CN112161898B - Test device for simulating karst fracture-pipeline water flow and solute transport rule - Google Patents
Test device for simulating karst fracture-pipeline water flow and solute transport rule Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
The invention discloses a test device for simulating karst fracture-pipeline water flow and solute migration rules, which comprises a rack, wherein the rack is of a fixedly connected square frame structure, a surface karst infiltration tank is arranged at the upper part of the rack, pressure monitoring equipment is arranged on the side edge of the rack, the surface karst infiltration tank is of a square box structure, the top of the surface karst infiltration tank is of an open structure and is provided with a rainfall simulator, and the bottom of the inner side of the surface karst infiltration tank is provided with an axisymmetric irregular slope panel; filling and covering a preset rock material layer on the top surface of the irregular slope surface plate; a plurality of independent cracks and cross cracks are symmetrically arranged on the irregular slope panel; the test device for simulating the karst fracture-pipeline water flow and solute migration rule is strong in universality, can fully simulate the real structure of each karst fracture-pipeline structure, can carry out a symmetrical observation experiment in the experiment process, and is beneficial to comparison, arrangement and analysis of later-period experiment data.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to a test device for simulating a karst fracture-pipeline water flow and solute transport law, and belongs to the technical field of water flow and solute transport law experimental equipment.
Background
The special space-time change of karst development causes the karst water-containing medium to have strong anisotropy and heterogeneity, and the crack and the pipeline of karst area development cause the karst water to have the characteristics different from the underground water in the homogeneous pore medium: laminar flow and turbulent flow are symbiotic, pressure and non-pressure coexist, the movement direction of water flow is locally inconsistent with the whole, the underground water level of a unified area is lacked, the distribution is uneven and the like; engineering water shortage and drought often exist in karst areas; in each large slag, red mud and fly ash storage yard, because of the fragility of the karst geological environment, the increase of the storage yard load often causes a series of chain reactions, such as infinite destruction of karst water-containing structures, continuous leakage pollution and the like; the presence of karst pores often causes karst collapse; karst underground space engineering construction and mining processes also often suffer from problems of water inrush, mud inrush, and the like. The uncertainty of the karst aqueous medium and the hydrodynamic characteristics thereof greatly increases the difficulty in treating the environmental problems of the karst groundwater engineering; for this reason, chinese patent application No.: 201920755851.5, discloses a test device for simulating karst fracture-pipeline water flow and solute migration law, which comprises a frame, a superficial karst zone infiltration tank arranged at the upper part of the frame, a pressure monitoring device arranged at the side edge of the frame, an open structure at the top of the superficial karst zone infiltration tank and a rainfall simulator arranged therein, a large fracture plate connected to one side of the bottom of the superficial karst zone infiltration tank, three small fracture plates connected to the other side of the bottom of the small fracture plates, a V-shaped structure connecting the bottom ends of the small fracture plates and the side edges of the large fracture plates, large cracks and small cracks arranged in the large fracture plate and the small fracture plates, a plurality of pressure measuring pipe joints are respectively arranged at the side edges of the large fracture plate and the small fracture plate and at the bottom of the infiltration tank of the surface karst zone, however, the method adopts regularization and planarization to simulate cracks and pipelines, the concentration of solutes at each point cannot be monitored, and the rule obtained by the experiment is slightly different from the migration of water flow and solutes in a natural essential structure.
Disclosure of Invention
In order to solve the problems, the invention provides the test device for simulating the karst fracture-pipeline water flow and solute migration rule, which has strong universality, can fully simulate the real structure of each karst fracture-pipeline structure, and can carry out a symmetrical observation experiment in the experimental process.
The invention relates to a test device for simulating karst fracture-pipeline water flow and solute migration rules, which comprises a rack, wherein the rack is of a fixedly connected square frame structure, a surface karst infiltration tank is arranged at the upper part of the rack, pressure monitoring equipment is arranged on the side edge of the rack, the surface karst infiltration tank is of a square box structure, the top of the surface karst infiltration tank is of an open structure and is provided with a rainfall simulator, and the bottom of the inner side of the surface karst infiltration tank is provided with an axisymmetric irregular slope panel, wherein the symmetry axis of the irregular slope panel is arranged in the center of the irregular slope panel and is vertical to the ground; filling and covering a preset rock material layer on the top surface of the irregular slope surface plate; a plurality of independent cracks and cross cracks are symmetrically arranged on the irregular slope panel; a pipeline is arranged on one side of the center line of the irregular slope panel; the top surface of the pipeline is flush with the top surface of the highest peak, the lowest peak valley and the smooth transition section of the irregular slope panel respectively; the lower ends of the independent cracks and the cross cracks and the lower end of the pipeline are provided with a conductivity sensor and an osmotic pressure sensor module; the independent cracks, the cross cracks and the bottoms of the pipelines are respectively connected to an external drainage pipe; a flowmeter, a pressure gauge and a sampling tube are arranged at the outer end part of the outer discharge tube; the top surface of the surface karst infiltration tank is embedded with a surface flow channel simulator; the surface flow channel simulator is externally embedded into the inner side of a covering layer of a preset rock material layer, the top surface of the surface flow channel simulator protrudes out of the preset rock material layer, and the surface of the surface flow channel simulator is provided with a plurality of cracks; a hygrometer is pre-embedded in the inner side of each material layer of the preset rock material layer; the rainfall simulator is connected to the pressure equalizing pump through a pipeline; the pressure equalizing pump is connected to a water supply tank; the inner side of the water supply tank is provided with a conductivity sensor; the surface flow channel simulator is circularly connected with the water supply tank through a liquid extraction pump, the cracks of the irregular slope panel simulate rock cracks, and the layer material of the preset rock material layer on the upper part of the irregular slope panel simulates soluble rock materials; the soluble rock material enters the cracks and the pipelines of the irregular slope panel to form a karst infiltration process; the karst fracture is formed by the preset karst layer and the fracture of the irregular slope panel, and the karst pipeline is formed by the pipeline and the irregular slope panel, so that the flow simulation and solute migration simulation of the karst are completed.
Further, the surface flow channel simulator comprises a flow channel which is obliquely or horizontally arranged; one end of the flow channel is connected with a liquid extracting pump, and the other end of the flow channel is connected to a water supply tank.
Further, the rainfall simulator comprises a coil pipe, and simulated rainwater nozzles are arranged on the bottom surface of the coil pipe at intervals.
Further, at least one of the independent fractures intersects the conduit.
Further, the top surface of at least one pipeline is flush with the preset rock material layer, and the bottom surface of the pipeline is connected to the outer discharge pipe.
Further, the surface karst zone infiltration box comprises constant-humidity infiltration, environment simulation infiltration and saturated infiltration;
the constant-humidity infiltration comprises simulating the humidity of a preset rock material layer to carry out an experiment, when a hygrometer detects that the humidity of each layer meets the experiment requirement, carrying out an infiltration experiment, and when the humidity does not meet the requirement, adjusting the humidity by spraying infiltration or waiting for evaporation to reach a threshold section, wherein the threshold section can simulate the nature weather to carry out the experiment; matching the rock material layer with the humidity of the real environment;
the environment simulation infiltration comprises rainwater simulation, natural flow channel infiltration simulation and rainwater and natural flow channel integrated simulation, wherein the rainwater simulation specifically comprises the following steps: the intensity and the rainfall of the rainwater sprayed by the rainfall simulator are finished by adjusting the pressure value of the pressure equalizing pump; the natural flow channel penetration simulation specifically comprises the following steps: pumping the liquid in the water supply tank to the flow channel by a fluid lifting pump in a circulating manner, and conveying the liquid to a preset rock material layer for infiltration by utilizing cracks on the flow channel; the rainwater and natural flow channel integrated simulation is that the rainwater simulation and the two groups of liquid supply systems of the natural flow channel synchronously act.
Further, the water flow of the cracks and the pipelines is detected as follows:
under each infiltration condition of the surface karst, acquiring the osmotic pressure of independent cracks and cross cracks of the irregular slope panel through the osmotic pressure sensor module respectively so as to acquire the water flow data of each crack of the whole irregular slope panel, and acquiring the osmotic pressure of pipelines at different positions of the whole irregular slope panel through the osmotic pressure sensor module so as to acquire the water flow data of each pipeline of the whole irregular slope panel; the irregular slope panel is symmetrically arranged, and under the same experimental condition, crack water flow data of the irregular slope panel with the pipeline and crack water flow data of the irregular slope panel without the pipeline are respectively obtained; and because each crack is symmetrically arranged, the crack water flow data comprises crack data of each position, cross crack data, whether pipeline crack data exist or not and crack data of each position of the pipeline; arranging the same group of data according to the water flow size;
further, the solute transport of the fractures and pipes was measured as follows:
under each permeation condition of the surface karst, the conductivity of the independent cracks and the crossed cracks of the irregular slope panel is respectively obtained through the conductivity sensor, so that solute migration data of each crack of the whole irregular slope panel is obtained, meanwhile, the conductivity of pipelines at different positions of the whole irregular slope panel is obtained through the conductivity sensor, so that the solute migration data of each pipeline of the whole irregular slope panel is obtained, and in addition, the solute migration data of the crossed pipelines and cracks of the irregular slope panel is also completed through the conductivity sensor; the irregular slope panel is symmetrically arranged, and crack solute migration data of the irregular slope panel with the pipeline and crack solute migration data of the irregular slope panel without the pipeline are respectively obtained under the same experimental conditions; and because each crack is symmetrically arranged, the crack water flow data comprises crack solute migration data of each position, cross crack solute migration data, whether pipeline crack solute migration data exists or not and crack solute migration data of each position of the pipeline; arranging the same group of data according to the water flow size; the standard reference contrast data of each conductivity sensor is data collected by a conductivity sensor arranged on the inner side of the water supply tank.
Further, the total water flow and solute transport of the fractures and pipes were measured as follows:
the total water flow is detected as follows:
under each permeation condition of the surface karst, respectively acquiring the interval time from the beginning of spraying of the rainfall simulator to the discharge of water from the outer discharge pipe and the interval time from the stopping of spraying of the rainfall simulator to the discharge of no water from the outer discharge pipe; detecting the water content of a preset rock material layer, wherein the water content of the preset rock material layer = total amount of spray water-total amount of discharged dissolution mass; thereby judging the flow velocity of water flow, namely the flow velocity of solute and the water retention of a preset rock bed; the detection comprises pipeline side detection and non-pipeline side detection;
the solute transport detection is: respectively collecting the liquid discharged by the two outer discharge pipes, and calculating the concentration of the liquid through chemical analysis; thereby obtaining the total solute transport.
Compared with the prior art, the test device for simulating the karst fracture-pipeline water flow and solute migration law is strong in universality, can fully simulate the real structure of each karst fracture-pipeline structure, can carry out a symmetrical observation experiment in the experiment process, and is beneficial to comparison, arrangement and analysis of later-stage experiment data.
Drawings
Fig. 1 is a schematic view of the overall structure of the present invention.
Fig. 2 is a schematic view of the end structure of the surface flow channel simulator of the present invention.
Detailed Description
The test device for simulating the karst fracture-pipeline water flow and solute migration law shown in the figures 1 and 2 comprises a rack 1, wherein the rack 1 is of a fixedly connected square frame structure, a surface karst infiltration tank 2 is arranged at the upper part of the rack 1, pressure monitoring equipment 3 is arranged on the side edge of the rack 1, the surface karst infiltration tank 2 is of a square box body structure, the top of the surface karst infiltration tank 2 is of an open structure and is provided with a rainfall simulator 16, and an axisymmetric irregular slope panel 4 is arranged at the bottom of the inner side of the surface karst infiltration tank 2; and a preset rock material layer 5 filled and covered on the top surface of the irregular slope surface plate; a plurality of independent cracks 6 and cross cracks 7 are symmetrically arranged on the irregular slope panel 4; a pipeline 8 is arranged on one side of the central line of the irregular slope panel 4; the top surface of the pipeline 8 is flush with the top surface of the highest peak, the lowest peak valley and the smooth transition section of the irregular slope panel 4 respectively; the lower ends of the independent fractures 6 and the cross fractures 7 and the lower end of the pipeline 8 are provided with an electric conductivity sensor and an osmotic pressure sensor module 9; the bottoms of the independent cracks 6, the cross cracks 7 and the pipelines 8 are respectively connected to an outer discharge pipe 10; the outer end part of the outer discharging pipe 10 is provided with a flow meter 11, a pressure gauge 12 and a sampling pipe 13; the top surface of the surface karst infiltration tank 2 is embedded with a surface flow channel simulator 14; the surface flow channel simulator 14 is externally embedded into the inner side of the preset rock material layer 5, the top surface of the surface flow channel simulator protrudes out of the preset rock material layer 5, and a plurality of cracks are arranged on the surface of the surface flow channel simulator; a hygrometer 15 is pre-embedded in the inner side of each material layer of the preset rock material layer 5; the rainfall simulator 16 is connected to a pressure equalizing pump 17 through a pipeline; the pressure equalizing pump 17 is connected to a water supply tank 18; a conductivity sensor 19 is arranged inside the water supply tank 18; the surface flow simulator 14 is connected to the water supply tank 18 by a lift pump 20.
Wherein the surface flow channel simulator 14 comprises a flow channel arranged obliquely or horizontally; the canal is connected at one end to a lift pump 20 and at the other end to a water supply tank 18. The rainfall simulator 16 comprises a coil 161, and simulated rainwater nozzles 162 are arranged on the bottom surface of the coil 161 at intervals. At least one of said individual fissures 6 intersects the pipe. At least one of the pipes 8 has a top surface flush with the predetermined rock layer 5 and a bottom surface connected to the outer row of pipes 10.
The surface karst zone infiltration box comprises constant-humidity infiltration, environment simulation infiltration and saturated infiltration;
the constant-humidity infiltration comprises simulating the humidity of a preset rock material layer to carry out an experiment, when a hygrometer detects that the humidity of each layer meets the experiment requirement, carrying out an infiltration experiment, and when the humidity does not meet the requirement, adjusting the humidity by spraying infiltration or waiting for evaporation to reach a threshold section, wherein the threshold section can simulate the nature weather to carry out the experiment; matching the rock material layer with the humidity of the real environment;
the environment simulation infiltration comprises rainwater simulation, natural flow channel infiltration simulation and rainwater and natural flow channel integrated simulation, wherein the rainwater simulation specifically comprises the following steps: the intensity and the rainfall of the rainwater sprayed by the rainfall simulator are finished by adjusting the pressure value of the pressure equalizing pump; the natural flow channel penetration simulation specifically comprises the following steps: pumping the liquid in the water supply tank to the flow channel by a fluid lifting pump in a circulating manner, and conveying the liquid to a preset rock material layer for infiltration by utilizing cracks on the flow channel; the rainwater and natural flow channel integrated simulation is that the rainwater simulation and the two liquid supply systems of the natural flow channel synchronously act.
Wherein, the water flow detection of the cracks and the pipelines is as follows:
under each infiltration condition of the surface karst, acquiring the osmotic pressure of independent cracks and cross cracks of the irregular slope panel through the osmotic pressure sensor module respectively so as to acquire the water flow data of each crack of the whole irregular slope panel, and acquiring the osmotic pressure of pipelines at different positions of the whole irregular slope panel through the osmotic pressure sensor module so as to acquire the water flow data of each pipeline of the whole irregular slope panel; the irregular slope panel is symmetrically arranged, and under the same experimental condition, crack water flow data of the irregular slope panel with the pipeline and crack water flow data of the irregular slope panel without the pipeline are respectively obtained; and because each crack is symmetrically arranged, the crack water flow data comprises crack data of each position, cross crack data, whether pipeline crack data exist or not and crack data of each position of the pipeline; arranging the same group of data according to the water flow size;
wherein the solute transport of the fractures and the pipelines is detected as follows:
under each permeation condition of the surface karst, the conductivity of the independent cracks and the crossed cracks of the irregular slope panel is respectively obtained through the conductivity sensor, so that solute migration data of each crack of the whole irregular slope panel is obtained, meanwhile, the conductivity of pipelines at different positions of the whole irregular slope panel is obtained through the conductivity sensor, so that the solute migration data of each pipeline of the whole irregular slope panel is obtained, and in addition, the solute migration data of the irregular slope panel, which is crossed by the pipelines and the cracks, is also completed through the conductivity sensor; the irregular slope panel is symmetrically arranged, and crack solute migration data of the irregular slope panel with the pipeline and crack solute migration data of the irregular slope panel without the pipeline are respectively obtained under the same experimental conditions; and because each crack is symmetrically arranged, the crack water flow data comprises crack solute migration data of each position, cross crack solute migration data, whether pipeline crack solute migration data exists or not and crack solute migration data of each position of the pipeline; arranging the same group of data according to the water flow size; the standard reference contrast data of each conductivity sensor is data collected by a conductivity sensor arranged on the inner side of the water supply tank.
Wherein, the total water flow and solute transport of the cracks and the pipelines are detected as follows:
the total water flow is detected as follows:
under each permeation condition of the surface karst, respectively acquiring the interval time from the beginning of spraying of the rainfall simulator to the discharge of water from the outer discharge pipe and the interval time from the stopping of spraying of the rainfall simulator to the discharge of no water from the outer discharge pipe; detecting the water content of a preset rock material layer, wherein the water content of the preset rock material layer = total amount of spray water-total amount of discharged solvent; thereby judging the flow velocity of water flow, namely the flow velocity of solute and the water retention of a preset rock bed; the detection comprises detection at a pipeline side and detection at a non-pipeline side; the solute transport detection is: respectively collecting the liquid discharged by the two outer discharge pipes, and calculating the concentration of the liquid through chemical analysis; thereby obtaining the total solute transport.
The above-described embodiments are merely preferred embodiments of the present invention, and all equivalent changes or modifications of the structures, features and principles described in the claims of the present invention are included in the scope of the present invention.
Claims (9)
1. The utility model provides a simulation karst crack-pipeline rivers and solute migration law's test device, includes the frame, the frame is fixed connection's square frame structure, is equipped with top layer karst on the upper portion of frame and takes into the case that oozes, is equipped with pressure monitoring equipment at the side of frame, top layer karst takes into the case that oozes and is square box structure, and top that the case was oozed to top layer karst takes into has placed rainfall simulator for open structure, its characterized in that: the bottom of the inner side of the surface karst zone infiltration box is provided with an axisymmetric irregular slope panel; filling and covering a preset rock material layer on the top surface of the irregular slope surface plate; a plurality of independent cracks and crossed cracks are symmetrically arranged on the irregular slope panel; a pipeline is arranged on one side of the center line of the irregular slope panel; the top surface of the pipeline is flush with the top surface of the highest peak, the lowest peak valley and the smooth transition section of the irregular slope panel respectively; the lower ends of the independent cracks and the cross cracks and the lower end of the pipeline are provided with a conductivity sensor and an osmotic pressure sensor module; the independent cracks, the cross cracks and the bottoms of the pipelines are respectively connected to an external drainage pipe; a flowmeter, a pressure gauge and a sampling tube are arranged at the outer end part of the outer discharge tube; the top surface of the surface karst infiltration tank is embedded with a surface flow channel simulator; the surface flow channel simulator is externally embedded into the inner side of a covering layer of a preset rock material layer, the top surface of the surface flow channel simulator protrudes out of the preset rock material layer, and a plurality of cracks are arranged on the surface of the surface flow channel simulator; a hygrometer is pre-embedded in the inner side of each material layer of the preset rock material layer; the rainfall simulator is connected to the pressure equalizing pump through a pipeline; the pressure equalizing pump is connected to a water supply tank; the inner side of the water supply tank is provided with a conductivity sensor; the surface flow channel simulator is circularly connected with the water supply tank through a liquid extracting pump.
2. The test device for simulating the law of water flow and solute transport in a karst fissure-conduit according to claim 1, wherein: the surface flow channel simulator comprises a flow channel which is obliquely or horizontally arranged; one end of the flow channel is connected with a liquid extracting pump, and the other end of the flow channel is connected to a water supply tank.
3. The test device for simulating the law of water flow and solute transport in a karst fissure-conduit according to claim 1, wherein: the rainfall simulator comprises a coil pipe, and simulated rainwater sprayers are arranged on the bottom surface of the coil pipe at intervals.
4. The test device for simulating the law of water flow and solute transport in a karst fissure-conduit according to claim 1, wherein: at least one of the individual fissures intersecting the pipe.
5. The test device for simulating the law of water flow and solute transport in a karst fissure-conduit according to claim 1, wherein: at least one pipeline top surface and predetermine the rock bed parallel and level, and the bottom surface is connected to outer calandria.
6. The test device for simulating the law of karst fissure-pipe water flow and solute transport according to claim 2, wherein: the surface karst zone infiltration box comprises constant-humidity infiltration, environment simulation infiltration and saturated infiltration;
the constant-humidity permeation comprises simulating the humidity of a preset rock material layer to carry out an experiment, when a hygrometer detects that the humidity of each layer meets the experiment requirement, carrying out a permeation experiment, and when the humidity does not meet the requirement, reaching the humidity adjustment threshold section through spray permeation or waiting for evaporation, wherein the threshold section can simulate the natural weather to carry out the experiment; matching the rock material layer with the humidity of the real environment;
the environment simulation infiltration comprises rainwater simulation, natural flow channel infiltration simulation and rainwater and natural flow channel integrated simulation, wherein the rainwater simulation specifically comprises the following steps: the intensity and the rainfall of the rainwater sprayed by the rainfall simulator are finished by adjusting the pressure value of the pressure equalizing pump; the natural flow channel penetration simulation specifically comprises the following steps: pumping the liquid in the water supply tank to the flow channel by a fluid lifting pump in a circulating manner, and conveying the liquid to a preset rock material layer for infiltration by utilizing cracks on the flow channel; the rainwater and the natural flow channel are integrally simulated to be synchronous action of the two groups of liquid supply systems.
7. The test device for simulating the law of water flow and solute transport in a karst fissure-conduit according to claim 1, wherein: the fractures and pipes were tested for water flow as follows:
under each infiltration condition of the surface karst, acquiring the osmotic pressure of independent cracks and cross cracks of the irregular slope panel through the osmotic pressure sensor module respectively so as to acquire the water flow data of each crack of the whole irregular slope panel, and acquiring the osmotic pressure of pipelines at different positions of the whole irregular slope panel through the osmotic pressure sensor module so as to acquire the water flow data of each pipeline of the whole irregular slope panel; because the irregular slope panel is symmetrically arranged, and under the same experimental condition, crack water flow data of the irregular slope panel with the pipeline and crack water flow data of the irregular slope panel without the pipeline are respectively obtained; and because each crack is symmetrically arranged, the crack water flow data comprises crack data of each position, cross crack data, whether pipeline crack data exist or not and crack data of each position of the pipeline; the data in the same group are arranged according to the water flow.
8. The test device for simulating the law of water flow and solute transport in a karst fissure-conduit according to claim 1, wherein: the fracture and pipe solute transport were measured as follows:
under each permeation condition of the surface karst, the conductivity of the independent cracks and the crossed cracks of the irregular slope panel is respectively obtained through the conductivity sensor, so that solute migration data of each crack of the whole irregular slope panel is obtained, meanwhile, the conductivity of pipelines at different positions of the whole irregular slope panel is obtained through the conductivity sensor, so that the solute migration data of each pipeline of the whole irregular slope panel is obtained, and in addition, the solute migration data of the irregular slope panel, which is crossed by the pipelines and the cracks, is also completed through the conductivity sensor; the irregular slope panel is symmetrically arranged, and fracture solute migration data of the irregular slope panel with the pipeline and fracture solute migration data of the irregular slope panel without the pipeline are respectively obtained under the same experiment condition; and because each crack is symmetrically arranged, the crack water flow data comprises crack solute migration data of each position, cross crack solute migration data, whether pipeline crack solute migration data exists or not and crack solute migration data of each position of the pipeline; arranging the same group of data according to the water flow size; the standard reference contrast data of each conductivity sensor is data collected by a conductivity sensor arranged on the inner side of the water supply tank.
9. The test device for simulating the law of water flow and solute transport in a karst fissure-conduit according to claim 1, wherein: the total water flow and solute transport of the fractures and the pipelines were measured as follows:
the total water flow is detected as follows:
under each infiltration condition of the surface karst, respectively acquiring the interval time from the beginning of spraying of the rainfall simulator to the discharge of water from the outer discharge pipe and the interval time from the stopping of spraying of the rainfall simulator to the non-discharge of water from the outer discharge pipe; detecting the water content of a preset rock material layer, wherein the water content of the preset rock material layer = total amount of spray water-total amount of discharged solvent; thereby judging the flow velocity of water flow, namely the flow velocity of solute and the water retention of a preset rock bed; the detection comprises detection at a pipeline side and detection at a non-pipeline side;
the solute transport detection is: respectively collecting the liquid discharged by the two outer discharge pipes, and calculating the concentration of the liquid through chemical analysis; thereby obtaining the total solute transport.
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