CN112033528B - Broad spectrum single photon detection system based on two-photon absorption - Google Patents
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Abstract
The invention provides a broad spectrum single photon detection system based on two-photon absorption, which consists of a light source 1, a dichroic filter 2, a first optical fiber collimator 31, a second optical fiber collimator 32, a pumping light source 4, a first 2 x 1 optical fiber coupler 51, a second 2 x 1 optical fiber coupler 52, a first optical switch 61, a second optical switch 62 and a single photon detection module 7, wherein the single photon detection module 7 consists of a bias voltage circuit 71, an avalanche single photon photodiode 72, a quenching reading circuit 73 and a signal processing circuit 74. The invention can be used for single photon detection with high sensitivity, low noise and wide spectrum, and can be widely applied to the fields of quantum secret communication, laser radar ranging, optical time domain reflection systems, fluorescence life detection, medical imaging and the like.
Description
(I) the technical field
The invention relates to a broad spectrum single photon detection system based on two-photon absorption, which can be used in the fields of quantum secret communication, laser radar ranging, optical time domain reflection systems, fluorescence life detection and medical imaging. Belongs to the technical field of single photon detection.
(II) background of the invention
The single photon detection is an extremely weak light detection technology, has high detection sensitivity, can detect the minimum energy quantum-photon, can count single photon, and realizes the detection of extremely weak light signals. Light is composed of a large number of photons, the energy of which is determined by the frequency of the light, the higher the frequency, the larger the energy, depending on the particle characteristics of the light. The energy of a single photon is in the order of 10 -19 J, detecting the single photon signal with the low energy, and adopting a special photoelectric detection device. Therefore, the single photon detection technology has high requirements on the sensitivity of the detector, and as a new detection technology, the single photon avalanche photodiode (SPAD) has the characteristics of high detection efficiency, low sensitivity to a magnetic field, small volume, low power consumption, simple driving and convenience in integration, and has wide application in the fields of fluorescence detection, quantum secret communication, laser radar ranging, DNA sequencing, medical three-dimensional imaging, ultra-sensitive spectrum detection and the like.
The spectral range is an important parameter of the photoelectric detection device, and can be defined as an interval defined by the upper and lower limits of the spectral wavelength which can be detected, and determines the wavelength range of the optical signal which can be detected by the detector. If the spectral range of the photodetector is insufficient, the accuracy and the range of use of the detection system are greatly limited. For example, in a spectrum detection system (such as a spectrometer), if the spectrum range of the detector is insufficient, the detection system may fail to detect an optical signal (effective signal is lost) in a band beyond the spectrum range, so that the detection system may fail to output an effective signal, thereby reducing the accuracy and the measurement range of the detection system; in a multi-spectral LiDAR system (multi-LiDAR), the spectral range of the detector directly determines the number of channels with different wavelengths of the LiDAR, and the wider the spectral range of the detector, the more abundant the 3-dimensional information detected by the LiDAR. Therefore, in the process of detecting an optical signal, in order to correctly convert the short-wave and long-wave portions of the detected optical signal and improve the accuracy and measurement range of the detection system, it is necessary to widen the spectral range of the photodetector as much as possible.
The Others and the Ministry of health equal to 2017 disclose infrared single-photon detection equipment (Chinese patent: CN 106840420A), which convert near-infrared light into visible light by utilizing up-conversion and finally realize the detection of light signals through a visible light single-photon detector; the field strength is equal to 2015, and discloses a near-infrared laser visibility meter based on an up-conversion single-photon detector (Chinese patent: CN 104390940A); in 2017, jiangcheng discloses infrared single photon detection equipment (Chinese patent: CN 106814033A) based on nonlinear frequency up-conversion and the like. The design realizes single photon detection in a certain spectral range, but the spectral range of each detector is limited to be only in the visible light range or the near infrared range, so that the detectors have limitation in the application of wide spectral detection, and in related applications, when optical signals including visible light and near infrared are detected, the detectors and related peripheral systems need to be replaced, so that the cost is greatly increased, the working efficiency is reduced, and meanwhile, the loss or the damage of samples is easily caused. The applications involved are as follows: surface plasma sensitivity Sensors based on differential orientations and primers, sensitivity company, jir' Homola, ivo Koudela, sinclair S.Yee, sensors and actors B54 (1999) 16-24, wherein a wavelength range of 600nm-1000nm needs to be detected; the Optimization of the gold-nanoparticle Surface Plasmon Resonance (SPR) -based Sensors, M.H.Tu, T.Sun, K.T.V.Gratta, sensors and actors B164 (2012) 43-53 requires detection of a wavelength range of 300nm to 900 nm; long-range surface morphologies for high-resolution surface morphology Sensors, G.G.Nenninger, P.Tobiska, J.Homola, S.S.Yee, sensors and actors B74 (2001) 145-151, need to probe the wavelength range of 300nm-1000 nm. In the above application, the detector of the present invention is superior to the existing detectors with specific spectral ranges due to the extension of the detection range.
The invention discloses a broad spectrum single photon detection system based on two-photon absorption. The method can be used in the fields of laser radar ranging, fluorescence life detection, medical imaging and other extremely weak light detection. The system utilizes a silicon single photon avalanche photodiode based on high detection efficiency and low noise to realize the detection of near infrared light and visible light wave bands. The system utilizes a dichroic filter to divide signal light into visible light and near infrared light, wherein the near infrared light and pump light are coupled to a silicon single photon avalanche photodiode through an optical fiber coupler, and the near infrared light and the pump light are subjected to two-photon absorption on the surface of the single photon avalanche photodiode to cause the single photon avalanche photodiode to generate avalanche electric pulses, so that the detection of the near infrared light is realized. Visible light is coupled to the silicon single photon avalanche photodiode through the optical fiber coupler, and detection of the visible light is achieved. The detection system realizes three working modes: 1. a near-infrared detection mode; 2. a visible light detection mode; 3. a real-time broad spectrum detection mode.
Disclosure of the invention
The invention aims to provide a broad spectrum single photon detection system based on two-photon absorption. The method can be used in the fields of extremely weak light detection such as laser radar ranging, fluorescence life detection, medical imaging and the like.
The broad spectrum single photon detection system based on two-photon absorption is composed of a light source 1, a dichroic filter 2, a first optical fiber collimator 31, a second optical fiber collimator 32, a pumping light source 4, a first 2 x 1 optical fiber coupler 51, a second 2 x 1 optical fiber coupler 52, a first optical switch 61, a second optical switch 62 and a single photon detection module 7, wherein the single photon detection module is composed of a bias voltage circuit 71, a single photon avalanche photodiode 72, a quenching reading circuit 73 and a signal processing circuit 74.
The invention is realized by the following steps: light emitted by the light source 1 enters the dichroic filter 2, wherein visible light is reflected to the first optical collimator 31 through the dichroic filter 2, and near-infrared light is transmitted to the second optical collimator 32 through the dichroic filter 2. The pump light source 4 and the output of the second fiber collimator 32 are connected to the input of the first 2 × 1 fiber coupler 51, the output of the first 2 × 1 fiber coupler 51 is connected to the input of the second 2 × 1 fiber coupler 52 via a first optical switch 61, and the output of the first fiber collimator 31 is connected to the input of the second 2 × 1 fiber coupler 52 via a second optical switch 62. The bias voltage circuit 71 generates a high voltage so that the single photon avalanche photodiode 72 operates in a single photon mode. Photons output by the second 2 × 1 fiber coupler 52 are incident on the single photon avalanche photodiode 72 to cause an avalanche event, and avalanche event electric pulses output by the single photon avalanche photodiode 72 are output to the signal processing system 74 through the quenching readout circuit 73 to be processed.
The light source 1 in the system can be any one of laser, excited fluorescence signal in a fluorescence life detection system, reflected light signal of a laser range radar and reflected light signal in an optical time domain reflection system.
The dichroism optical filter 2 in the system adopts a long-wave-pass dichroism optical filter with the cut-off wavelength of 780nm, and the dichroism optical filter and incident light are placed at an angle of 45 degrees. Light emitted by the light source 1 enters the dichroic filter 2, wherein visible light with a wavelength of less than 780nm is reflected to the first optical collimator 31 through the dichroic filter 2, and near infrared light with a wavelength of more than 780nm is transmitted to the second optical collimator 32 through the dichroic filter 2.
In the system, a first optical fiber collimator 31 couples the visible light reflected by the dichroic filter 2 to a single-mode optical fiber connected with the output end of the first optical fiber collimator 31. The second fiber collimator 32 couples the near infrared light transmitted by the dichroic filter 2 to the input end of the first 2 × 1 fiber coupler 51.
The pumping light source 4 in the system adopts a near infrared narrow-band laser light source with fixed light power, and the wavelength of the near infrared narrow-band laser light source is determined by the near infrared light range to be detected. The pump light source 4 is used to provide pump light for the two-photon absorption process in the detection system.
The first 2 x 1 fiber coupler 51 and the second 2 x 1 fiber coupler 52 in the system are double-ended input-single-ended output fiber couplers. Two input ends of the first 2 × 1 optical fiber coupler 51 are connected to the pump light source 4 and the second optical fiber collimator 32, respectively, and two input ends of the second 2 × 1 optical fiber coupler 52 are connected to the first optical switch 61 and the second optical switch 62, respectively.
In the system, an optical switch 61 is turned on, a second optical switch 62 is turned off, and a detection system works in a near-infrared band; the first optical switch 61 is turned off, the second optical switch 62 is turned on, and the detection system works in a visible light wave band; the first optical switch 61 and the second optical switch 62 are switched back and forth between two states at a certain frequency (state 1: the first optical switch 61 is turned on and the second optical switch 62 is turned off; state 2: the first optical switch 61 is turned off and the second optical switch 62 is turned on), and the detection system works in the visible light and near infrared light bands in real time. By changing the states of the first optical switch 61 and the second optical switch 62, three operating modes of the detection system are realized: 1. a near-infrared detection mode; 2. a visible light detection mode; 3. a real-time broad spectrum detection mode.
The bias voltage circuit 71 in the system can be an alternating current-direct current (AC-DC) or direct current-direct current (DC-DC) DC voltage source, and is used for providing a DC voltage required by a single photon working mode for the single photon avalanche photodiode 72.
The single photon avalanche photodiode 72 in the system is a silicon-based single photon avalanche photodiode that operates in the visible range with high detection efficiency and low noise (low dark counts and low back pulses).
The quench readout circuit 73 in the system can be based on any of passive quenching, active quenching, gating patterns. The quench readout circuit 73 functions to suppress the avalanche process (quenching) by lowering the bias voltage of the single photon avalanche photodiode 72 below the breakdown voltage and quickly restore the bias voltage of the single photon avalanche photodiode after a period of time (reset) while converting the avalanche event electrical pulses of the single photon avalanche photodiode 72 into standard transistor-transistor logic level signals.
The signal processing circuit 74 in the system can be a single photon counter or a time-correlated single photon counter for light intensity measurement, and the input of the signal processing circuit 74 is connected with the output of the quenching readout circuit 73 to process the standard transistor-transistor logic level signal output by the quenching readout circuit 73.
The two-photon absorption occurring within the silicon single photon avalanche photodiode 72 in the system can be viewed as
(ω 1 And omega 2 The frequencies of two different wavelength photons) of energy level. The valence band electrons in the silicon single photon avalanche photodiode can be at the optical frequency
(E g Is the forbidden bandwidth of silicon) to achieve a transition from the valence band state to a "virtual state" that is above the valence band and below the conduction band. The valence band electrons are then at the optical frequency
Absorbs another photon and achieves a transition from a "virtual state" to a conduction band state, becoming a conduction band electron. When a silicon single photon avalanche photodiode is reverse biased above the avalanche voltage, conduction band electrons will cause an avalanche event electrical pulse to occur. The two-photon absorption process can be defined as:
n＝k 1,2 P 1 P 2 (1)
where n is the photon count produced by the two-photon absorption process，P 1 Is at a frequency of ω 1 Optical power of P 2 Is at a frequency of ω 2 Optical power of k 1,2 The conversion efficiency coefficient for two-photon absorption. When the frequency is omega 1 Optical power P of 1 At fixed, Δ n = k 1, 2 P 1 ΔP 2 It can be seen that the photon count and frequency generated by the two-photon absorption process is ω 2 Optical power P of 2 And the change is linear. Therefore, the frequency of the pumping light source 4 in the system is ω 1 Fixed optical power P of 1 To realize the frequency of omega 2 Near infrared power P 2 Detection of (2). Theoretically having a frequency of
Near infrared light in the range can be detected.
(IV) description of the drawings
FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram of a broad spectrum single photon detection system based on two-photon absorption. The single photon detection device comprises a light source 1, a dichroic filter 2, a first optical fiber collimator 31, a second optical fiber collimator 32, a pumping light source 4, a first 2X 1 optical fiber coupler 51, a second 2X 1 optical fiber coupler 52, a first optical switch 61, a second optical switch 62 and a single photon detection module 7, wherein the single photon detection module comprises a bias voltage circuit 71, a single photon avalanche photodiode 72, a quenching reading circuit 73 and a signal processing circuit 74.
FIG. 2 shows incident photons in a two-photon absorption process
And
and the relation between the energy levels (valence band, virtual energy state and conduction band) in the silicon single photon avalanche photodiode.
FIG. 3 is a schematic diagram of an embodiment of a broad spectrum single photon detection system based on two-photon absorption. The device comprises a light source 1, a dichroic filter 2, a first optical fiber collimator 31, a second optical fiber collimator 32, a pumping light source 4, a first 2 x 1 optical fiber coupler 51, a second 2 x 1 optical fiber coupler 52, a first optical switch 61, a second optical switch 62, a bias voltage circuit 7, a silicon single photon avalanche photodiode 8, a quenching reading circuit 9 and a signal processing system 10.
Fig. 4 is a schematic diagram of the visible light spectral range, the near infrared light spectral range and the visible light + near infrared light spectral range that can be detected by the detection system in the embodiment.
(V) detailed description of the preferred embodiments
The invention is further illustrated below with reference to specific examples.
Figure 3 shows an embodiment of a broad spectrum single photon detection system based on two-photon absorption. The system comprises a light source 1, a dichroic filter 2, a first optical fiber collimator 31, a second optical fiber collimator 32, a pumping light source 4, a first 2X 1 optical fiber coupler 51, a second 2X 1 optical fiber coupler 52, a first optical switch 61, a second optical switch 62, a bias voltage circuit 7, a silicon single photon avalanche photodiode 8, a quenching readout circuit 9 and a signal processing system 10. Light emitted by the light source 1 enters the dichroic filter 2, wherein visible light is reflected to the first optical collimator 31 through the dichroic filter 2, and near-infrared light is transmitted to the second optical collimator 32 through the dichroic filter 2. The pump light source 4 and the output of the second fiber collimator 32 are connected to the input of the first 2 × 1 fiber coupler 51, the output of the first 2 × 1 fiber coupler 51 is connected to the input of the second 2 × 1 fiber coupler 52 via a first optical switch 61, and the output of the first fiber collimator 31 is connected to the input of the second 2 × 1 fiber coupler 52 via a second optical switch 62. The bias voltage circuit 7 generates a high voltage so that the silicon single photon avalanche photodiode 8 operates in single photon mode. Photons output by the second 2 x 1 optical fiber coupler 52 are incident to the silicon single photon avalanche photodiode 8 to cause avalanche events, and avalanche event electric pulses output by the silicon single photon avalanche photodiode 8 are output to the signal processing system 10 for processing through the quenching readout circuit 9.
The dichroic filter 2 in the example was a long-wavelength pass dichroic filter having a cutoff wavelength of 780nm, and was placed at 45 ° to the incident light. Light emitted by the light source 1 enters the dichroic filter 2, wherein visible light with the wavelength of less than 780nm is reflected to the first optical fiber collimator 31 through the dichroic filter 2, and near-infrared light with the wavelength of more than 780nm is transmitted to the second optical fiber collimator 32 through the dichroic filter 2.
In the embodiment, the first optical switch 61 is turned off, the second optical switch 62 is turned on, and the detection system operates in the visible light band (for example, fig. 4 shows the visible light spectrum range of 400nm to 780 nm); the optical switch 61 is turned on, the second optical switch 62 is turned off, and the detection system operates in the near-infrared band (as shown in fig. 4, the near-infrared spectral range is 780nm to 1700 nm); the first optical switch 61 and the second optical switch 62 are switched back and forth between two states at a certain frequency (state 1: the first optical switch 61 is turned on and the second optical switch 62 is turned off; state 2: the first optical switch 61 is turned off and the second optical switch 62 is turned on), and the detection system works in the visible light and near infrared light bands in real time (for example, the total spectral range of the detection system is 400nm to 1700nm as shown in fig. 4). By changing the states of the first optical switch 61 and the second optical switch 62, three operating modes of the detection system are realized: 1. a near-infrared detection mode; 2. a visible light detection mode; 3. a real-time broad spectrum detection mode.
In the embodiment, the pumping light source 4 adopts a narrow-band near-infrared laser with fixed optical power and the frequency of the narrow-band near-infrared laser is omega 1 . The frequency of the near infrared light emitted by the light source 1 and transmitted by the dichroic filter 2 satisfies
Can be detected by the system, in the embodiment, by selecting a suitable frequency ω 1 The detection spectral range of the detection system is maximized.
Claims (8)
1. A broad spectrum single photon detection system based on two-photon absorption is composed of a light source (1), a dichroic filter (2), a first optical fiber collimator (31), a second optical fiber collimator (32), a pump light source (4), a first 2 x 1 optical fiber coupler (51), a second 2 x 1 optical fiber coupler (52), a first optical switch (61), a second optical switch (62) and a single photon detection module (7), wherein the single photon detection module is composed of a bias voltage circuit (71), a single photon avalanche photodiode (72), a quenching reading circuit (73) and a signal processing circuit (74); light emitted by a light source (1) in the system is incident to a dichroic filter (2), wherein visible light is reflected to a first optical fiber collimator (31) through the dichroic filter (2), and near-infrared light is transmitted to a second optical fiber collimator (32) through the dichroic filter (2); the output of the pump light source (4) and the output of the second optical fiber collimator (32) are connected with the input of the first 2X 1 optical fiber coupler (51), the output of the first 2X 1 optical fiber coupler (51) is connected with the input of the second 2X 1 optical fiber coupler (52) through a first optical switch (61), and the output of the first optical fiber collimator (31) is connected with the input of the second 2X 1 optical fiber coupler (52) through a second optical switch (62); a bias voltage circuit (71) generates a high voltage to cause the single photon avalanche photodiode (72) to operate in a single photon mode; photons output by the second 2 x 1 optical fiber coupler (52) are incident to the single photon avalanche photodiode (72) to cause avalanche events, and avalanche event electric pulses output by the single photon avalanche photodiode (72) are output to the signal processing circuit (74) through the quenching readout circuit (73) to be processed.
2. The two-photon absorption-based broad spectrum single photon detection system of claim 1, wherein: the light source (1) may be any one of a laser, an excited fluorescence signal in a fluorescence lifetime detection system, a reflected light signal of a lidar, a reflected light signal in an optical time domain reflectometry system.
3. The two-photon absorption-based broad spectrum single photon detection system of claim 1, wherein: the dichroism filter (2) adopts a long-wave-pass dichroism filter with the cut-off wavelength of 780nm, and forms a 45-degree angle with incident light ° Placing; light emitted by the light source (1) enters the dichroic filter (2), wherein visible light with the wavelength of less than 780nm is reflected to the first optical fiber collimator (31) through the dichroic filter (2), and near infrared light with the wavelength of more than 780nm is transmitted to the second optical fiber collimator (32) through the dichroic filter (2).
4. The two-photon absorption-based broad spectrum single photon detection system according to claim 1, wherein: the first optical fiber collimator (31) couples the visible light reflected by the dichroic filter (2) to a single-mode optical fiber connected with the output end of the first optical fiber collimator (31); the second optical fiber collimator (32) couples the near infrared light transmitted by the dichroic filter (2) to the input end of the first 2 × 1 optical fiber coupler (51).
5. The two-photon absorption-based broad spectrum single photon detection system of claim 1, wherein: the pump light source (4) adopts a near-infrared narrow-band laser light source with fixed light power, and the wavelength of the near-infrared narrow-band laser light source is determined by the near-infrared light range to be detected; the pumping light source (4) is used for providing pumping light for the two-photon absorption process in the detection system.
6. The two-photon absorption-based broad spectrum single photon detection system according to claim 1, wherein: the first 2 x 1 optical fiber coupler (51) and the second 2 x 1 optical fiber coupler (52) are double-ended input-single-ended output optical fiber couplers; two input ends of the first 2X 1 optical fiber coupler (51) are respectively connected with the pump light source (4) and the second optical fiber collimator (32), and two input ends of the second 2X 1 optical fiber coupler (52) are respectively connected with the first optical switch (61) and the second optical switch (62).
7. The two-photon absorption-based broad spectrum single photon detection system of claim 1, wherein: the first optical switch (61) is continuously turned on, the second optical switch (62) is continuously turned off, and the detection system works in a near-infrared band; the first optical switch (61) is continuously closed, the second optical switch (62) is continuously opened, and the detection system works in a visible light wave band; the first optical switch (61) and the second optical switch (62) are switched back and forth between two states at a certain frequency (state 1: the first optical switch (61) is turned on, the second optical switch (62) is turned off; state 2: the first optical switch (61) is turned off, the second optical switch (62) is turned on), and the detection system works in a wide spectrum detection mode in real time; three operating modes of the detection system are realized by changing the states of the first optical switch (61) and the second optical switch (62): 1. a near-infrared detection mode; 2. a visible light detection mode; 3. a real-time broad spectrum detection mode.
8. The two-photon absorption-based broad spectrum single photon detection system of claim 1, wherein: the single photon detection module (7) consists of a bias voltage circuit (71), a single photon avalanche photodiode (72), a quenching readout circuit (73) and a signal processing circuit (74); the bias voltage circuit (71) can be an alternating current-direct current (AC-DC) or direct current-direct current (DC-DC) direct current voltage source and is used for providing direct current voltage required by a single photon working mode for the single photon avalanche photodiode (72); the single photon avalanche photodiode (72) is made of silicon materials, and works in a visible light range and has high detection efficiency and low noise; the quenching readout circuit (73) is used for inhibiting an avalanche process (quenching) by reducing the bias voltage of the single photon avalanche photodiode (72) to be lower than a breakdown voltage, rapidly recovering the bias voltage (reset) of the single photon avalanche photodiode after a period of time, and simultaneously converting an avalanche event electric pulse of the single photon avalanche photodiode (72) into a standard transistor-transistor logic level signal; the signal processing circuit (74) can be a single photon counter or a time-correlated single photon counter used for light intensity measurement, the input of the signal processing circuit (74) is connected with the output of the quenching reading circuit (73), and the signal processing circuit processes a standard transistor-transistor logic level signal output by the quenching reading circuit (73).
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