CN112203852A - Modular component made of plastic - Google Patents
Modular component made of plastic Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- CN112203852A CN112203852A CN201980035943.9A CN201980035943A CN112203852A CN 112203852 A CN112203852 A CN 112203852A CN 201980035943 A CN201980035943 A CN 201980035943A CN 112203852 A CN112203852 A CN 112203852A
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- CN
- China
- Prior art keywords
- plastic
- plastic layer
- layer
- component
- modular component
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- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
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Classifications
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
- B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
- B32B27/00—Layered products comprising a layer of synthetic resin
- B32B27/06—Layered products comprising a layer of synthetic resin as the main or only constituent of a layer, which is next to another layer of the same or of a different material
- B32B27/08—Layered products comprising a layer of synthetic resin as the main or only constituent of a layer, which is next to another layer of the same or of a different material of synthetic resin
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
- B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
- B32B27/00—Layered products comprising a layer of synthetic resin
- B32B27/30—Layered products comprising a layer of synthetic resin comprising vinyl (co)polymers; comprising acrylic (co)polymers
- B32B27/302—Layered products comprising a layer of synthetic resin comprising vinyl (co)polymers; comprising acrylic (co)polymers comprising aromatic vinyl (co)polymers, e.g. styrenic (co)polymers
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
- B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
- B32B27/00—Layered products comprising a layer of synthetic resin
- B32B27/36—Layered products comprising a layer of synthetic resin comprising polyesters
- B32B27/365—Layered products comprising a layer of synthetic resin comprising polyesters comprising polycarbonates
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
- B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
- B32B27/00—Layered products comprising a layer of synthetic resin
- B32B27/40—Layered products comprising a layer of synthetic resin comprising polyurethanes
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
- B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
- B32B3/00—Layered products comprising a layer with external or internal discontinuities or unevennesses, or a layer of non-planar form; Layered products having particular features of form
- B32B3/02—Layered products comprising a layer with external or internal discontinuities or unevennesses, or a layer of non-planar form; Layered products having particular features of form characterised by features of form at particular places, e.g. in edge regions
- B32B3/04—Layered products comprising a layer with external or internal discontinuities or unevennesses, or a layer of non-planar form; Layered products having particular features of form characterised by features of form at particular places, e.g. in edge regions characterised by at least one layer folded at the edge, e.g. over another layer ; characterised by at least one layer enveloping or enclosing a material
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
- B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
- B32B3/00—Layered products comprising a layer with external or internal discontinuities or unevennesses, or a layer of non-planar form; Layered products having particular features of form
- B32B3/02—Layered products comprising a layer with external or internal discontinuities or unevennesses, or a layer of non-planar form; Layered products having particular features of form characterised by features of form at particular places, e.g. in edge regions
- B32B3/08—Layered products comprising a layer with external or internal discontinuities or unevennesses, or a layer of non-planar form; Layered products having particular features of form characterised by features of form at particular places, e.g. in edge regions characterised by added members at particular parts
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H05B—ELECTRIC HEATING; ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS FOR ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES, IN GENERAL
- H05B3/00—Ohmic-resistance heating
- H05B3/20—Heating elements having extended surface area substantially in a two-dimensional plane, e.g. plate-heater
- H05B3/22—Heating elements having extended surface area substantially in a two-dimensional plane, e.g. plate-heater non-flexible
- H05B3/26—Heating elements having extended surface area substantially in a two-dimensional plane, e.g. plate-heater non-flexible heating conductor mounted on insulating base
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
- B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
- B32B2307/00—Properties of the layers or laminate
- B32B2307/30—Properties of the layers or laminate having particular thermal properties
- B32B2307/302—Conductive
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
- B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
- B32B2307/00—Properties of the layers or laminate
- B32B2307/40—Properties of the layers or laminate having particular optical properties
- B32B2307/402—Coloured
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
- B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
- B32B2307/00—Properties of the layers or laminate
- B32B2307/40—Properties of the layers or laminate having particular optical properties
- B32B2307/412—Transparent
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
- B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
- B32B2307/00—Properties of the layers or laminate
- B32B2307/40—Properties of the layers or laminate having particular optical properties
- B32B2307/414—Translucent
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
- B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
- B32B2605/00—Vehicles
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
- B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
- B32B2605/00—Vehicles
- B32B2605/08—Cars
Abstract
The invention relates to a modular component (1) made of plastic and a method for producing such a modular component (1) made of plastic, comprising a component body (2), at least one first plastic layer (3) and at least one second plastic layer (4), wherein a heating wire (5) is arranged at least partially between the first plastic layer (3) and the second plastic layer (4).
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to a modular component made of plastic, which can be heated, in particular a modular component of a vehicle, preferably a visible body panel.
Background
Currently, vehicle body panels that must be able to be heated are implemented, for example, with an overmolded heating film. This manufacturing results in a high work load with numerous operating steps. In the event of damage or the formation of wrinkles, components produced in this way may become unusable and therefore may be excluded. Furthermore, on body panels or modular components made of plastic produced in this way, the area heated due to the overmoulding of the film used is often not located on the outer surface, but inside the component, so that the efficiency of heating is limited. Furthermore, the use of a heated film generally does not allow any shaping (mise en form) to be optically visible from the outside in the area located below or behind the heated film.
German patent DE 102016212763B 4 generally describes a method intended for depositing a wire on a substrate.
Disclosure of Invention
The object of the present invention is therefore to provide a modular component made of plastic and a method for manufacturing the same, in which the disadvantages of the prior art are avoided and in which a simple and reliable heating of a modular component made of plastic obtained in a structurally simple manner is made possible.
The modular component made of plastic according to the invention, which is intended to achieve the object described above, can in particular be a vehicle part, such as a body panel. The modular component made of plastic according to the invention comprises a component body, at least one first plastic layer and at least one second plastic layer. According to the invention, a heating wire is arranged at least partially between the first plastic layer and the second plastic layer. According to the invention, a modular component made of plastic can be heated, which can be reliably heated in a structurally simple manner with low energy consumption, wherein the possibility of heating is hardly visible.
According to the invention, the second plastic layer thus enables a reliable protection of the heating wire, in particular when the second plastic layer is relatively thinner than, for example, the first plastic layer. The visible and particularly smooth outer surface of the modular component made of plastic according to the invention, which also does not have to be covered with paint, can also be produced by means of a second plastic layer.
Since the heating wire according to the invention can preferably be arranged with a relatively thinner second plastic layer in the vicinity of the visible outer surface, defrosting of the outer surface can thereby also be achieved particularly simply, since in this region relatively less of the material of the second plastic layer should preferably be heated.
Preferably, a decorative or functional layer can be arranged at least partially between the component body of the modular component made of plastic and the first plastic layer. This layer may preferably be transparent to the radar system and is particularly preferably formed on the basis of colored or coated polycarbonate, in particular in the form of a film material. In a structurally simple manner, visible decorative elements, for example graphics, can thus be integrated in the heatable modular component made of plastic, which are optically affixed to the corresponding visible outer surfaces of the modular component made of plastic.
Since the decorative or functional layer is preferably separated from the heating wire by the first plastic layer according to the invention, it is possible in a particularly effective manner to prevent the properties of the material of the decorative or functional layer from being impaired by heat, for example by accelerated ageing of the material.
In order to ensure the visibility of, in particular, the graphic decorative element in a particularly simple manner, the first plastic layer and/or the second plastic layer of the modular component made of plastic according to the invention is preferably transparent, translucent or transparent to the radar system.
The component body, the first and second plastic layers and, if present, the decorative or functional layer are realized so as to be transparent to the radar system, which can be arranged in a suitable manner simply behind a heatable modular component made of plastic.
The transparency to the radar system caused by the plastic used is further improved, preferably by arranging the individual elements or layers of the modular component made of plastic according to the invention in a form-complementary manner next to one another, without any cavities also being formed in the individual elements or layers, which is also achieved by the manufacturing method according to the invention described further below. The preferred relatively thin wires of the heating wires also ensure that the modular component made of plastic according to the invention has a particularly good transparency for the radar system.
In order to obtain a feasible heating pattern which is preferably as simple as possible, in particular in the corresponding surface region of the modular component made of plastic according to the invention, the heating wire can be connected to a connection terminal and can thus be supplied with power through this connection terminal, which preferably extends through the component body and the first plastic layer.
In order to protect the modular component made of plastic particularly effectively against environmental influences (in particular humidity), the second plastic layer can be realized to cover the component body and the first plastic layer at least partially also in the edge-side region of the modular component made of plastic.
The use of polycarbonate for the first plastic layer of the modular component made of plastic according to the invention provides a particularly stable and economical solution.
Preferably, the second plastic layer can be composed of a flowable plastic, particularly preferably of polyurethane.
The construction of the modular component made of plastic according to the invention is particularly stable when the component body is preferably composed of polycarbonate or a mixture of polycarbonate-based materials (for example PC + ABS).
In order to ensure sufficient stability and also good heating capacity and optically suitable decoration of the modular components made of plastic according to the invention, the following dimensions and characteristics may preferably be provided:
-a member body: a thickness of 2 to 6 mm;
-a first plastic layer: a thickness of 1 to 4 mm;
-a second plastic layer: a thickness of 0.2 to 1.0mm, preferably 0.3 to 0.6mm, particularly preferably 0.4 mm;
-heating wires: diameter of heating wire 40 μm, material: metal alloys, such as CuAg 10;
-a decorative or functional layer: a thickness of 0.3 to 0.6mm, preferably 0.45 mm;
-a connection terminal: material CuSn 6.
The invention also relates to a method for manufacturing the above-mentioned modular component made of plastic to achieve the object of the invention, comprising a component body and a plurality of plastic layers arranged or formed thereon, said method comprising the steps of:
-forming a component body of a component to be manufactured from plastic on the basis of plastic, or providing such a component body and forming a first plastic layer at least partially covering an exposed face of the carrier element by at least partially injecting a first plastic behind the exposed face of the component body; or
-forming a first plastic layer of the component to be produced from plastic on the basis of the first plastic, or providing such a first plastic layer and forming the component body at least partially covering the exposed face of the first plastic layer by at least partially injecting the plastic behind the exposed face of the component body;
-depositing a heater wire at least partially on an exposed face of the first plastic layer;
-forming a second plastic layer at least partially covering the exposed surface of the first plastic layer and the heater wire by at least partially flowing a flowable second plastic over the exposed surface of the first plastic layer.
The method according to the invention makes it possible in particular to produce the modular components made of plastic according to the invention in an economical and relatively simple manner and in a reliable manner without major operating efforts.
In the method according to the invention, in particular in the case of desired optical effects, it is particularly simple to form a decorative or functional layer at least partially between the component body and the first plastic layer, preferably before injection from behind, preferably by depositing film material in a corresponding injection mold.
In the method according to the invention, it may be preferred to functionally mount the connection terminals before injection from behind and then connect the heater wire to the connection terminals, for example by soldering or welding.
Drawings
The invention will now be better understood from a reading of the following description made with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which:
figure 1 is a schematic cross-section of a modular component made of plastic according to a first embodiment of the invention;
figure 2 is a schematic top view of a modular component made of plastic according to a second embodiment of the invention;
fig. 3 is a schematic top view of a modular component made of plastic according to a first embodiment of the invention.
In the drawings, like elements are denoted by like reference numerals.
Detailed Description
Fig. 1 shows a schematic sectional view of a modular component 1 made of plastic according to a first embodiment of the invention. The modular component 1 according to the invention made of plastic comprises a component body 2 (which is preferably transparent to the radar system) and at least one first plastic layer 3 and one second plastic layer 4. In order to enable the modular component made of plastic according to the invention to be heated, a heating wire 5 is arranged at least partially between the first plastic layer 3 and the second plastic layer 4. In order to additionally provide optical decoration, in the embodiment of the invention shown in fig. 1, a decorative or functional layer 6 is arranged at least partially between the component body 2 and the first plastic layer 3. In the present example, this layer is preferably transparent to the radar system, for example consisting of colored polycarbonate. In particular, it may also be a material provided in the form of a film.
As shown in the illustration of fig. 1, the modular component 1 according to the invention made of plastic is constructed in an arch shape, the first plastic layer 3 having a corresponding arch, on which the heating wire 5 is then deposited. The whole is then covered by a second plastic layer 4. The first plastic layer 3 and the second plastic layer 4 are realized to be transparent, translucent or transparent to the radar system to ensure visibility of the decorative element. A second plastic layer 4 is provided on the outer surface of the modular component made of plastic according to the invention and is also provided all around its edges. Overall, the corresponding layers or materials are respectively arranged in a complementary manner adjacent to one another.
The second plastic layer 4 is preferably a layer consisting of a flowable plastic, preferably polyurethane. The material can be relatively thin and flowable and form a visible surface that is relatively smooth and, if necessary, can also be polished.
In order to supply the heating wire 5 with electricity, it is connected to at least one connection terminal 7, the connection terminal 7 preferably being arranged through the component body and the first plastic layer 3. In this way, the connection terminal is protected from possible influences of the environment (e.g. humidity).
The first plastic layer may preferably consist of polycarbonate in order to ensure sufficient stability when the heating capacity is carried out in three directions simultaneously. For the stability of the modular component made of plastic according to the invention, the component body 2 can be made of polycarbonate or a mixture of polycarbonate-based materials (for example PC + ABS).
Fig. 2 shows a schematic top view of a modular component made of plastic according to a second embodiment of the invention. The second embodiment of the invention shown in fig. 2 corresponds substantially to the illustration of fig. 1, but in the illustrated embodiment of fig. 2 no decorative or functional layer is provided. In the top view of fig. 2 (as in the subsequent fig. 3), the heating wire 5 placed in certain areas, which is not visually perceptible due to its small thickness, is well discernible. Preferably, as shown in fig. 2 and 3, the heating wire 5 is placed in a meandering manner above the face of the modular component made of plastic according to the invention which must be heated.
Fig. 3 shows a schematic top view of a modular component made of plastic according to a first embodiment of the invention. The illustration of fig. 3 differs from the embodiment shown in fig. 2 of a modular component made of plastic according to the invention only in that: according to the embodiment of the invention of fig. 1, the graphic decoration obtained by the additionally provided decorative or functional layer 6 is shown in fig. 3. It can be seen that the corresponding decorative element (one "X" is shown) according to the invention, which is transmitted through the heater wire 5, is hardly modified from an optical point of view.
The modular components shown in the drawings, which are made of plastic, can be manufactured by using the method of the invention described above.
The above embodiments are described for the purpose of illustrating possible embodiments for which it will be apparent to those skilled in the art that the claims may be practiced with various modifications of the form described herein without departing from the scope of the invention. It is anticipated and further contemplated that other developments in the art that are contemplated herein may occur in view of the disclosed elements being provided by way of example and not limitation, such that the scope of protection is, in general, limited only by the subject matter of the appended claims.
Claims (12)
1. Modular component (1) made of plastic, having a component body (2), at least one first plastic layer (3) and at least one second plastic layer (4), characterized in that,
a heating wire (5) is arranged at least partially between the first plastic layer (3) and the second plastic layer (4), and a decorative or functional layer (6) is arranged at least partially between the component body (2) and the first plastic layer (3).
2. Modular component (1) made of plastic according to claim 1, characterized in that the decorative or functional layer is transparent to the radar system and particularly preferably consists of colored or coated polycarbonate, in particular in the form of a film material.
3. Modular component (1) made of plastic according to claim 1 or claim 2, characterized in that the first plastic layer (3) and/or the second plastic layer (4) is transparent, translucent or transparent to the radar system.
4. Modular component (1) made of plastic according to at least one of claims 1 to 3, characterized in that the heating wire (5) is connected to and can be supplied with power through a connecting foot (7), wherein the connecting foot (7) preferably extends through the component body (2) and the first plastic layer (3).
5. Modular component (1) made of plastic according to at least one of claims 1 to 4, characterized in that the second plastic layer (4) at least partially covers the component body (2) and the first plastic layer (3) in an edge-side region of the modular component (1) made of plastic.
6. Modular component (1) made of plastic according to at least one of claims 1 to 5, characterized in that the first plastic layer (3) consists of polycarbonate.
7. Modular component (1) made of plastic according to at least one of claims 1 to 6, characterized in that the second plastic layer (4) consists of a flowable plastic, preferably of polyurethane.
8. Modular component (1) made of plastic according to at least one of claims 1 to 7, characterized in that the component body (2) consists of polycarbonate or a mixture of polycarbonate-based materials, preferably PC + ABS.
9. Modular component (1) made of plastic according to at least one of claims 1 to 8, characterized in that the thickness of the second plastic layer (4) is 0.2 to 1.0mm, preferably 0.3 to 0.6mm, particularly preferably 0.4 mm.
10. A method of manufacturing a modular component (1) made of plastic, comprising a component body (2) and a plurality of plastic layers (3, 4) arranged or formed thereon, characterized by the following steps:
-forming a component body (2) of the component (1) made of plastic to be manufactured on the basis of plastic, or-providing such a component body (2), and-forming a first plastic layer (3) at least partially covering an exposed face of the carrier element (2) by at least partially injecting a first plastic behind the exposed face of the component body (2); or
Forming a first plastic layer (3) of the component (1) made of plastic to be produced on the basis of a first plastic, or providing such a first plastic layer (3), and forming a component body (2) at least partially covering an exposed face of the first plastic layer by at least partially injecting the first plastic behind the exposed face of the component body (2);
depositing a heater wire (5) at least partially on an exposed surface of the first plastic layer (3);
forming a second plastic layer (4) at least partially covering the exposed surface of the first plastic layer (3) and the heater wire (5) by at least partially flowing a flowable second plastic over the exposed surface of the first plastic layer (3).
11. Method according to claim 10, characterized in that a decorative or functional layer (6) is at least partially formed between the component body (2) and the first plastic layer (3), preferably by depositing a film material, before the injection from behind.
12. Method according to claim 10 or 11, characterized in that before said injection from behind, a connecting foot (7) is installed and then said heating wire (5) is connected to said connecting foot (7).
Applications Claiming Priority (3)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
FR1856366A FR3083738B1 (en) | 2018-07-11 | 2018-07-11 | Modular plastic component |
FR18/56366 | 2018-07-11 | ||
PCT/EP2019/068764 WO2020011955A1 (en) | 2018-07-11 | 2019-07-11 | Plastic modular component |
Publications (1)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
CN112203852A true CN112203852A (en) | 2021-01-08 |
Family
ID=65031407
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
CN201980035943.9A Pending CN112203852A (en) | 2018-07-11 | 2019-07-11 | Modular component made of plastic |
Country Status (4)
Country | Link |
---|---|
EP (1) | EP3820695A1 (en) |
CN (1) | CN112203852A (en) |
FR (1) | FR3083738B1 (en) |
WO (1) | WO2020011955A1 (en) |
Citations (1)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US20170352938A1 (en) * | 2016-06-01 | 2017-12-07 | Toyoda Gosei Co., Ltd. | Decorative component for vehicle |
Family Cites Families (5)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US4078107A (en) * | 1976-06-28 | 1978-03-07 | Ppg Industries, Inc. | Lightweight window with heating circuit and anti-static circuit and a method for its preparation |
US20040155029A1 (en) * | 2003-02-06 | 2004-08-12 | Haag Ronald H. | Preformed heating element and method of making |
DE102016212763B4 (en) | 2015-07-16 | 2017-09-14 | Ruhlamat Gmbh | Method for laying a wire and apparatus for carrying out the method |
US10377069B2 (en) * | 2016-07-27 | 2019-08-13 | Dura Operating, Llc | Injection molded window and method |
CN106700113B (en) * | 2017-01-13 | 2019-06-18 | 合肥微晶材料科技有限公司 | A kind of transparent heating film and preparation method thereof |
-
2018
- 2018-07-11 FR FR1856366A patent/FR3083738B1/en active Active
-
2019
- 2019-07-11 CN CN201980035943.9A patent/CN112203852A/en active Pending
- 2019-07-11 WO PCT/EP2019/068764 patent/WO2020011955A1/en unknown
- 2019-07-11 EP EP19737126.3A patent/EP3820695A1/en active Pending
Patent Citations (1)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US20170352938A1 (en) * | 2016-06-01 | 2017-12-07 | Toyoda Gosei Co., Ltd. | Decorative component for vehicle |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
WO2020011955A1 (en) | 2020-01-16 |
FR3083738B1 (en) | 2022-07-22 |
FR3083738A1 (en) | 2020-01-17 |
EP3820695A1 (en) | 2021-05-19 |
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