CN112332060B - High-directivity rectangular waveguide directional coupler - Google Patents
High-directivity rectangular waveguide directional coupler Download PDFInfo
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- CN112332060B CN112332060B CN202011196103.1A CN202011196103A CN112332060B CN 112332060 B CN112332060 B CN 112332060B CN 202011196103 A CN202011196103 A CN 202011196103A CN 112332060 B CN112332060 B CN 112332060B
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01P—WAVEGUIDES; RESONATORS, LINES, OR OTHER DEVICES OF THE WAVEGUIDE TYPE
- H01P5/00—Coupling devices of the waveguide type
- H01P5/12—Coupling devices having more than two ports
- H01P5/16—Conjugate devices, i.e. devices having at least one port decoupled from one other port
- H01P5/18—Conjugate devices, i.e. devices having at least one port decoupled from one other port consisting of two coupled guides, e.g. directional couplers
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Abstract
The invention relates to a high-directivity rectangular waveguide directional coupler, belongs to the technical field of microwave devices, and solves the problem of large measurement signal error caused by poor directivity of the conventional directional coupler. The directional coupler comprises a rectangular waveguide and a plurality of coupling heads; the plurality of coupling heads are sequentially arranged on one wide surface of the rectangular waveguide according to the power transmission direction of the rectangular waveguide; each coupling head comprises two ports vertical to the wide surface; the rectangular waveguide and any coupling head form a four-port network; two ends of the rectangular waveguide are respectively an input port and an output port of the four-port network, and two ports of the coupling head are respectively a coupling port and an isolation port of the four-port network. The measurement of transmission power is realized, the directivity index is higher, and the practical value is higher.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to the technical field of microwave devices, in particular to a high-directivity rectangular waveguide directional coupler.
Background
A directional coupler is one of the most commonly used components in a microwave system, and particularly in a microwave power measurement system, it is often necessary to couple a power signal to a range that can be measured by the measurement system by using the directional coupler, and then accurately measure and analyze the signal.
The existing rectangular waveguide directional coupler has low directivity, the technical index of products manufactured by general foreign manufacturers is 30dB, the high-precision measurement and control requirements cannot be met, and particularly, under the working occasion with severe load change, the measurement value of a sampling signal of the directional coupler has large fluctuation along with the change of the amplitude and the phase position of reflected power, so that a large measurement error is brought.
The equipment and the calibration and calibration test method are developed for meeting the high performance requirements of high-power transmission assembly equipment related to a 500MHz high-frequency system of a storage ring and an intensifier of a high-energy synchrotron radiation light source project of a national major scientific and technological infrastructure project, and can be widely applied to microwave radio frequency power sources, communication and radar system equipment with high index requirements.
Disclosure of Invention
In view of the foregoing analysis, the present invention provides a high-directivity rectangular waveguide directional coupler, so as to solve the problem of large measurement signal error caused by poor directivity of the conventional directional coupler.
On one hand, the embodiment of the invention provides a high-directivity rectangular waveguide directional coupler which is used for microwave power measurement; the directional coupler comprises a rectangular waveguide and a plurality of coupling heads;
the plurality of coupling heads are sequentially arranged on one wide surface of the rectangular waveguide according to the power transmission direction of the rectangular waveguide; wherein each coupling head comprises two ports perpendicular to the broad face;
the rectangular waveguide and any coupling head form a four-port network; two ends of the rectangular waveguide are respectively an input port and an output port of the four-port network, and two ports of the coupling head are respectively a coupling port and an isolation port of the four-port network;
selecting at least one coupling head to measure microwave power, wherein an isolation port of the at least one coupling head is connected with a matched terminal load; microwave power is input from the input port of the directional coupler, and the measurement of the microwave power is carried out from the coupling port of at least one coupling head.
Furthermore, two ports of the coupling head are two coaxial transmission lines; each coaxial transmission line comprises an inner conductor and an outer conductor which are coaxially arranged from inside to outside;
the coupling head further comprises a coupling piece, wherein soldering tin holes are formed in two ends of the coupling piece, and the two ends of the coupling piece are welded with the bottoms of the two inner conductors through the soldering tin holes.
Furthermore, the supporting piece is made of polytetrafluoroethylene.
Furthermore, the two inner conductors are symmetrically arranged about the center point of the coupling piece, and the distance between the two inner conductors ranges from 25 mm to 50 mm.
Further, the coupling sheet is a rectangular sheet, the length range of the rectangular sheet is 20-60 mm, the width range is 2-20 mm, and the height range is 1-5 mm;
the four corners of the coupling piece are provided with round chamfers, and the radius of each round chamfer is 0.5-2.5 mm.
Furthermore, the coupling head also comprises a shell, a through hole for mounting the coupling head is formed in the wide surface of the rectangular waveguide mounting coupling head, and the outer diameter of the shell is matched with the inner diameter of the through hole;
the shell is cylindrical, the lower part of the shell is provided with an edge in the inward direction, and the coupling sheet penetrates through the edge and penetrates into the rectangular waveguide; the inner diameter range of the shell is 20-80 mm.
Furthermore, a connecting line of the two inner conductors and the power transmission direction in the rectangular waveguide form a rotation angle, and the rotation angle is used for changing the directional performance of the directional coupler;
the range of the rotation angle is 0-90 degrees.
Further, the directional coupler further comprises a lower backing ring, and the lower backing ring is located between the edge arranged in the inward direction of the lower portion of the shell and the outer conductor and used for changing the depth of the coupling sheet penetrating into the rectangular waveguide.
Further, the directional coupler further comprises an upper fixing press ring, and a screw hole is formed in the upper fixing press ring so that the coupling head is fixedly connected with the shell through the upper fixing press ring.
Further, the directional coupler further comprises an upper backing ring, and the upper backing ring is located between the upper fixing pressing ring and the coupling head.
Compared with the prior art, the invention can realize at least one of the following beneficial effects:
1. the high-directivity rectangular waveguide directional coupler realizes the measurement of microwave power by combining the rectangular waveguide and the coupling head, has high directivity index, can ensure that the fluctuation of a measured incident power sampling value does not exceed +/-1 percent even under the condition that the total reflection is caused by the violent change of a load, can meet the technical requirements of application occasions of high-precision measurement and high-precision control, and has high practical value.
2. The mutual cooperation of inner conductor, outer conductor, coupling piece and support piece realizes the measurement of microwave power, simple structure, and easy to carry out has higher isolation, can improve the precision of microwave power measurement simultaneously.
3. Through the cold test calibration test of the directional coupler, the directional coupler has the advantages that compared with the prior art, the directional coupler is good in directivity and high in practical value, and the output power test precision can be improved due to high directional performance.
In the invention, the technical schemes can be combined with each other to realize more preferable combination schemes. Additional features and advantages of the invention will be set forth in the description which follows, and in part will be obvious from the description, or may be learned by practice of the invention. The objectives and other advantages of the invention will be realized and attained by the structure particularly pointed out in the written description and drawings.
Drawings
The drawings are only for purposes of illustrating particular embodiments and are not to be construed as limiting the invention, wherein like reference numerals are used to designate like parts throughout.
FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram of an embodiment of a high directivity rectangular waveguide directional coupler;
FIG. 2 is a schematic diagram of a forward coupling head and a backward coupling head in one embodiment;
FIG. 3 is a schematic diagram of the internal structure of the coupling head in one embodiment;
FIG. 4 is a diagram illustrating a final test result of a cold test calibration test according to an embodiment;
reference numerals:
1-rectangular waveguide, 2-coupling head, 210-inner conductor, 220-outer conductor, 230-support, 240-coupling piece, 250-shell, 3-lower backing ring.
Detailed Description
The accompanying drawings, which are incorporated in and constitute a part of this application, illustrate preferred embodiments of the invention and together with the description, serve to explain the principles of the invention and not to limit the scope of the invention.
The existing rectangular waveguide directional coupler is generally not very high in directivity and cannot meet the requirements of high-precision measurement and control, and particularly, in a working occasion with severe load change, along with the change of the amplitude and the phase position of reflected power, a sampling signal measurement value of the directional coupler has large fluctuation, so that a large measurement error is caused. Therefore, the directional coupler composed of the rectangular waveguide and the plurality of coupling heads is a four-port network, can be used for measuring transmission power, has high practical value, and can improve the measurement accuracy of measurement signals.
The invention discloses a high-directivity rectangular waveguide directional coupler, which is used for microwave power measurement, and as shown in figure 1, the directional coupler comprises a rectangular waveguide 1 and a plurality of coupling heads 2; the plurality of coupling heads are sequentially arranged on one wide surface of the rectangular waveguide according to the power transmission direction of the rectangular waveguide; wherein each coupling head comprises two ports perpendicular to the broad face. The rectangular waveguide and any coupling head form a four-port network, the two ends of the rectangular waveguide are respectively an input port and an output port of the four-port network, and the two ports of the coupling head are respectively a coupling port and an isolation port of the four-port network.
In implementation, when the microwave power is measured, one of the coupling heads may be selected to measure the microwave power, wherein an isolation port of the coupling head is connected to a matching terminal load, the microwave power is input from an input port of the directional coupler, and the microwave power is measured from the coupling port. For example, as shown in fig. 2, 3 coupling heads are taken as an example, where the first two coupling heads from left to right are forward coupling heads, the first one of the forward coupling heads can be used for measuring transmission power, the second one of the forward coupling heads can be used for extracting a microwave signal for spectrum analysis, and the third one of the backward coupling heads can be used for acquiring a reflected power signal and merging the reflected power signal into a control system for feedback and control.
Compared with the prior art, the high-directivity rectangular waveguide directional coupler provided by the embodiment realizes the measurement of microwave power by combining the rectangular waveguide and the coupling head, the size and the dimension of each key structure of the coupling head in the directional coupler are optimized through simulation by simulation software and are obtained when the isolation performance and the direction performance are optimal, and each key structure corresponds to the optimal directivity, so that the directional coupler formed by the key structures has high directivity, even if the condition that the total reflection is caused by severe load change occurs, the fluctuation of a measured incident power sampling value cannot exceed +/-1%, the technical requirements of application occasions of high-precision measurement and high-precision control can be met, and the high-directivity directional coupler has high practical value.
Preferably, as shown in fig. 3, the two ports of the coupling head 2 are two coaxial transmission lines; each coaxial transmission line comprises an inner conductor 210 and an outer conductor 220 which are coaxially arranged from inside to outside; the coupling head further includes four supporting members 230 and a coupling tab 240. The supporting pieces are annular and arranged between the inner conductor and the outer conductor, wherein the two supporting pieces are respectively arranged at the bottoms of the two inner conductors, and the other two supporting pieces are respectively arranged at the middle upper parts of the two inner conductors. The four supporting pieces are made of insulating and smooth materials, and made of polytetrafluoroethylene, and are used for supporting the inner conductor and isolating the inner conductor from the coaxial transmission line, so that microwaves can pass through the coaxial transmission line almost without loss.
The two ends of the coupling piece are provided with soldering tin holes, and the coupling piece is welded with the bottoms of the two inner conductors through the soldering tin holes. Preferably, the two inner conductors are symmetrically arranged about a center point of the coupling piece, and a distance between the two inner conductors ranges from 25 mm to 50 mm.
Specifically, the rectangular waveguide may be made of aluminum, the rectangular waveguide is a main transmission line of the directional coupler, and one inner conductor and one outer conductor in the coupling head form a coaxial transmission line, i.e., a secondary transmission line. In actual measurement, microwave power is input from one input port of the standard rectangular waveguide, most of the power is directly transmitted to the other output port of the standard rectangular waveguide through the standard rectangular waveguide, and a small part of the power is transmitted to the coaxial transmission line through the coupling structure in an electromagnetic coupling mode and then is output through the coupling port, so that the measurement of the microwave power is realized.
Preferably, the coupling sheet is a rectangular sheet, the length range of the rectangular sheet is 20-60 mm, the width range is 2-20 mm, and the height range is 1-5 mm; and round chamfers are arranged at four corners of the coupling piece, and the radius of each round chamfer is 0.5-2.5 mm. Specifically, the coupling sheet is a rectangular sheet, the two ends of the coupling sheet in the long side direction are symmetrically provided with soldering tin holes and can be respectively welded with the two inner conductors, the coupling sheet couples microwave power from a standard rectangular waveguide to a coaxial transmission line according to a certain proportion in an electromagnetic coupling mode, and then the microwave power is output from a coupling port so as to realize measurement of the microwave power.
Preferably, the coupling head further comprises a housing 250, the housing is cylindrical, and the inner diameter of the housing ranges from 20mm to 80 mm. In detail, a through hole is formed in the wide face of the rectangular waveguide mounting coupling head, the outer diameter of the shell is matched with the inner diameter of the through hole, the shell is welded with the upper wide face of the rectangular waveguide, and the upper surface of the shell is connected with the upper fixing press ring through a screw. The housing in the coupling head is used to support the rest of the coupling head and prevent microwave leakage. A coupling sheet welded with the inner conductor in the coupling head extends into the rectangular waveguide through a through hole in the rectangular waveguide, directly couples transmission signals in the rectangular waveguide, and outputs the transmission signals to a coupling port through the inner conductor and the outer conductor so as to measure transmission power.
Preferably, the connecting line of the two inner conductors and the power transmission direction in the rectangular waveguide form a rotation angle, and the rotation angle is used for changing the directional performance of the directional coupler; the range of the rotation angle is 0 to 90 degrees. Specifically, the rotation angle affects the power obtained by coupling on two coaxial transmission lines of the coupling head, so the rotation angle plays a role in determining the directivity, the rotation angle range of the coupling head in the application is 0-90 degrees, and the directivity of the directional coupler is higher in the range. Meanwhile, each coupling head can be designed into a forward coupling head for measuring incident power or a backward coupling head for measuring reflected power according to needs, the forward coupling head can be used for measuring forward transmission power or carrying out spectrum analysis according to a forward transmission signal, and the backward coupling head can be used for measuring backward power and merging the backward power into a control system for feedback and control.
Preferably, the directional coupler further comprises a lower backing ring 3, the housing of the coupling head is cylindrical, the lower portion is provided with a rim in an inward direction, the coupling strip penetrates through the rim to penetrate into the rectangular waveguide, the lower backing ring is arranged between the rim and the outer conductor, and the depth of the coupling strip penetrating into the rectangular waveguide is changed by adjusting the thickness of the lower backing ring. Specifically, the two inner conductors extend into the rectangular waveguide and are connected by welding through a rectangular coupling sheet with a chamfer to jointly form a coupling structure for coupling electromagnetic field energy, and the basic function of the coupling structure is to sample a fundamental mode TE10 electromagnetic wave propagating in the rectangular waveguide. The coupling sheet, the two inner conductors and the outer conductor form a closed window to form a coupling ring of a coupling magnetic field, the effective area of the coupling ring projected to a plane perpendicular to the direction of the magnetic field can be changed by rotating the angle of the coupling head and changing the depth of the coupling head in the rectangular waveguide, so that the size of the magnetic flux of the magnetic field passing through the coupling ring is changed, the effect of changing the size of TE10 wave magnetic field energy picked up by the coupling head is achieved, and the isolation degree and the directivity of the directional coupler are influenced to a certain degree.
Preferably, the directional coupler further comprises an upper fixing press ring, a screw hole is formed in the upper fixing press ring, the diameter of the screw hole in the upper fixing press ring is matched with that of the screw hole in the shell, and the coupling head is fixedly connected with the shell through the upper fixing press ring. The directional coupler further comprises an upper backing ring, and the upper backing ring is located between the upper fixing compression ring and the coupling head.
The directional performance of the directional coupler is influenced by key structural parameters such as the height, the rotating angle, the inner diameter of a shell, the length, the width, the height and the chamfer angle of a coupling piece of the middle lower part backing ring of the directional coupler, and the key structural parameters of the coupler are adjusted by adopting the following method: the depth of the coupling sheet extending into the rectangular waveguide is determined by the height of the lower backing ring, and the lower backing rings with different thicknesses are pre-processed near the optimal design depth according to the result of simulation optimization design so as to be flexibly replaced according to the actual measurement result when calibration is to be carried out; similarly, the coupling sheet is also treated in such a way that some coupling sheets with slightly changed structure sizes are prepared in advance for replacement near the optimal structure size; the angle of the coupling head can be directly rotated. And finally screwing the screws of the upper fixed compression ring to fix the coupling head after all calibration and debugging are finished, and at the moment, all structural dimension parameters are fixed, so that a set of standard process parameters can be provided for subsequent batch production. The cold test calibration test of the directional coupler is described in detail below.
Before debugging of cold-side calibration, the most important step is to accurately calibrate a measurement reference surface to a waveguide flange plane of input/output of a directional coupler and a coupling port of a forward/backward coupling head by using a vector network analyzer and a waveguide calibration kit. The vector network analyzer adopts a four-port network analyzer, the calibration step executed before the test is actually a conventional 'direct-open-short-circuit-matching' method and a method called 'Unknown Through' are combined, the four-port full calibration of the network analyzer is completed, the error of a measuring system is eliminated Through an internal algorithm of the network analyzer, the measuring reference surfaces equivalent to the four ports of the vector network analyzer extend to two waveguide flange planes of the directional coupler and the coupling ports of the forward/backward coupling heads, and finally the scattering matrix parameters of the four ports of the directional coupler can be measured. The waveguide calibration kit type to be used is SSL (Short-Load) type calibration kit, which is composed of an 1/8 waveguide wavelength Short-circuit plane, a 3/8 waveguide wavelength Short-circuit plane, a sliding Load, and two wave-to-coaxial converters of waveguide-to-coaxial interface (generally, N-type radio frequency coaxial interface). Wherein, 1/8 waveguide wavelength short-circuit face and 3/8 waveguide wavelength short-circuit face can be regarded as open circuit standard component and short circuit standard component respectively, sliding load is the matching standard component, in addition because the measurement of two parameters of coupling degree and isolation degree of directional coupler involves the measurement of transmission coefficient between waveguide flange and coupling port (generally N type radio frequency coaxial interface), belong to the measurement of non-plug-in device, therefore the calibration of "Unknown Through" mentioned before can only be regarded as the Unknown Through standard component by the wave converter.
For the WR1800 waveguide directional coupler, the specific implementation flow of the calibration of the network analyzer before measurement is as follows:
firstly, a calibration file of standard component coefficient definition data corresponding to a WR1800 waveguide SSL type calibration kit is placed into a vector network analyzer.
Secondly, setting basic parameters of the vector network analyzer according to the definition of working parameters of the WR1800 type waveguide by the EIA international standard: start Frequency: 410 MHz; stop Frequency: (termination frequency) 625 MHz; power (excitation Power): 10 dBm; bandwidth: 1 kHz; number of Points (Number of scanning Points): 3000A; average Factor (number of Average scan points): 1.
and thirdly, setting four-port full calibration on a calibration preset interface of the vector network analyzer, wherein the calibration type selects Unknown straight-Through (Unknown Through) -open circuit-short circuit-matching. The two ports are set as WR1800 type waveguide interfaces, the coaxial test cables of the corresponding ports are connected to the waveguide converter, and the SSL type calibration kit is used for calibration when single-port calibration of the two waveguide flange interfaces is executed; the other two ports of the vector network analyzer are set as coaxial interfaces (generally, N-type radio frequency coaxial interfaces), and when single-port calibration of the two coaxial interfaces is executed, manual calibration is performed by using a coaxial calibration kit adapted to the model of the vector network analyzer. Regarding the pass-through calibration between ports, three cases are classified: the waveguide flanges can be directly butted with each other to carry out straight-through calibration; the coaxial interfaces can be directly calibrated by using a coaxial direct standard component; and a wave-mixing converter is used as an unknown straight-through standard component to carry out straight-through calibration between the waveguide flange and the coaxial interface.
The precise calibration of the vector network analyzer is completed through the calibration steps, the measurement reference surfaces of the four ports completely extend to the two waveguide flange planes of the directional coupler and the coupling ports of the forward/backward coupling heads, the directional coupler to be tested can be accessed into the measurement system, the respective coupling degrees and isolation degrees of the coupling ports of the two coupling heads can be obtained in real time by reading the transmission coefficients of the coupling ports of the forward/backward coupling heads, the respective directivity can be calculated, the depths of the coupling sheets extending into the rectangular waveguide can be adjusted by adjusting the angles of the coupling heads in real time or replacing the lower backing rings, even the coupling sheets with slightly different shapes and sizes can be replaced, and the optimal directivity index is sought after under the condition of meeting the coupling degree index requirements through repeated adjustment and testing. In this embodiment, the final cold measurement result is shown in fig. 4, and the directivity of the directional coupler reaches 48dB under the condition of the operating frequency of 499.8MHz and the coupling degree of 61.6dB, which indicates that the directional coupler in the present application has higher directivity.
In conclusion, the cold test calibration test of the directional coupler proves that the directional coupler has higher directivity and higher practical value compared with the prior art, and the higher directional performance can improve the test precision of the output power at the same time.
The above description is only for the preferred embodiment of the present invention, but the scope of the present invention is not limited thereto, and any changes or substitutions that can be easily conceived by those skilled in the art within the technical scope of the present invention are included in the scope of the present invention.
Claims (5)
1. A high-directivity rectangular waveguide directional coupler is used for microwave power measurement; wherein the directional coupler comprises a rectangular waveguide and a plurality of coupling heads;
the plurality of coupling heads are sequentially arranged on one wide surface of the rectangular waveguide according to the power transmission direction of the rectangular waveguide; wherein each coupling head comprises two ports perpendicular to the broad face;
the rectangular waveguide and any coupling head form a four-port network; two ends of the rectangular waveguide are respectively an input port and an output port of the four-port network, and two ports of the coupling head are respectively a coupling port and an isolation port of the four-port network;
selecting at least one coupling head to measure microwave power, wherein an isolation port of the at least one coupling head is connected with a matched terminal load; microwave power is input from an input port of the directional coupler, and the microwave power is measured from a coupling port of at least one coupling head;
the two ports of the coupling head are two coaxial transmission lines; each coaxial transmission line comprises an inner conductor and an outer conductor which are coaxially arranged from inside to outside;
the coupling head also comprises a coupling piece, wherein the two ends of the coupling piece are provided with soldering tin holes, and the coupling piece is welded with the bottoms of the two inner conductors through the soldering tin holes;
the coupling sheet is a rectangular sheet, the length range of the rectangular sheet is 20-60 mm, the width range of the rectangular sheet is 2-20 mm, and the height range of the rectangular sheet is 1-5 mm;
four corners of the coupling sheet are provided with round chamfers, and the radius of each round chamfer is 0.5-2.5 mm;
the coupling head also comprises a shell, a through hole for mounting the coupling head is formed in the wide surface of the rectangular waveguide mounting coupling head, and the outer diameter of the shell is matched with the inner diameter of the through hole;
the shell is cylindrical, the lower part of the shell is provided with an edge in the inward direction, and the coupling sheet penetrates through the edge and penetrates into the rectangular waveguide; the inner diameter range of the shell is 20-80 mm;
the directional coupler also comprises a lower backing ring, the lower backing ring is positioned between the edge arranged in the inward direction of the lower part of the shell and the outer conductor, and the depth of the coupling sheet penetrating into the rectangular waveguide is changed by adjusting the thickness of the lower backing ring;
a connecting line of the two inner conductors and the power transmission direction in the rectangular waveguide form a rotation angle, and the rotation angle is used for changing the directional performance of the directional coupler;
the range of the rotation angle is 0-90 degrees.
2. The directional coupler according to claim 1, wherein the coupling head further comprises a support member disposed between the inner conductor and the outer conductor, the support member being made of teflon.
3. The directional coupler according to claim 1, wherein the two inner conductors are symmetrically disposed about a center point of the coupling plate, and a distance between the two inner conductors is in a range of 25 to 50 mm.
4. The directional coupler of high directivity rectangular waveguide according to claim 1, characterized in that the directional coupler further comprises an upper fixing press ring, and a screw hole is provided on the upper fixing press ring to fixedly connect the coupling head with the housing through the upper fixing press ring.
5. The high directivity rectangular waveguide directional coupler of claim 4, further comprising an upper backing ring positioned between the upper retaining collar and the coupling head.
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| "High-power Test of a New Bethe-hole Directional Coupler for the PAL XFEL S-band Linac RF System";Youngdo Joo等;《Journal of the Korean Physical Society》;20131130;第63卷(第10期);第1913-1917页 * |
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