CN112135687A - 用于基于铂和镓的丙烷脱氢催化剂的二氧化硅促进剂 - Google Patents
用于基于铂和镓的丙烷脱氢催化剂的二氧化硅促进剂 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
一种用于使烷烃催化脱氢为相应的烯烃的催化剂由氧化铝载体上的铂、镓和任选的钾组成。已将二氧化硅优选以5‑10wt%的量添加至催化剂中作为其性能的促进剂。
Description
本发明涉及基于铂和镓的新型丙烷脱氢(PDH)催化剂(在下文中表示为Pt/Ga丙烷脱氢催化剂)的制备和用途。更具体地,本发明涉及与Pt/Ga催化剂一起使用的二氧化硅促进剂,以用于低级烷烃(优选丙烷)的脱氢。
总的来说,低级烷烃的催化脱氢是一个简单但重要的反应,可以通过根据以下反应使丙烷脱氢为丙烯来说明:
C3H8<->C3H6+H2
随着对轻质烯烃(即具有碳-碳双键的低级脂族开链烃)的需求不断增长,催化脱氢日益重要。尤其是丙烷和异丁烷的脱氢反应是重要的反应,其分别用于在商业上生产丙烯和异丁烯。丙烯是塑料和树脂的重要基础化学构建单元,几十年来,全球对丙烯的需求一直稳定增长。预计对于丙烯的需求增长很快将等于或甚至高于乙烯。对于异丁烯,主要应用之一是它可用作制造甲基叔丁基醚(MTBE)的原料。
上面显示的过程是吸热的,需要约125kJ/mole的反应热。因此,为了实现合理的转化率,脱氢过程在约600℃的温度下进行。除了要求较低的温度外,异丁烯的脱氢在各个方面都与丙烯的脱氢相似。
如今,有4种主要的商业上用于烷烃脱氢的工艺:Catofin工艺、Oleflex工艺、STAR工艺和Snamprogetti-Yarzintez工艺。这些工艺之间的差异主要涉及反应热的供应。重要的Catofin工艺的特点是通过催化剂的预热提供反应热。Catofin工艺是在3到8个固定床绝热反应器中进行的,使用的氧化铬/氧化铝催化剂含有约20wt%的氧化铬。催化剂可以补充有具有高热容的惰性材料,或者补充有将选择性地燃烧或与所形成的氢反应的材料,即所谓的发热材料(HGM)。可以添加诸如钾的促进剂。在再生期间,通过使催化剂与空气流接触而使焦炭燃烧。在焦炭燃烧的同时,通常会发生Cr催化剂的氧化,需要将其再次还原,然后才能再次开始脱氢循环。
常规的催化剂再生工艺通常不能将基于铂-镓的烷烃脱氢催化剂的催化活性充分恢复到与这种催化剂处于新鲜时相同的水平。因此,进行烷烃脱氢,特别是PDH的技术人员知道,催化剂活性的降低不可避免地导致烯烃产量的降低,最终达到从工艺经济性角度而言需要用新鲜催化剂代替失活催化剂的程度。因此,需要更完全地恢复催化剂活性的手段和方法。
为了使用于烷烃脱氢的基于铂-镓的催化剂再生,需要进行氧化处理。典型地,需要高温和长的反应时间(长达2小时)以使催化剂完全重新活化。
Al2O3负载的Pt/Ga丙烷脱氢催化剂在脱氢过程中很快失活。后续的再生过程不能完全恢复催化剂活性,因此,从第一个再生循环到后续的再生循环,观察到催化剂逐渐失活。
现在令人惊讶地发现,使用SiO2/Al2O3的组合而不是单独使用Al2O3作为催化剂载体,不仅在单个再生循环内,而且从第一个再生循环到随后的再生循环,都导致催化剂失活的明显减少。最佳的SiO2含量还导致:
-提高的催化剂活性
-改进的选择性,和
-减少的高级烃和焦炭的形成。
基于Pt/Ga的催化剂还具有再生后不需要额外的还原步骤的优点,这由于减少了总循环时间而具有经济优势。
用于烷烃脱氢的基于铂-镓的催化剂是本领域已知的。因此,从EP 0 637 578 A1、US 5,308,822 A(不包含Pt)和US 7,235,706 A中已知含有0.5-2.5wt%的Ga2O3、5-50ppm的Pt、0.1-1.0wt%的K2O和0.08-3wt%的SiO2的催化剂。
在Angew.Chem.Int.Ed.53,9251-9256(2014)中描述了一种铂促进的Ga/Al2O3催化剂,它是一种高活性、选择性和稳定的丙烷脱氢催化剂,由负载在氧化铝上的1000ppm Pt、3wt%Ga和0.25wt%K组成。观察到Ga和Pt之间的协同作用,并且提出了双功能活性相,其中配位不饱和的Ga3+物质是活性物质,并且其中Pt充当促进剂。
WO 2010/107591 A1公开了具有稍微更宽的组成范围的负载型烷烃脱氢催化剂:0.5-5wt%Ga或Ga2O、500ppm Pt、0.2wt%K2O和5wt%SiO2。
在上述专利文件中,认为Pt/Ga催化剂主要适合于合流化床反应器,而不适合用于固定床Catofin工艺中。
WO 2015/094655 A1描述了如何控制存在于烃进料流中的硫,同时使存在于进料流中的烃(例如丙烷)脱氢为相应的烯烃。这通过使用还用作脱硫剂的可流化的脱氢催化剂来完成,该催化剂包含在氧化铝或氧化铝-二氧化硅载体上的镓和铂,以及任选地还包含碱金属例如钾。
US 2015/0202601 A1公开了可用于烷烃脱氢的催化剂和再活化方法。催化剂包含在选自二氧化硅、氧化铝和二氧化硅-氧化铝复合材料的载体上的IIIA族金属例如镓、VIII族贵金属例如铂、至少一种掺杂剂和任选的促进剂金属。
在US 9,776,170 B2中描述了一种适用于烷烃脱氢的非均相催化剂。它具有包括氧化铝和氧化镓(gallia)的活性层,该活性层分散在载体(例如任选的二氧化硅改性的氧化铝)上。
本发明提供了对于在轻质烷烃脱氢过程中催化剂(特别是Pt/Ga丙烷脱氢催化剂)失活的问题的解决方案。迄今为止,Pt/Ga丙烷脱氢催化剂尚未在商业上用于任何工艺,其主要原因仅因为Pt/Ga催化剂失活太快。因此,改善Pt/Ga催化剂的稳定性将使其能够与目前在Catofin工艺中使用的使轻质烷烃脱氢的基于Cr的催化剂进行竞争。
因此,本发明涉及一种用于使烷烃脱氢的催化剂,其中通过将烷烃进料到含有催化剂的脱氢反应器中,使低级烷烃根据以下反应脱氢为相应的烯烃:
CnH2n+2<->CnH2n+H2
其中n是2到5的整数,
所述催化剂由氧化铝载体上的铂、镓和任选的钾组成,其中添加二氧化硅作为催化剂性能的促进剂。
这样的催化剂专门用于固定床工艺而不是流化床工艺。
催化剂还具有再生后不需要还原步骤的优点(与基于Cr的催化剂对应物相反),这使得总循环时间更短。
根据本发明的催化剂优选包含0.5-1.5wt%Ga、1-100ppm Pt和0.05-0.5wt%K2O,以及含量为3-40wt%,优选为3-30wt%并且最优选为5-10wt%的SiO2。
将SiO2/Al2O3用作用于轻质烷烃脱氢的Pt/Ga催化剂的载体显著降低了脱氢过程中催化剂的失活。这种改进使根据本发明的催化剂能够与目前在Catofin工艺中用于轻质烷烃脱氢的致癌的基于Cr的催化剂进行竞争。
在随后的实验部分中将更详细地描述本发明。
实验
已确定SiO2作为Al2O3上负载的Pt/Ga催化剂的性能促进剂。使用了以下过程:
根据如下所述的方法浸渍所有载体。具有不同SiO2含量的Al2O3用作载体。
浸渍液的制备:
用11ml水溶解4.0g的5wt%的Ga溶液、0.20g的0.5wt%的Pt溶液和0.10g KNO3。将该溶液用于浸渍20g的所选载体。将样品滚动1小时以确保完全浸渍孔体积,将其在100℃下干燥过夜,然后在700℃下煅烧2h,升温期间为4h。
载体材料如下:
1.Al2O3,无SiO2
2.Al2O3,5wt%SiO2,低表面积(SA)
3.Al2O3,5wt%SiO2,中等SA
4.Al2O3,5wt%SiO2,更高SA
5.Al2O3,10wt%SiO2,高SA
6.Al2O3,20wt%SiO2,高SA
7.Al2O3,30wt%SiO2,高SA
催化剂性能:
所使用的反应器是等温石英反应器,其在热电偶上具有石英热腔(thermalpocket)。使用带有FID和TCD检测器的气相色谱仪分析出口气流。气相色谱仪分析C1至C4烃。转化率和选择性基于所分析的产物混合物。通过将1.5g筛分分数为0.3-0.5mm的催化剂装载到反应器中,然后将催化剂暴露于以下顺序的气体流量和温度的五个循环来评估催化剂的性能:200ml/min的氮气中10%的丙烷,在570℃的温度下14分钟;然后用200ml/min的氮气冲洗60分钟,同时加热到630℃;然后在630℃的条件下用50ml/min的氮气中的2%氧气再生30分钟;然后在50ml/min的氮气中的2%氧气中冷却30分钟至570℃;然后在570℃用200ml/min的氮气冲洗3min。然后在不包括还原步骤的情况下再次启动脱氢循环。在5bar的压力下进行测试。
结果示于图中,其中:
图1(a-c)显示了在温度为570℃、10%丙烷的流量为12Nl/h、压力为5bar的条件下,1.5g(0.3-0.5mm)催化剂在活性(图1a)、选择性(图1b)和由1-丁烯的形成所示的“油”形成(图1c)方面的稳态催化性能(第5个循环),且
图2显示了测试后的废催化剂的TPO(程序升温氧化)。
在图1a中可以看出,所有含SiO2的催化剂比不含SiO2的相应参考催化剂在运行11分钟后具有更高的性能。此外,两种具有5wt%SiO2的催化剂在运行1分钟后还具有更高的初始活性。因此看出,SiO2能够提高催化剂的活性和稳定性。
Claims (7)
1.一种用于烷烃脱氢的催化剂,其中通过将烷烃进料到含有催化剂的脱氢反应器中,使低级烷烃根据以下反应脱氢为相应的烯烃:
CnH2n+2<->CnH2n+H2
其中n是2到5的整数,
所述催化剂由氧化铝载体上的铂、镓和任选的钾组成,其中添加二氧化硅作为催化剂性能的促进剂。
2.根据权利要求1所述的催化剂,其含有1-40wt%的SiO2。
3.根据权利要求2所述的催化剂,其中SiO2含量为1-30wt%,优选为2-10wt%。
4.根据权利要求1至3中任一项所述的催化剂,其优选含有0.5-1.5wt%Ga、1-100ppmPt和0.05-0.5wt%K2O。
5.用于使烷烃在权利要求1至4中任一项所述的催化剂存在下根据以下反应脱氢为相应的烯烃的方法:
CnH2n+2<->CnH2n+H2
其中n是2到5的整数。
6.根据权利要求5所述的方法,其中所述催化剂被布置在固定床中。
7.根据权利要求5或6所述的方法,其包括顺序的氧化再生步骤和所述脱氢步骤的周期性循环,所述氧化再生步骤和所述脱氢步骤任选地被真空或冲洗步骤隔开,但是没有单独的还原步骤,例如将氢进料至催化剂的步骤。
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CN112221493A (zh) * | 2020-10-13 | 2021-01-15 | 天津大学 | 贵金属修饰的氧化镓催化剂及其制备方法和应用 |
WO2022115042A1 (en) * | 2020-11-27 | 2022-06-02 | National University Of Singapore | A method of preparing a catalyst and a catalyst prepared from the method |
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