CN112229742B - Standard penetration test simulation equipment in centrifugal model test - Google Patents
Standard penetration test simulation equipment in centrifugal model test Download PDFInfo
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- CN112229742B CN112229742B CN202011063764.7A CN202011063764A CN112229742B CN 112229742 B CN112229742 B CN 112229742B CN 202011063764 A CN202011063764 A CN 202011063764A CN 112229742 B CN112229742 B CN 112229742B
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N3/00—Investigating strength properties of solid materials by application of mechanical stress
- G01N3/30—Investigating strength properties of solid materials by application of mechanical stress by applying a single impulsive force, e.g. by falling weight
- G01N3/303—Investigating strength properties of solid materials by application of mechanical stress by applying a single impulsive force, e.g. by falling weight generated only by free-falling weight
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N3/00—Investigating strength properties of solid materials by application of mechanical stress
- G01N3/02—Details
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N2203/00—Investigating strength properties of solid materials by application of mechanical stress
- G01N2203/003—Generation of the force
- G01N2203/0032—Generation of the force using mechanical means
- G01N2203/0039—Hammer or pendulum
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E30/00—Energy generation of nuclear origin
- Y02E30/30—Nuclear fission reactors
Abstract
The invention discloses standard penetration test simulation equipment in a centrifugal model test, which comprises a driving mechanism, a penetrating hammer, a guiding mechanism, a penetration mechanism, a system rack, a model box containing an experimental soil layer and a remote control circuit, wherein the driving mechanism, the penetrating hammer, the guiding mechanism, the penetration mechanism, the system rack and the model box are positioned in a centrifugal machine; the driving mechanism comprises a rotating frame, a rotor, a steel wire rope, a motor and an alternating current power supply, wherein the two ends of the rotor are arranged in the rotating frame through ball bearings, the steel wire rope is wound on the rotor, the motor is connected with one end of the rotor through a rotating shaft, the alternating current power supply is connected with the motor, and the free end of the steel wire rope is connected with the through hammer; the rotor is controlled to rotate through the motor, so that the processes of pulling up and free falling of the through hammer are controlled; the penetrating mechanism below the guiding frame is always vertical under the condition of high centrifugal acceleration; the remote control circuit is used for controlling the start and stop of the alternating current power supply and the forward and reverse rotation of the motor. The invention has strong reliability, low cost and wide applicability, and realizes the simulation of the standard penetration test under the condition of high centrifugal acceleration by using a simple device.
Description
Technical Field
The invention is mainly applied to geotechnical centrifugal model tests and simulates standard penetration tests under the condition of high centrifugal acceleration.
Background
The centrifugal model test achieves the purposes of similar deformation and equal stress with the prototype on the premise of being similar to the prototype geometry by increasing the inertial centrifugal force, and is very suitable for geotechnical engineering problems with gravity as a main load. But further application of centrifugal model test is hindered due to lack of effective means for measuring soil engineering properties under high centrifugal acceleration condition. The standard penetration test is an effective method for measuring the bearing capacity of sand or cohesive soil foundation on site, and is listed in the foundation design specification of industrial and civil building foundation of China. The method utilizes a certain hammering function to drive a certain specification of the injector into the soil at the bottom of a drilling hole, and judges the change of a soil layer and the engineering property of the soil according to the injection resistance of the injector into the soil [1-2] . However, the standard penetration test equipment has a large size, and in the field test, the vertical direction of the penetration device is required to be manually ensured, and the release of the penetration hammer is manually controlled, so that the penetration test equipment is difficult to realize in a centrifugal machine. Therefore, aiming at the special conditions of the centrifugal model test of small size and the ultra-gravity field, the simulation of the standard penetration test under the condition of high centrifugal acceleration is realized, and the soil engineering is completedThe effective determination of properties is the main research content of the invention.
Reference is made to:
[1] section Xinsheng Gu Xiang method for determining bearing capacity of clay foundation using standard test hammering data [ J ]. Geological and exploration 1999,35 (4): 59-61.
[2] Yuan Zhong, li Saiyuan, shen Baxi. Application of Standard penetration test and factors influencing the number of penetration [ J ]. Harbor engineering, 2002,000 (004): 50-52.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention aims to overcome the defects of the prior art, and provides a simulation device for a standard penetration test in a centrifugal model test, which can realize the simulation of the standard penetration test in the centrifugal model test and reliably complete the effective determination of soil engineering properties under the condition of high centrifugal acceleration.
In order to achieve the above purpose, the present invention adopts the following technical scheme:
the invention provides a simulation device for a standard penetration test in a centrifugal model test, which is characterized by comprising a driving mechanism, a penetration hammer, a guiding mechanism, a penetration mechanism, a system frame, a model box containing an experimental soil layer and a remote control circuit, wherein the driving mechanism, the penetration hammer, the guiding mechanism, the penetration mechanism, the system frame and the model box are positioned in a centrifugal machine;
the system rack is fixed at the top of the model box and is of a frame structure;
the driving mechanism is arranged on a mounting plate at the top of the system frame and comprises a rotating frame, a rotor, a steel wire rope, a motor and an alternating current power supply, wherein two ends of the rotor are arranged in the rotating frame through ball bearings, the steel wire rope is wound on the rotor, the motor is connected with one end of the rotor through a rotating shaft, the alternating current power supply is connected with the motor, and the free end of the steel wire rope is connected with the penetrating hammer; the rotor is controlled to rotate through the motor, so that the process of pulling up and free falling of the core through hammer is controlled;
the guide mechanism is positioned in the system frame and fixed at the lower part of the mounting plate, and comprises a penetration guide touch rod, a rigid support and a slide rail; the rigid support is concave, the top of the rigid support is fixed with the bottom of the mounting plate, and the sliding rail is arranged in the center of the bottom of the rigid support in a penetrating way; the penetration hammer is sleeved on the upper part of the penetration guide touch probe rod and can freely move along the axial direction of the penetration guide touch probe rod; the lower part of the penetrating guide touch rod penetrates through the sliding rail and then is connected with the upper part of the penetrating mechanism;
the penetration mechanism comprises a penetration body and a penetration boot; one end of the penetrating device body is connected with the lower part of the penetrating guide touch rod, and the other end of the penetrating device body is fixed with the penetrating device boot;
the remote control circuit comprises a fuse, a contactor and four switches; the fuse, the first switch, the contactor, the second switch, the alternating current power supply and the motor are sequentially connected in series to form a power supply main loop, and the power supply main loop is used for controlling the start and stop of the alternating current power supply; the third switch and the fourth switch are simultaneously connected with the contactor in parallel and are respectively used for controlling the forward rotation and the reverse rotation of the motor
The invention has the advantages that: (1) The reliability is strong, the cost is low, and the standard penetration test simulation under the condition of high centrifugal acceleration is realized by using a simple device; (2) The equipment and the model box are mutually independent, so that model sample preparation is convenient, and the equipment and the model box are suitable for various model sample preparation modes; (3) The applicability is wide, and the method is applicable to various soil properties and various model mechanisms; (4) The principle is simple and clear, and the method is obtained based on the proper scaling of the field standard penetration test equipment. According to the similarity law of the centrifugal model, when the ratio of the prototype size to the model size is n, the centrifugal machine speed is ng, so that the similarity of the mechanical properties of the prototype and the model can be ensured, and the method is applicable to the research results of the conventional standard penetration test; (5) The control is convenient and accurate, the driving mechanism is controlled by the motor and the rotor, the guide mechanism is controlled by the slide rail to ensure that the penetrating device keeps upright, and the penetrating test process can be monitored and controlled in real time by combining the existing image acquisition system and electrical measurement of the centrifugal machine, so that the device is very suitable for the requirement of the centrifugal model test on the equipment which has to be controlled reliably and remotely; (6) Easy to reform and can develop new application according to the original system architecture.
The concrete implementation is as follows:
1. the special structural characteristics of the geotechnical centrifuge are combined, and the open system architecture which is low in cost, small in size and easy to realize is provided. The apparatus is independent of the mold box, comprising: the device comprises a traction pull-up mechanism, a free falling mechanism, a guiding mechanism, a penetrating mechanism, a system frame and other parts. Under the special conditions of small space, large load and high acceleration of the geotechnical centrifuge, the simulation of the complete process of the standard penetration test is realized.
2. The geotechnical centrifuge forms an ultra-gravity field in the operation process, so that remote control on the hammer falling process in the standard penetration test is required. The process may be implemented by a free fall mechanism and a traction pull-up mechanism, including: the device comprises a motor, an alternating current power supply, a rotating shaft, a rotor, a steel wire rope, a punching hammer, an anchoring mechanism and other parts. The free falling body and the traction and pull-up process of the through hammer can be remotely controlled through the motor.
3. Under the condition of high centrifugal acceleration, the penetrating device is easy to incline, and in order to ensure the vertical of penetrating equipment in the test process, an effective penetrating guide mechanism needs to be developed and real-time monitoring is realized. The penetrating direction is controlled mainly through a sliding rail which is connected with the equipment system frame. The penetration test process can be monitored in real time by combining the existing image acquisition and electrical measurement system of the centrifugal machine.
Drawings
Fig. 1 is a schematic structural diagram of a simulation device for a standard penetration test in a centrifugal model test according to an embodiment of the present invention.
In the figure: 1-rotating frame, 2-rotor, 3-wire rope, 4-through hammer, 5-ball bearing, 6-mounting plate, 7-square notch, 8-pivot, 9-bolt, 10-motor, 11-alternating current power supply, 12-through guide touch probe rod, 13-hammer cushion, 14-vertical slide rail, 15-rigid support, 16-split pipe, 17-pipe boot, 18-system frame, 19-model box, 20-remote control circuit.
Detailed Description
The present invention will be described in further detail with reference to the drawings and examples, in order to make the objects, technical solutions and advantages of the present invention more apparent. It should be understood that the detailed description is presented by way of example only and is not intended to limit the scope of the invention.
In order to better understand the present invention, an application example of the standard penetration test simulation apparatus in the centrifugal model test proposed by the present invention is described in detail below.
Referring to fig. 1, a simulation device for a standard penetration test in a centrifugal model test according to an embodiment of the present invention is mainly composed of the following parts, including: the device comprises a driving mechanism, a penetrating hammer, a guiding mechanism, a penetrating mechanism, a system frame, a model box containing experimental soil layers and a remote control circuit outside the centrifuge. The system can simulate the standard penetration test process under the condition of high centrifugal acceleration, and comprises the steps of freely falling and pulling up the penetrating hammer, repeatedly striking the touch rod by the penetrating hammer, driving the penetrating device into a test soil layer, lifting the penetrating device and the like. The equipment is arranged on the upper part of the model box and is mutually independent with the model box.
The specific implementation manner and the functions of each component in the simulation equipment are respectively described below:
the system frame 18 is fixed on top of the model box 19 for carrying the constituent devices of the simulation apparatus. The system frame 18 is a frame structure made of aluminum alloy, and the structural design thereof should be such that the deformation thereof is negligible under the condition of high centrifugal acceleration, so as to ensure the stability of the whole structure. The system frame 18 is built above the mold box 19, and has the same width as the mold box 19, and the height meets the requirement of the standard penetration test on the penetration depth.
The driving mechanism is arranged on a mounting plate 6 (in the embodiment, the mounting plate 6 is an aluminum plate) at the top of a system frame 18, and comprises a rotating frame 1, a rotor 2 with two ends arranged in the rotating frame 1 through ball bearings 5, a steel wire rope 3 wound on the rotor 2, a motor 10 connected with one end of the rotor 2 through a rotating shaft 8 and an alternating current power supply 11 connected with the motor 10, wherein the free end of the steel wire rope 3 is connected with a through hammer 4. The rotor 2 is controlled to rotate by the motor 10, so that the process of pulling up and free falling of the core through hammer 4 is controlled. Specifically, rotating frame 1 is fixed on mounting plate 6 at the top of system frame 18 through bolt 9, and rotor 2 is located inside rotating frame 1 and rotor 2 both ends pass through ball bearing 5 and install on rotating frame 1 inside wall, and rotor 2 unsettled in aluminum plate 6 top setting guarantees that rotor 2's rotation is not disturbed. One end of the rotating shaft 8 is in butt joint with one end of the rotor 2 through a square notch 7 formed in the side wall of the rotating frame 1, so that the rotor 2 synchronously rotates along with the rotating shaft 8. The other end of the rotating shaft 8 is connected with the output end of a motor 10, and the motor 10 controls the rotating direction and the rotating speed of the rotor 2 through the rotating shaft 8. The rotor 2 has an I-shaped section to prevent the wire rope 3 from being separated during the winding process; the steel wire rope 3 is wound on the H-shaped groove along with the positive rotation of the rotor 2, and at the moment, the length of the free end of the steel wire rope 3 is reduced, so that the pulling and lifting of the core through hammer 4 are realized; when the motor 10 controls the reversing rotation speed of the rotor 2, the acceleration of the free end of the steel wire rope 3 is larger than the gravity acceleration, and the steel wire 3 can only bear the tensile force and cannot bear the pressure, so that the through hammer 4 can realize the free falling process, and the length of the free end of the steel wire rope 3 is increased. In addition, by controlling the rotation speed and the rotation time of the motor 10, the lifting speed and the lifting height of the hammer 4 can be controlled. An ac power source 11 supplies power to the motor 10.
The guiding mechanism ensures that the penetrating mechanism below the guiding mechanism is always vertical under the condition of high centrifugal acceleration, and the guiding mechanism is positioned in the system frame 18 and fixed at the lower part of the mounting plate 6 and comprises a penetrating guiding touch rod 12, a rigid support 15 and a sliding rail 14. The rigid support 15 is concave, the top of the rigid support 15 is fixed with the bottom of the mounting plate 6, so that the rigid support 15 is stable under the condition of high centrifugal acceleration, and the sliding rail 14 penetrates through the center of the bottom of the rigid support 15. The penetrating hammer 4 is sleeved on the upper part of the penetrating guide touch probe rod 12 and can freely move along the axial direction of the penetrating guide touch probe rod 12, the penetrating hammer 4 is guided to fall through the penetrating guide touch probe rod 12, the hammer pad 13 is arranged in the center of the bottom of the penetrating hammer 4, the penetrating hammer 4 can be prevented from damaging the sliding rail 14 in the free falling process, and the limiting part is arranged at the top of the penetrating guide touch probe rod 12 so as to prevent the penetrating hammer 4 from being separated from the penetrating guide touch probe rod 12 in the moving process; the lower part of the penetration guide touch rod 12 is connected with the upper part of the penetrating mechanism, the middle lower part of the penetration guide touch rod 12 penetrates through the sliding rail 14, and the movement direction of the penetration guide touch rod 12 under the hammering action of the penetration hammer 4 is limited by the sliding rail 14 so as to ensure that the penetrating mechanism connected with the lower part of the penetration guide touch rod 12 keeps upright in the test process; ball bearings are provided between the slide rail 14 and the penetration guide feeler lever 12 to reduce friction therebetween. The penetrating hammer 4 completes the processes of freely falling and striking the touch probe rod under the action of the driving mechanism and the guiding mechanism, so that the penetrating mechanism connected with the penetrating guiding touch probe rod 12 is vertically driven into the test soil layer.
A penetration mechanism comprising: an injector body and an injector shoe. The penetration mechanism of the device is obtained by properly scaling the size of a standard-specification injector, and is a probe consisting of two parts, namely a split pipe 16 and a pipe shoe 17. The scaling rule is determined according to the ratio n of the model prototype size to the model size, and the geometric characteristics of the prototype and the model are ensured to be similar according to the similarity law of the centrifugal model. The split pipe is a cylindrical soil sampler composed of two semicircular pipes; the pipe shoe is a cylinder with a cutting edge at the bottom end. The pipe shoe 17 is fixed to the bottom of the split pipe 16 by threads, and the pipe shoe 17 plays a role in fixing the split pipe 16.
The remote control circuit 20 is located in a control room outside the centrifuge, and realizes remote control of starting/stopping and forward/reverse rotation of the motor 10. The remote control circuit 20 includes a fuse FU, a contactor KM, and four switches Q1 to Q4. The fuse FU, the first switch Q1, the contactor KM, the second switch Q2, the alternating current power supply 11 and the motor 10 are sequentially connected in series to form a power supply main loop, and the fuse FU is used for protecting the power supply main loop. The two sides of the contactor KM are respectively connected with a third switch Q3 and a fourth switch Q4 in parallel, and when the electric three switch Q3 is switched on, the contactor is used for controlling the forward rotation of the motor 10; when the fourth switch Q4 is turned on, it is used to control the reverse rotation of the motor 10.
The simulation equipment can simulate the standard penetration test process under the condition of high centrifugal acceleration, so that the common 2-stage motor 10 selected by the equipment has the rotating speed of about 3000r/min, the outer diameter of the rotor 2 is 40mm, and the diameter of the rotor shaft is 14mm. The device is operated under the condition of high centrifugal acceleration a=50g, g is gravity acceleration, g=10m/s 2 . When the falling height h of the core through hammer 4 is 5cm, according to
The speed of the hammer 4 at this time was 7.07m/s. The free end linear velocity of the wire rope 3 is also 7.07m/s. Since the rotor outer diameter is 40mm, the rotational angular velocity of the rotor 2 can be calculated to be 177rad/s from ω=v/r=7.07/0.04=177 ra/ds. According to nThe motor rotation speed is 1680r/min, which is smaller than the rated motor rotation speed, can be obtained by the following steps of (omega/2 pi) =177/(2×3.14) =28r/s=1680 r/min.
The standard penetration test requires that the hammering number of 30cm per driven soil layer is recorded as the actual hammering number, and the penetration depth of 30cm is 0.6cm under the condition of 50g centrifugal acceleration. Therefore, the calculation proves that the existing motor and rotor equipment can realize the free falling process of the through hammer under the condition of 50g centrifugal acceleration.
The above embodiments are only for illustrating the technical solution of the present invention, and are not limiting; although the invention has been described in detail with reference to the foregoing embodiments, it will be understood by those of ordinary skill in the art that: the technical scheme described in the foregoing embodiments can be modified or some technical features thereof can be replaced by equivalents; such modifications and substitutions do not depart from the spirit and scope of the technical solutions of the embodiments of the present invention.
Claims (4)
1. The standard penetration test simulation device in the centrifugal model test is characterized by comprising a driving mechanism, a penetrating hammer, a guiding mechanism, a penetration mechanism, a system rack, a model box containing an experimental soil layer and a remote control circuit, wherein the driving mechanism, the penetrating hammer, the guiding mechanism, the penetration mechanism, the system rack and the model box are positioned in the centrifugal machine;
the system rack is fixed at the top of the model box and is of a frame structure;
the driving mechanism is arranged on a mounting plate at the top of the system frame and comprises a rotating frame, a rotor, a steel wire rope, a motor and an alternating current power supply, wherein two ends of the rotor are arranged in the rotating frame through ball bearings, the steel wire rope is wound on the rotor, the motor is connected with one end of the rotor through a rotating shaft, the alternating current power supply is connected with the motor, and the free end of the steel wire rope is connected with the penetrating hammer; the rotor is controlled to rotate through the motor, so that the process of pulling up and free falling of the core through hammer is controlled;
the guide mechanism is positioned in the system frame and fixed at the lower part of the mounting plate, and comprises a penetration guide touch rod, a rigid support and a slide rail; the rigid support is concave, the top of the rigid support is fixed with the bottom of the mounting plate, and the sliding rail is arranged in the center of the bottom of the rigid support in a penetrating way; the penetration hammer is sleeved on the upper part of the penetration guide touch probe rod and can freely move along the axial direction of the penetration guide touch probe rod; the lower part of the penetrating guide touch rod penetrates through the sliding rail and then is connected with the upper part of the penetrating mechanism;
the penetration mechanism comprises a penetration body and a penetration boot; one end of the penetrating device body is connected with the lower part of the penetrating guide touch rod, and the other end of the penetrating device body is fixed with the penetrating device boot;
the remote control circuit comprises a fuse, a contactor and four switches; the fuse, the first switch, the contactor, the second switch, the alternating current power supply and the motor are sequentially connected in series to form a power supply main loop, and the power supply main loop is used for controlling the start and stop of the alternating current power supply; the third switch and the fourth switch are simultaneously connected with the contactor in parallel and are respectively used for controlling the forward rotation and the reverse rotation of the motor.
2. The simulation device for the standard penetration test in the centrifugal model test according to claim 1, wherein a hammer pad for protecting the sliding rail is arranged at the bottom center of the through hammer.
3. The simulation device for the standard penetration test in the centrifugal model test according to claim 1, wherein a limiting component for preventing the penetration hammer from being separated from the penetration guide touch rod is arranged at the top of the penetration guide touch rod.
4. The simulation device for the standard penetration test in the centrifugal model test according to claim 1, wherein a ball bearing for reducing friction is arranged between the sliding rail and the penetration guide touch rod.
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