CN112100825B - Thermal matching characteristic simulation method for helix traveling wave tube input/output structure and slow wave system - Google Patents
Thermal matching characteristic simulation method for helix traveling wave tube input/output structure and slow wave system Download PDFInfo
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- H01J23/00—Details of transit-time tubes of the types covered by group H01J25/00
- H01J23/16—Circuit elements, having distributed capacitance and inductance, structurally associated with the tube and interacting with the discharge
- H01J23/24—Slow-wave structures, e.g. delay systems
- H01J23/26—Helical slow-wave structures; Adjustment therefor
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- H01J25/34—Travelling-wave tubes; Tubes in which a travelling wave is simulated at spaced gaps
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- H—ELECTRICITY
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- H01J—ELECTRIC DISCHARGE TUBES OR DISCHARGE LAMPS
- H01J2223/00—Details of transit-time tubes of the types covered by group H01J2225/00
- H01J2223/16—Circuit elements, having distributed capacitance and inductance, structurally associated with the tube and interacting with the discharge
- H01J2223/24—Slow-wave structures, e.g. delay systems
- H01J2223/26—Helical slow-wave structures; Adjustment therefor
- H01J2223/27—Helix-derived slow-wave structures
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- H—ELECTRICITY
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- H01J—ELECTRIC DISCHARGE TUBES OR DISCHARGE LAMPS
- H01J2225/00—Transit-time tubes, e.g. Klystrons, travelling-wave tubes, magnetrons
- H01J2225/34—Travelling-wave tubes; Tubes in which a travelling wave is simulated at spaced gaps
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Abstract
The invention belongs to the technical field of microwave vacuum electronics, and particularly relates to a method for simulating thermal matching characteristics of an input/output structure and a slow-wave system of a helix traveling-wave tube. The invention provides a simulation method for thermal matching characteristics of an input/output structure of a helix traveling wave tube and a slow wave system, aiming at the matching performance of a traveling wave tube energy transmission device under a working state which cannot be truly reflected by standing wave ratio simulation without electron beam loading. Firstly, from the angle of wave injection interaction, determining the electromagnetic property of an equivalent medium based on the theory that the introduction of a space charge field can shift the high-frequency dispersion of a slow wave structure; and then, the determined equivalent medium is used for equivalent influence of the electron beam on the electromagnetic wave of the slow wave structure, so that the reflection characteristic simulation of the energy transmission port in the hot electron beam state is realized. An effective method is provided for the high-performance simulation design of the helix traveling wave tube.
Description
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the technical field of microwave vacuum electronics, and particularly relates to a method for simulating thermal matching characteristics of an input/output structure and a slow-wave system of a helix traveling-wave tube.
Background
Traveling wave tubes have become core components of some important military fields, such as radar satellites, electronic countermeasure, communications, and so on, due to their advantages of high efficiency, high gain, wide frequency band, and high power. The traveling wave tube energy transmission structure is a device for transmitting a high-frequency electromagnetic field signal of a traveling wave tube to a slow-wave structure. In the operation of the traveling wave tube, the matching of the input-output structure and the slow wave structure is very important, and the matching directly influences the gain, the power, the frequency band characteristic and other performances of the traveling wave tube.
In general, the electromagnetic characteristics of the traveling wave tube are studied to ignore the influence of electron beams on the transmission performance of electromagnetic waves. Through standing wave ratio simulation without electron beam loading on the input end and the output end, structural parameters are adjusted, and good matching performance is achieved. However, in a working state, due to the introduction of the electron beam, the transmission characteristics of the electromagnetic wave in the slow wave structure are inevitably affected, and the standing wave ratio simulation without electron beam loading cannot completely reflect the real state of the traveling wave tube during working. In addition, how to accurately and effectively simulate the influence of the electron beam on the electromagnetic characteristics of the electromagnetic wave has direct influence on the analysis of the interaction of the electron beam, and the influence becomes an important source of errors between simulation analysis and experimental measurement to a certain extent.
For the analysis of the matching performance of the traveling wave tube of the electron beam loading spiral line, the electron beam is generally equivalent to a special electromagnetic medium from a fluid theory, and then the analysis is performed by using three-dimensional electromagnetic simulation software.
For the matching condition between the input and output structure of the traveling wave tube and the slow wave system, although the thermal standing wave ratio of the input and output port in the working state of the traveling wave tube can be measured through experiments for analysis, the method needs repeated processing and testing, and has high cost and long development period. In order to make simulation consistent with actual conditions as much as possible and achieve one-time successful tube making, a simulation method for thermal matching characteristics of an input-output structure of a helix traveling wave tube and a slow wave system is explored, and an accurate simulation design for thermal matching of the input-output structure of the helix traveling wave tube and the slow wave system is achieved, so that the problem to be solved urgently is solved.
Disclosure of Invention
Aiming at the problems or the defects, the requirement of accurately analyzing the thermal matching characteristics of the input and output structure of the helix traveling wave tube and the slow wave system is met; the invention provides a simulation method for thermal matching characteristics of an input/output structure of a helix traveling wave tube and a slow wave system. On the basis of the existing travelling wave tube structure, the reflection characteristic of the energy transmission port in a thermionic electron injection state is simulated by equivalently converting electron beams into a section of special electromagnetic medium. An effective and feasible method is provided for the simulation analysis of the high-performance space helix traveling wave tube.
In order to achieve the above object, the present invention is achieved by the following technical solutions.
A simulation method for thermal matching characteristics of an input/output structure of a helix traveling wave tube and a slow wave system comprises the following steps:
and S1, designing the initial size of the spiral slow wave structure according to the required frequency band by applying the wave injection interaction theory. Including the pitch of the helix, the internal diameter, the cross-sectional dimensions, and the dimensions of the clamping bar.
And S2, obtaining an electronic initial velocity normalization value according to the electronic voltage and current parameters. And (4) performing parameter scanning on the pitch of the slow wave structure calculated in the step (S1) by using a wave injection interaction module of the helix traveling wave tube simulation software to obtain the pitch when the gain is maximum.
And S3, introducing the screw pitch obtained in the step S2 into a cold cavity slow wave structure, and simulating by using three-dimensional electromagnetic simulation software to obtain the dispersion characteristic of the slow wave structure. And adding a section of equivalent medium in the middle of the spiral line to be equivalent to the influence of the electron beam on the high-frequency dispersion. Based on the theory that the introduction of the space charge field can shift the high-frequency dispersion of the slow-wave structure, in the process of simulation by simulation software, the dispersion in the thermal cavity is shifted to the electronic initial velocity normalized value obtained in S2 by scanning the relative dielectric constant of the medium. The relative dielectric constant value obtained at this time is the electromagnetic property of the equivalent medium required.
And S4, calculating the outer radius of the coaxial line connected with the slow wave structure according to the load impedance matching theory of the transmission line. So that the characteristic impedance of the coaxial line is equal to the input impedance of the slow-wave structure. Then the intermediate impedance transformer is designed according to the characteristic impedance of the energy transmission window and the coaxial line.
And S5, performing combined modeling and simulation on the energy transmission window, the impedance converter and the slow-wave structure by using electromagnetic simulation software, substituting the relative dielectric constant of the equivalent medium obtained in the step S3 into the whole-tube thermal cavity model, and performing simulation to obtain the standing-wave ratio of the energy transmission port. This is the reflection characteristic of the energy transmission port of the traveling wave tube in the thermal electron injection state.
And S6, judging whether the performance indexes are met or not according to the S parameters obtained in the step S5, if not, scanning and optimizing the structural parameters of the impedance transformer, the coaxial line connected with the slow wave structure and the like to obtain the structural size meeting the requirements.
The invention has the beneficial effects that: the invention provides a simulation method for thermal matching characteristics of an input/output structure of a helix traveling wave tube and a slow wave system, aiming at the matching performance of a traveling wave tube energy transmission device under a working state which cannot be truly reflected by standing wave ratio simulation without electron beam loading. Firstly, from the angle of wave injection interaction, determining the electromagnetic property of an equivalent medium based on the theory that the introduction of a space charge field can shift the high-frequency dispersion of a slow wave structure; and then, the determined equivalent medium is used for equivalent influence of the electron beam on the electromagnetic wave of the slow wave structure, so that the reflection characteristic simulation of the energy transmission port in the hot electron beam state is realized. An effective method is provided for the high-performance simulation design of the helix traveling wave tube.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a flow chart of a simulation method for thermal matching characteristics of an input/output structure and a slow wave system of a helix traveling wave tube according to the present invention;
FIG. 2 is a graph of the traveling wave tube gain according to an embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 3 is a dispersion characteristic curve of a slow-wave structure of a cold cavity and a hot cavity according to an embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 4 is an equivalent medium and wave-absorbing material model in an embodiment of the invention;
FIG. 5 is a model diagram of the connection mode of the spiral line and the coaxial line in the embodiment of the invention;
FIG. 6 is a reflection curve of an energy delivery port in a hot electron injection state according to an embodiment of the present invention;
reference numerals are as follows: 1-equivalent medium, 2-wave-absorbing material.
Detailed Description
The technical scheme of the invention is explained in detail by taking a helix traveling wave tube with a frequency band of 12-13GHz as an example and combining the results of the attached drawings.
A simulation method for thermal matching characteristics of an input/output structure of a helix traveling wave tube and a slow wave system is shown in figure 1 and comprises the following steps:
(1) and establishing an initial model of the slow-wave structure of the helix traveling wave tube with the wave band of 12-13GHz according to the working requirements, wherein the initial model comprises the pitch, the inner diameter, the section size and the size of a clamping rod of the helix.
(2) And (4) calculating an electronic initial velocity normalization value according to the electronic voltage and current parameters. And (3) performing parameter scanning on the screw pitch of the slow wave structure by using a wave injection interaction module of helix traveling wave tube simulation software to obtain a gain curve as shown in figure 2, so as to determine the screw pitch when the gain is maximum.
(3) The screw pitch is brought into a cold cavity slow wave structure, and a coldtest dispersion characteristic curve shown in figure 3 is obtained by utilizing three-dimensional electromagnetic simulation software simulation.
(4) A section of equivalent medium is added in the middle of the spiral slow wave structure to be equivalent to the influence of electron beams on high-frequency dispersion. As shown in fig. 4 by the 1 equivalent medium. Based on the theory that the introduction of a space charge field can shift the high-frequency dispersion of a slow-wave structure, in the process of simulation by simulation software, the dispersion in the thermal cavity is shifted to an electronic initial velocity normalization value by scanning the relative dielectric constant of a medium. The resulting thermal cavity dispersion characteristic is shown in FIG. 3hot test. It can be seen that the addition of the electron beam shifts the dispersion of the electromagnetic wave of the slow wave structure. The medium can well equivalent the influence of electron beams on the transmission of the electromagnetic waves of the slow wave structure, and the relative dielectric constant obtained at the moment is the required electromagnetic property of the equivalent medium.
(5) A section of conical wave-absorbing material is added to the right side of the slow-wave structure, as shown in 2 of wave-absorbing material in fig. 4. The device is used for simulating the carbon evaporation on the surface of a clamping rod in a real helix line traveling wave tube and is used for absorbing electromagnetic waves transmitted to the right through a helix line high-frequency system. In order to realize good impedance matching, the connection mode of the spiral line and the coaxial line inner conductor is as shown in fig. 5, and the connection mode is a round table lengthened square body, so that the size of the cross section of the rectangular body is the same as that of the spiral line, the upper radius of the round table is the radius of the inner conductor, and the lower bottom surface is a rectangular circumscribed circle. In the process of simulation design, the first circle of screw pitch can be stretched to a certain degree so as to realize better transmission performance.
(6) According to the load impedance matching theory of the transmission line, the input impedance of the slow wave structure is close to the characteristic impedance of the coaxial line connected with the slow wave structure. And designing the size of the coaxial line inner conductor according to the connection mode provided in the previous step. And (3) performing parameter scanning optimization on the size of the outer conductor of the coaxial line by using three-dimensional electromagnetic simulation software, and obtaining the optimal size of the outer conductor according to good transmission characteristics. An intermediate impedance converter is designed according to the characteristic impedance of the energy transmission window and the characteristic impedance of the coaxial line, and the single-section impedance converter is mainly based on the following formula:
wherein Z is1Is the characteristic impedance of the energy transmission window, Z2Is a characteristic impedance of the coaxial line, ZcIs the characteristic impedance of the impedance transformer.
And performing combined modeling and simulation on the energy transmission window, the impedance converter and the slow-wave structure by using electromagnetic simulation software, and substituting the calculated relative dielectric constant of the equivalent medium into the thermal cavity model of the whole tube. The standing-wave ratio of the energy transmission port is obtained by using the frequency domain solver simulation of the electromagnetic simulation software, as shown in fig. 6, which is the reflection characteristic of the traveling-wave tube in the thermal electron-beam state. And then judging whether the performance index is met, if not, scanning and optimizing structural parameters such as the impedance transformer, the coaxial line connected with the slow wave structure and the like to obtain the structural size meeting the requirement.
In conclusion, the reflection characteristic of the energy transmission port of the spiral traveling-wave tube in the thermal electron injection state can be effectively simulated by adopting the equivalent medium calculation method.
It will be appreciated by those of ordinary skill in the art that the embodiments described herein are intended to assist the reader in understanding the principles of the invention and are to be construed as being without limitation to such specifically recited embodiments and examples. Those skilled in the art can make various other specific changes and combinations based on the teachings of the present invention without departing from the spirit of the invention, and these changes and combinations are within the scope of the invention.
Claims (1)
1. A simulation method for thermal matching characteristics of an input/output structure of a helix traveling wave tube and a slow wave system is characterized by comprising the following steps:
s1, designing the initial size of the spiral line slow wave structure according to the required frequency band by applying the wave injection interaction theory, wherein the initial size comprises the pitch, the inner diameter, the section size and the size of a clamping rod of the spiral line;
s2, calculating an electronic initial velocity normalization value according to the electronic voltage and current parameters; performing parameter scanning on the pitch of the slow wave structure calculated in S1 by using a wave injection interaction module of helix traveling wave tube simulation software to obtain the pitch when the gain is maximum;
s3, bringing the screw pitch obtained in the step S2 into a cold cavity slow wave structure, simulating by using three-dimensional electromagnetic simulation software to obtain the dispersion characteristic of the slow wave structure, and adding a section of equivalent medium in the middle of a spiral line to be equivalent to the influence of electron beams on high-frequency dispersion;
in the process of simulation by simulation software, the relative dielectric constant of the medium is scanned, so that the dispersion in the thermal cavity is shifted to the electronic initial velocity normalization value obtained in S2, and the relative dielectric constant value obtained at the moment is the required electromagnetic property of the equivalent medium;
s4, adding a section of conical wave-absorbing material on the right side of the slow-wave structure to simulate the carbon evaporation on the surface of a clamping rod in a real helix traveling wave tube and absorb electromagnetic waves transmitted to the right through a helix high-frequency system; according to the load impedance matching theory of the transmission line, calculating the outer radius of the coaxial line connected with the slow wave structure to enable the characteristic impedance of the coaxial line to be equal to the input impedance of the slow wave structure; then, designing an intermediate impedance converter according to the characteristic impedance of the energy transmission window and the coaxial line, wherein the single-section impedance converter is mainly based on the following formula:
wherein Z is1Is the characteristic impedance of the energy transmission window, Z2Is a characteristic impedance of the coaxial line, ZcIs the characteristic impedance of the impedance transformer;
s5, performing combined modeling and simulation on the energy transmission window, the impedance converter and the slow-wave structure by using electromagnetic simulation software, substituting the relative dielectric constant of the equivalent medium obtained in S3 into a whole-tube thermal cavity model, and performing simulation to obtain the standing-wave ratio of the energy transmission port, which is the reflection characteristic of the energy transmission port of the traveling-wave tube in a thermal electron-beam state;
and S6, judging whether the performance index is met or not according to the parameters obtained in S5, and if not, scanning and optimizing the parameters of the impedance transformer and the coaxial line structure connected with the slow wave structure to obtain the structure size meeting the requirement.
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| CN114530358B (en) * | 2022-02-22 | 2023-04-18 | 电子科技大学 | Coaxial single-electron-beam multi-channel helix traveling wave tube |
| CN114943105B (en) * | 2022-07-26 | 2022-11-29 | 武汉理工大学 | Method for optimizing performance of annular thermoelectric generator containing spiral bands |
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