CN112001014B - Method for treating karst cave area foundation by dynamic compaction - Google Patents
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Abstract
The invention discloses a method for treating a karst cave area foundation by dynamic compaction, which comprises the following steps: firstly, determining the characteristics of karst caves of a constructed road section; selecting preset dynamic compaction parameters to carry out large-area dynamic compaction on the karst cave area: step three, obtaining the upper limit of the span of the top plate of the undamaged karst cave of the constructed road section according to the thickness of the covering layer and the dynamic compaction parameters; fourthly, performing stability checking calculation on the foundation embankment and vehicle loads applied to the constructed road section according to the upper limit of the top plate span of the karst cave and rock-soil parameters; if the stability check calculation is not passed, the bidirectional reinforcing bar continuous concrete slab is arranged on the pavement base layer for reinforcing and reinforcing, so that the treatment purpose is achieved. The upper limit of the top plate span which is not broken through the karst cave can be quickly determined according to the thickness of the covering layer and the tamping energy, so that a large number of holes are not needed to be drilled to investigate the karst cave span, and the investigation cost and the investigation time are saved; the method has the advantages of low price, high construction speed, capability of accelerating the construction period and saving the construction cost and the exploration cost.
Description
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the field of traffic, and particularly relates to a method for treating a karst cave area foundation by dynamic compaction.
Background
The subgrade in the karst cave area faces the risk that the karst cave collapses because the underlying karst cave is not detected, and therefore, the hidden karst cave needs to be detected, evaluated and treated during construction. The difficulty of treating the hidden cavern is not how to treat the hidden cavern, but how to accurately determine the geometric dimension of the cavern. The common karst cave detection methods include drilling and geophysical prospecting. Geophysical prospecting can theoretically detect the spatial characteristics of karst caves, but the practical effect is difficult to satisfy due to the technical development level limitation and the complexity of rock and soil media. Drilling can find parameters such as the burial depth, the height and the thickness of a top plate of the karst cave, but even a large number of drill holes cannot accurately find the span of the karst cave. And the span is the most important factor influencing the stability of the karst cave roof. The lack of accurate karst cave roof span data is an important reason for the difficulty in evaluating the stability of the karst cave roof span data.
In a plurality of foundation treatment methods, the karst cave can be broken by the huge impact force of the dynamic compaction method, and then the karst foundation with questionable stability can be properly treated as long as the karst cave is backfilled; on the contrary, if the cave is not broken by a large impact force, the top plate of the cave has a certain bearing capacity, and may not be processed. Therefore, the dynamic compaction method is used for treating the foundation of the karst cave area, the foundation treatment and the roadbed stability evaluation are considered, and the method is economical and efficient.
Under the dynamic compaction action, the action result of the karst cave roof can be divided into the following two conditions: firstly, a top plate of the karst cave is punctured; ② the top plate of the karst cave is not punctured. For the karst cave with a punctured top plate, the karst cave can be filled with the rock blocks and the gravel soil, so that the collapse risk is eliminated, and compared with the traditional grouting method, the construction cost of dynamic compaction filling of the rock blocks and the gravel soil is much lower. For a cavern that is not broken down, it is generally considered to have a certain bearing capacity and is not usually processed. But the stability of the partial caverns does not actually meet the road requirements so that they run the risk of collapse.
Disclosure of Invention
In order to solve the problems, the invention provides a method for treating a karst cave area foundation by dynamic compaction.
In order to solve the technical problems, the technical scheme of the invention is as follows:
a method for treating a karst cave area foundation by dynamic compaction comprises the following steps:
determining the characteristics of a karst cave of a constructed road section through preliminary investigation of drilling, wherein the characteristics of the karst cave comprise the height of the cave, a covering layer and the thickness of a karst cave top plate;
selecting preset dynamic compaction parameters to carry out large-area dynamic compaction on the karst cave area: if the karst cave is punctured, tamping after backfilling with rubbles, stones and gravel soil through punching; if the karst cave is not punctured, the treatment is not carried out temporarily;
step three, obtaining the upper limit of the span of the top plate of the undamaged karst cave of the constructed road section according to the thickness of the covering layer and the dynamic compaction parameters; the upper limit of the top plate span of the undamaged karst cave is the maximum span of the undamaged karst cave under the thickness and the dynamic compaction parameters of the approved covering layer; the dynamic compaction parameter is the compaction energy;
step four, according to the upper limit of the top plate span of the karst cave and rock-soil parameters, applying embankment and vehicle load to the foundation of the constructed road section for stability checking calculation, and if the stability checking calculation is passed, no additional processing is needed; if the stability check calculation is not passed, the bidirectional reinforcing bar continuous concrete slab is arranged on the pavement base layer for reinforcing and reinforcing, so that the treatment purpose is achieved.
In the third step, firstly, a comparison table of the thickness of the covering layer and the upper limit of the span of the top plate of the undamaged karst cave corresponding to the dynamic compaction parameter is obtained through a test; and then estimating the upper limit of the span of the top plate of the undamaged karst cave of the built road section according to the thickness of the covering layer and the dynamic compaction parameters.
In the third step, data in a comparison table of the thickness of the covering layer obtained by the test and the upper limit of the span of the top plate of the undamaged karst cave corresponding to the dynamic compaction parameter are subjected to data fitting by taking the thickness of the covering layer as an abscissa and the upper limit of the span of the top plate of the undamaged karst cave as an ordinate to obtain a corresponding curve of the thickness of the covering layer under the set dynamic compaction parameter and the upper limit of the span of the top plate of the undamaged karst cave; and then searching a corresponding curve according to the thickness of the covering layer and the dynamic compaction parameters to obtain the upper limit of the span of the top plate of the undamaged karst cave.
In a further improvement, the comparison table is as follows:
and in the fourth step, checking the stability of the foundation by adopting a finite element method according to the upper limit of the top plate span of the karst cave and rock-soil parameters, and then calculating according to a strength reduction method to obtain the safety coefficient of the stability of the foundation.
In a further improvement, the geotechnical parameters comprise the thickness, strength parameter indexes and modulus of various rocks at the top of the karst cave.
The invention has the advantages that:
1. the upper limit of the top plate span of the undamped karst cave can be quickly determined according to the thickness of the covering layer and the tamping energy, so that a large number of holes are not needed to survey the karst cave span, and the survey cost and the survey time are saved.
2. For breaking the karst cave, the filling material is stone blocks, gravel soil and other materials, is very cheap, is tamped after filling and has good reinforcing effect; to not breaking the karst cave, choose to carry out the reinforcement at road surface basic unit, utilized the bearing capacity of roof self, avoid touching the karst cave. Therefore, the method has the advantages of low price and high construction speed, and can accelerate the construction period and save the construction cost and the exploration cost.
3. The collapse risk possibly existing in the un-punctured karst cave is effectively prevented.
Drawings
FIG. 1a is a first diagram of a karst cave roof microcrack development process with a span-thickness ratio of 8;
FIG. 1b is a diagram of a karst cave roof microcrack development process of 8 span-thickness ratio;
FIG. 1c is a third diagram of the karst cave roof microcrack development process with a span-to-thickness ratio of 8;
FIG. 2 is a diagram of a karst cave roof failure mode with a span-thickness ratio of 8;
FIG. 3 is a final distribution diagram of microcracks across a cavern roof with a thickness ratio of 7;
FIG. 4 is a diagram of a karst cave roof failure configuration with a span-thickness ratio of 7;
FIG. 5 is a final distribution of karst cave roof microcracks with a span-to-thickness ratio of 6;
FIG. 6 is a graph of the relationship between the cavern span W and the breaking energy E under the condition that the thickness H of the covering layer is 4m, 5m and 6 m;
FIG. 7 is a diagram of a finite element-based model for checking the stability of the foundation.
Detailed Description
The technical means of the present invention will be specifically described below by way of specific embodiments.
1. In order to find out the breakdown mechanism of different karst cave spans, the thickness of a karst cave covering layer is 4m, the thickness of a karst cave top plate is 1m, the span-thickness ratio lambda is 4-8 respectively, the dynamic compaction numerical simulation can be carried out by adopting 6000kN m (the weight of a rammer is 200kN, and the diameter of the rammer is 2.6m), and the failure modes of the karst cave top plate under different conditions are analyzed.
The breakdown of the karst cave roof rock is the result of continuous accumulation of internal damage in the dynamic compaction process, and in order to disclose the damage and the breakdown process of the karst cave roof under the dynamic compaction action, the invention adopts the FISH language to write subprograms, uses a disc to represent microcracks generated by the fracture among particles, monitors the bonding condition among rock particles, realizes the tracking display of the microcracks of the rock, and discloses the failure mode of the karst cave roof in the dynamic compaction process.
1.1 cases of dynamic compaction breaking the top plate of the karst cave
FIGS. 1a-1c illustrate the development of top plate microcracks during dynamic compaction of a caverned foundation having a cross-thickness ratio λ of 8.
The roof breakdown process illustrated by FIGS. 1a-1c is as follows: in the dynamic compaction, firstly, damage microcracks (shown in figure 1 a) are generated at the upper part (rock-soil layering part) because the impact energy generated by the dynamic compaction is transmitted in the foundation in the form of waves, and when the impact waves reach the soil and rock layering part, soil particles and rock particles are mutually dislocated to generate microcracks. Then, damage microcracks (shown in figure 1 b) appear on the bottom surface of the top plate span and the top plate support of the karst cave, the damage microcracks in the top plate span continuously extend upwards to form macroscopic cracks, the top plate span is damaged, then the support bears large bending moment due to stress redistribution, a large number of damage microcracks (shown in figure 1 c) appear on the top surface of the support, the microcracks are communicated, the support is damaged, the time from the occurrence of the microcracks on the top plate to the final damage is 108ms, and the final damage form is shown in figure 2, so that typical bending-pulling damage is formed.
FIG. 3 shows the microcrack form of the top plate in the dynamic compaction process of the karst cave with the span-thickness ratio lambda of 7, and the top plate breakdown process is as follows: in the dynamic compaction process, firstly damage microcracks appear at the rock-soil layering part, then damage microcracks appear at the bottom surface of the top plate midspan and the top plate support of the karst cave, the cracks develop continuously, finally damage cracks appear in the midspan but are not communicated, the microcracks of the support are communicated (as shown in figure 3), macroscopic cracks are formed, the support is finally damaged, the time from the occurrence of the microcracks on the top plate to the final damage is 66ms, and the final damage form is as shown in figure 4, so that typical punching shear damage is formed.
In conclusion, the destruction modes of the karst cave roof under the dynamic compaction action are mainly divided into 2 types. When the span-thickness ratio of the top plate of the karst cave is large, the top plate is subjected to bending and pulling damage under the action of dynamic compaction, and the method is a progressive damage mode and long in damage time; when the span thickness ratio of the top plate of the karst cave is slightly smaller, the top plate is subjected to impact shearing damage under the action of dynamic compaction, and the damage time is short.
1.2 cases of dynamic compaction not breaking the top plate of the karst cave
Fig. 5 is the final form of top plate microcracks during dynamic compaction for a solution cavity with a span-to-thickness ratio of 6. In the dynamic compaction process, the microcracks are similar to the development process of section 2.1, damage microcracks appear at the rock-soil layering part firstly, then damage microcracks appear in the roof span and the support, the cracks develop continuously but are not communicated, the microcracks of the roof are not increased (as shown in figure 5) along with the dissipation of impact energy, and finally the karst cave roof is not broken down.
When the span-thickness ratio of the top plate of the karst cave is 5, breakdown cannot occur under the action of dynamic compaction. In the dynamic compaction process, only a small amount of damage microcracks appear at the layered part of the rock and soil, the mid-span bottom surface and the support of the top plate are not affected, and the damage of the karst cave top plate is mainly caused by the upward extension of the microcracks of the mid-span bottom surface and the support, so that the bending resistance and the shearing resistance bearing capacity of the karst cave top plate with small span are not affected under the dynamic compaction action.
2-dynamic compaction method for treating karst cave foundation
2.1 relationship between burst energy and karst cave roof span
And defining the breaking energy E of the top plate of the karst cave as the corresponding minimum ramming energy when the discrete element particle speed of the top plate of the karst cave cannot be converged to zero along with time. And (3) providing a method for treating the karst cave foundation by dynamic compaction through analyzing the relation between the breaking energy and the roof span.
The weight of a rammer hammer is 200kN, the diameter of the rammer hammer is 2.6m, the thickness of a top plate of the karst cave is 1m, dynamic compaction numerical simulation is carried out by adopting different ramming energies, and a relation curve of the karst cave span W and the breaking energy E is given in a graph 6 under the condition that the thickness H of a covering layer is 4, 5 and 6 m. As can be seen from fig. 6, the blast energy E decreases as the cavern span W increases.
2.2 method for treating karst cave region foundation by dynamic compaction
Under the dynamic compaction action, the action result of the karst cave roof can be divided into the following two conditions: firstly, a top plate of the karst cave is punctured; ② the top plate of the karst cave is not punctured. For the karst cave with a punctured top plate, the karst cave can be filled with the rock blocks and the gravel soil, so that the collapse risk is eliminated, and compared with the traditional grouting method, the construction cost of dynamic compaction filling of the rock blocks and the gravel soil is much lower. For the un-punctured cavern, the stability evaluation is further carried out, and then how to treat the cavern is considered.
In the evaluation of the stability of the cavern, the most difficult data to obtain is the span of the cavern. As can be seen from fig. 6, the karst cave with a certain cover layer thickness and a certain karst cave roof thickness is easier to break when the roof span is larger under the action of a certain tamping energy. Therefore, under certain tamping energy, the span of the undamaged karst cave has an upper limit. The stability of the undamaged karst cave can be estimated by finding the upper span limit; and because the span is an upper limit, the evaluation result is conservative and meets the engineering requirement.
Based on the analysis, the method for treating the karst cave region foundation by dynamic compaction is summarized as follows: the rough characteristics of the karst cave of a certain road section are determined through the preliminary investigation of a small number of drill holes: cavern height, overburden, and cavern roof thickness, etc., without requiring that all cavern distributions and spans be ascertained; selecting certain dynamic compaction parameters to carry out large-area dynamic compaction on the karst cave area: if the karst cave is punctured, tamping after backfilling with rubbles, stones and gravel soil through punching; if the karst cave is not punctured, the treatment is not carried out temporarily. And thirdly, estimating the upper limit of the span of the top plate of the undamaged karst cave of the road section according to the stratum and the dynamic compaction parameters. Fourthly, according to the upper limit of the karst cave span and rock parameters, applying embankment and vehicle load to the section of foundation for stability checking calculation, and if the stability checking calculation is passed, no additional treatment is needed; if the stability check calculation is not passed, the bidirectional reinforcing bar continuous concrete slab is arranged on the pavement base layer for reinforcing and reinforcing, so that the treatment purpose is achieved.
2.3 advantages of dynamic compaction for treating karst cave region foundation
In the traditional karst cave evaluation and treatment, a large amount of drilling holes are needed for finding out all karst cave spans, a large amount of time is needed, and a large amount of exploration cost is also needed. The karst cave treatment is usually carried out by adopting a grouting method, and the problems that the treatment cost is high, the grouting amount cannot be controlled in the construction and the like exist. Adopt the dynamic compaction to carry out solution cavity district ground treatment, economic benefits embodies: for breaking the karst cave, the filling material is stone blocks, gravel soil and other materials, is very cheap, is tamped after filling and has good reinforcing effect; to not breaking the karst cave, choose to carry out the reinforcement at road surface basic unit, utilized the bearing capacity of roof self, avoid touching the karst cave. Therefore, the method has the advantages of low price and high construction speed, and can accelerate the construction period and save the construction cost and the exploration cost.
3 undamaged karst cave span upper limit estimation method
The unbroken cavern is a serious threat to future road operation, and the difficulty in evaluating the stability of the unbroken cavern is how to determine the span of the top plate of the cavern. Since the larger the cavern span is, the easier it is to break, under the condition of a certain ramming energy, the span of an unbroken cavern should be smaller than a certain value, and the span is referred to as an "unbroken cavern span upper limit" under the ramming energy.
The common ramming energy in practical engineering is 4000kN · m and 6000kN · m, and for convenience of application, the upper limit of the unbolted cavern span under different cover layer thicknesses is given by the thickness of the top plate of the cavern being 1m, and is shown in table 1. For other geological conditions, the calculation determination can be carried out by using the numerical method recommended by the invention.
TABLE 1 common ramming energy without breaking the upper limit of the karst cave span
And fitting and manufacturing a curve of the thickness of the covering layer under the corresponding ramming energy and the maximum span of the un-punctured karst cave according to the data on the table, so that the maximum span of the un-punctured karst cave under the certain ramming energy and the thickness of the covering layer is obtained according to the curve.
4 engineering applications
The invention takes the foundation treatment of K273+ 600-K274 +000 sections of the south China Taoism high-speed lake as an example to explain the achievement application method.
The K273+ 600-K274 +300 section is the highway section of filling the embankment, and the embankment height is 4m, and this section solution cavity of preliminary design investigation discovery distributes more, and wherein highway section drilling 10, the drilling of discovering the solution cavity have 6, and the geological conditions is from last to being down respectively: firstly, powdery clay with the thickness of 1-9 m; ② the weathered limestone with the thickness of 1-3 m and the compressive strength of 35.5 MPa. The karst cave of the road section is in a semi-filling state, the filler is soft plastic powdery clay, the thickness of a top plate of the karst cave is 1-3 m, the height of the top plate is 0.4-3.8 m, the thickness of a covering layer is 2.8-5 m, and the karst cave span is unknown. The section is tamped once by using (200 multiplied by 20) kN.m tamping energy points, the diameter of a tamping hammer is 2.6m, the distance between tamping points is 5m, and each tamping point is 2 strokes. And 3, dynamic compaction punctures the karst caves, and the collapse positions of the karst caves are tamped by adopting on-site rubble filling. The thickness of the top plate without the cavern breakdown is 1m, the thickness of the covering layer is 5m, and the upper limit span of the cavern is 9m as shown in table 1. And then, checking and calculating the stability of the foundation by using finite elements (the method is shown in: numerical analysis of stability of an embankment and a karst cave top plate in a self-navigation karst region [ J ]. geotechnical mechanics, 2014,35(S1):382 + 390; Zhanglin, Yangxingsteel, karst cave top plate stability influence factor orthogonal finite element method analysis [ J ]. Chinese karst, 2005(02):156 + 159), calculating a model as shown in figure 7, and calculating according to a strength reduction method to obtain a foundation stability safety coefficient of 1.52, which indicates that the karst cave which is not punctured on the road section is in a stable state under the action of the load of the embankment, so that the damage cannot occur and extra treatment is not needed.
All the expressways are communicated with traffic vehicles in 2012, and the problem of cave collapse does not occur so far, which shows that the karst foundation treatment method is feasible.
The above description is only one specific guiding embodiment of the present invention, but the design concept of the present invention is not limited thereto, and any insubstantial modification of the present invention using this concept shall fall within the scope of the invention.
Claims (4)
1. A method for treating a karst cave region foundation by dynamic compaction is characterized by comprising the following steps:
determining the characteristics of a karst cave of a constructed road section through preliminary investigation of drilling, wherein the characteristics of the karst cave comprise the height of the cave, a covering layer and the thickness of a karst cave top plate;
selecting preset dynamic compaction parameters to carry out large-area dynamic compaction on the karst cave area: if the karst cave is punctured, tamping after backfilling with rubbles, stones and gravel soil through punching; if the karst cave is not punctured, the treatment is not carried out temporarily;
step three, obtaining a comparison table of the thickness of the covering layer and the upper limit of the unbreaked karst cave roof span corresponding to the dynamic compaction parameter through a test; then estimating the upper limit of the span of the top plate of the undamaged karst cave of the constructed road section according to the thickness of the covering layer and the dynamic compaction parameters; then, performing data fitting on data in a comparison table of the thickness of the covering layer obtained by the test and the upper limit of the span of the top plate of the undamaged karst cave corresponding to the dynamic compaction parameter by taking the thickness of the covering layer as a horizontal coordinate and the upper limit of the span of the top plate of the undamaged karst cave as a vertical coordinate to obtain a corresponding curve of the thickness of the covering layer under the set dynamic compaction parameter and the upper limit of the span of the top plate of the undamaged karst cave; then searching a corresponding curve according to the thickness of the covering layer and the dynamic compaction parameters to obtain the upper limit of the span of the top plate of the undamaged karst cave;
obtaining the upper limit of the span of the top plate of the undamaged karst cave of the constructed road section according to the thickness of the covering layer and the dynamic compaction parameters; the upper limit of the top plate span of the undamaged karst cave is the maximum span of the undamaged karst cave under the thickness and the dynamic compaction parameters of the approved covering layer; the dynamic compaction parameter is the compaction energy;
the method comprises the following specific steps:
step four, according to the upper limit of the top plate span of the karst cave and rock-soil parameters, applying embankment and vehicle load to the foundation of the constructed road section for stability checking calculation, and if the stability checking calculation is passed, no additional processing is needed; if the stability check calculation is not passed, the bidirectional reinforcing bar continuous concrete slab is arranged on the pavement base layer for reinforcing and reinforcing, so that the treatment purpose is achieved.
2. The method for treating a karst cave area foundation by dynamic compaction according to claim 1, wherein the comparison table is as follows:
3. the method for treating the karst cave area foundation by dynamic compaction of claim 1, wherein in the fourth step, the foundation stability is checked by adopting a finite element method according to the upper limit of the karst cave roof span and geotechnical parameters, and then the foundation stability safety coefficient is obtained by calculating according to a strength reduction method.
4. The method for treating a foundation of a cavern region by dynamic compaction of claim 1, wherein the geotechnical parameters include thickness, strength parameter index and modulus of various rocks at the top of the cavern.
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