10mg；硫酸铁，80mg；硫酸锌，50mg；硫酸镁，1200mg；磷酸二氢钙，3000mg；氯化纳，100mg；沸石粉，0.5g。
将上述饲料原料粉碎后过60目筛，采用逐级放大的方法混匀后加水搅拌，进制粒机压制成规格为1.5×3.0mm的亲虾饲料，烘干后，储存于阴凉避光处保存备用。
实施例2
一种小龙虾亲虾繁育专用饲料，按饲料的成分以及重量百分比：秘鲁鱼粉 5％、发酵豆粕20％、菜粕14％、虾粉6％、肉骨粉6％、血粉3％、玉米酒糟5％、面粉20％、米糠10％、鱼油1.5％、乌贼膏2％、预混料3％、磷酸二氢钙3％。
优选地，所述虾粉采用虾肉和虾皮制成。
优选地，所述肉骨粉采用家畜躯体、残余碎肉、骨、内脏制成。
优选地，所述血粉采用猪血制成。
优选地，所述预混料按重量包括硫胺素，25mg；核黄素，45mg；盐酸吡哆醇，20mg；维生素B12，0.1mg；维生素K3，10mg；肌醇，800mg；泛酸，60mg；烟酸，200mg；叶酸，20mg；生物素，1.20mg；维生素A，32mg；维生素D， 5mg；维生素E，120mg；次粉3.66g；氟化钠，2mg；碘化钾，0.8mg；氯化钻， 50mg；硫酸铜，10mg；硫酸铁，80mg；硫酸锌，50mg；硫酸镁，1200mg；磷酸二氢钙，3000mg；氯化纳，100mg；沸石粉，0.5g。
将上述饲料原料粉碎后过60目筛，采用逐级放大的方法混匀后加水搅拌，进制粒机压制成规格为1.5×3.0mm的亲虾饲料，烘干后，储存于阴凉避光处保存备用。
实施例3
一种小龙虾亲虾繁育专用饲料，按饲料的成分以及重量百分比：秘鲁鱼粉 5％、发酵豆粕30％、菜粕10％、虾粉8％、肉骨粉58％、血粉2％、玉米酒糟 4％、面粉20％、米糠10％、鱼油1％、乌贼膏3％、预混料2％、磷酸二氢钙2％。
优选地，所述虾粉采用虾肉和虾皮制成。
优选地，所述肉骨粉采用家畜躯体、残余碎肉、骨、内脏制成。
优选地，所述血粉采用猪血制成。
优选地，所述预混料按重量包括硫胺素，25mg；核黄素，45mg；盐酸吡哆醇，20mg；维生素B12，0.1mg；维生素K3，10mg；肌醇，800mg；泛酸，60mg；烟酸，200mg；叶酸，20mg；生物素，1.20mg；维生素A，32mg；维生素D， 5mg；维生素E，120mg；次粉3.66g；氟化钠，2mg；碘化钾，0.8mg；氯化钻， 50mg；硫酸铜，10mg；硫酸铁，80mg；硫酸锌，50mg；硫酸镁，1200mg；磷酸二氢钙，3000mg；氯化纳，100mg；沸石粉，0.5g。
将上述饲料原料粉碎后过60目筛，采用逐级放大的方法混匀后加水搅拌，进制粒机压制成规格为1.5×3.0mm的亲虾饲料，烘干后，储存于阴凉避光处保存备用。
测试例1
3月上旬，挑选产卵刚刚一次的小龙虾亲虾(体重50g左右)160尾，密度10尾/立方米，随机平分为4组(对照组、实施例组1～3)，其中对照组使用普通饲料饲喂，实施例组1～3分别使用实施例1～3中的饲料饲喂，得到数据如表1 所示。
| 项目 | 对照组 | 实施例组1 | 实施例组2 | 实施例组3 |
| 性腺指数GSI | 3.14±0.02 | 4.24±0.01 | 4.17±0.05 | 4.21±0.12 |
| 产卵量(万/尾) | 16.11±0.56 | 30.69±0.36 | 28.91±0.72 | 29.88±0.59 |
| 卵子孵化率(％) | 58±4.1 | 88±6.7 | 84±3.1 | 87±9.3 |
| 幼苗变态率(％) | 28±1.7 | 48±3.3 | 51±3.6 | 49±2.9 |
表1
从表1数据可以看出，投喂实施例组1～3饲料的亲虾，其性腺发育质量、交配率、产卵量、卵子的孵化率和幼体变态率均明显优于市面上的普通饲料。可见，本发明所述小龙虾亲虾繁育专用饲料可显著改善亲虾的性腺发育质量，不仅性腺指数较高，性腺成熟间隔时间较短，而且对亲虾的交配率、产卵量、受精卵的孵化率和幼体成活率也明显优于市面上的普通饲料。
虽然描述了本发明的实施例，但是本领域技术人员可以在不脱离本发明的精神和范围的情况下作出各种修改和变型，这样的修改和变型均落入由所附权利要求所限定的范围之内。
Claims (5)
1.一种小龙虾亲虾繁育专用饲料，其特征在于，按饲料的成分以及重量百分比：秘鲁鱼粉3～5％、发酵豆粕15～30％、菜粕5～20％、虾粉5～10％、肉骨粉5～10％、血粉1～5％、玉米酒糟1～5％、面粉15～40％、米糠10～15％、鱼油0～5％、乌贼膏1～5％、预混料1～5％、磷酸二氢钙1～5％。
2.根据权利要求1所述的一种小龙虾亲虾繁育专用饲料，其特征在于，所述虾粉采用虾肉和虾皮制成。
3.根据权利要求1所述的一种小龙虾亲虾繁育专用饲料，其特征在于，所述肉骨粉采用家畜躯体、残余碎肉、骨、内脏制成。
4.根据权利要求1所述的一种小龙虾亲虾繁育专用饲料，其特征在于，所述所述血粉采用猪血制成。
5.根据权利要求1所述的一种小龙虾亲虾繁育专用饲料，其特征在于，所述预混料按重量包括硫胺素，25mg；核黄素，45mg；盐酸吡哆醇，20mg；维生素B12，0.1mg；维生素K3，10mg；肌醇，800mg；泛酸，60mg；烟酸，200mg；叶酸，20mg；生物素，1.20mg；维生素A，32mg；维生素D，5mg；维生素E，120mg；次粉3.66g；氟化钠，2mg；碘化钾，0.8mg；氯化钻，50mg；硫酸铜，10mg；硫酸铁，80mg；硫酸锌，50mg；硫酸镁，1200mg；磷酸二氢钙，3000mg；氯化纳，100mg；沸石粉，0.5g。
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