CN111998743B - Air blasting destruction method for oversized rolling stones - Google Patents
Air blasting destruction method for oversized rolling stones Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- CN111998743B CN111998743B CN202010894284.9A CN202010894284A CN111998743B CN 111998743 B CN111998743 B CN 111998743B CN 202010894284 A CN202010894284 A CN 202010894284A CN 111998743 B CN111998743 B CN 111998743B
- Authority
- CN
- China
- Prior art keywords
- axis sensor
- dangerous
- remote control
- communication module
- control system
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Active
Links
Images
Classifications
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F42—AMMUNITION; BLASTING
- F42D—BLASTING
- F42D1/00—Blasting methods or apparatus, e.g. loading or tamping
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F42—AMMUNITION; BLASTING
- F42D—BLASTING
- F42D1/00—Blasting methods or apparatus, e.g. loading or tamping
- F42D1/04—Arrangements for ignition
- F42D1/045—Arrangements for electric ignition
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F42—AMMUNITION; BLASTING
- F42D—BLASTING
- F42D1/00—Blasting methods or apparatus, e.g. loading or tamping
- F42D1/08—Tamping methods; Methods for loading boreholes with explosives; Apparatus therefor
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F42—AMMUNITION; BLASTING
- F42D—BLASTING
- F42D3/00—Particular applications of blasting techniques
- F42D3/04—Particular applications of blasting techniques for rock blasting
Abstract
The invention discloses an air blasting destruction method for oversized rock rolls, which comprises the steps of firstly collecting topographic data and determining the position of dangerous rocks; then, a protective net is arranged on the dangerous rock, and a plurality of holes are drilled; then connecting the nine-axis sensor and a communication module for data transmission and embedding the nine-axis sensor and the communication module into one of the formed holes, embedding explosives and an electronic initiator into the rest formed holes, and connecting the nine-axis sensor and the electronic initiator with the communication module; after the communication of the test communication module is normal, sealing operation is carried out on the formed holes on the dangerous rocks; when falling rocks occur, a nine-axis sensor in the dangerous rocks is triggered to send a dangerous rock moving signal to a remote control system; the remote control system judges whether rock falling occurs or not, if yes, an initiation signal is sent, the explosive is detonated through the electronic initiator, and the rolling stones formed by the dangerous rocks are exploded and decomposed in the air. The invention can decompose the oversized falling rocks into fine falling rocks in time in the air by explosion, thereby reducing the harm caused by the oversized falling rocks to the maximum extent.
Description
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the field of slope control, and particularly relates to an air blasting destruction method for oversized rolling stones, which is used for reducing damage caused by the rolling stones of the slope and mainly used for slopes and cliff cliffs with huge dangerous rocks and boulders so as to increase the safety of the surroundings of the slopes and cliff.
Background
The existing method for preventing the falling of the oversized rolling stones is mainly used, generally, the schemes of blasting, concrete reinforcement and the like are adopted for common dangerous rocks, however, the blasting is likely to cause secondary damage to the oversized dangerous rocks, and the concrete reinforcement is usually required to be the effect that the weight of the dangerous rocks cannot fix the dangerous rocks for a long time. Finally, the ultra-large dangerous rocks roll off to cause damage.
Disadvantages of the conventional scheme
(1) The effect on ultra-large rolling stones is very limited.
(2) For rolling stones where the preventive measure fails, there is no means of elimination, resulting in a large loss once the stones fall
If the ultra-large rolling stones can be decomposed into the conventional small rolling stones through the technical means, the engineering risk can be greatly reduced, and the rolling stone prevention can be favorably realized by adopting the conventional technical means.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention aims to provide an air blasting destruction method of oversized rock tumblers to solve the problems so as to reduce the harm of dangerous rock formation rock tumblers to the property of people in the prior art.
In order to solve the technical problems, the technical scheme adopted by the invention is as follows:
an air blasting destruction method for oversized rolling stones is characterized by comprising the following steps:
step 1, scanning a target area by using a terrain scanning device carried by an unmanned aerial vehicle, collecting terrain data, and determining a dangerous rock position;
step 3, connecting the nine-axis sensor and a communication module for data transmission and embedding the nine-axis sensor and the communication module into one of the formed holes, embedding explosives and an electronic detonator into the rest formed holes, and connecting the nine-axis sensor and the electronic detonator with the communication module;
step 4, testing whether the nine-axis sensor and the electronic detonator can be communicated with a remote control system through a communication module;
step 5, after the signal is confirmed and can be normally received by the remote control system, sealing operation is carried out on the formed hole on the dangerous rock;
step 6, testing the communication between the nine-axis sensor, the electronic detonator and the computer of the remote control system again to be normal;
7, when falling rocks occur, triggering a nine-axis sensor in the dangerous rocks, and sending a dangerous rock moving signal to a remote control system;
and 8, judging whether rock falling occurs or not by the remote control system through the dangerous rock displacement monitored by the nine-axis sensor, if so, sending an initiation signal, and detonating explosive through the electronic initiator to explode and decompose the rolling stones formed by the dangerous rock in the air.
Furthermore, the pore-forming on the dangerous rock is 3-10, and a plurality of pore-forming equipartitions are around the dangerous rock.
Further, the remote control system controls the explosives in the plurality of holes to explode in two times through the electronic detonator, and the two times are delayed for 0.03-0.06 second.
Further, the holes for the first explosion and the second explosion are alternately arranged.
Further, in step 1, the terrain scanning device is a three-dimensional laser scanner.
Further, in step 1, the terrain information includes a slope model, and road houses and road information around the slope.
Further, in step 3, the communication module is any one of a GPRS chip, a 3G chip, a 4G chip, or a 5G chip.
Further, the nine-axis sensor, the electronic detonator and the communication module are powered by a miniature battery.
Further, the remote control system is installed on a computer in a remote control room.
Further, in step 5, the operation of sealing the formed holes is slurry sealing, and the concrete steps are as follows: and (3) backfilling the concrete into the formed hole after the concrete is stirred, firmly fixing the nine-axis sensor and the dangerous rock together, and forming a concrete backfilling area after the concrete is solidified.
The working principle of the invention is as follows:
firstly, manually surveying and determining the position of dangerous rocks, arranging a protective net, then placing the nine-axis sensor into the dangerous rocks through drilling, and sealing after determining that a computer receives signals. And judging the dangerous rock state through a computer, and monitoring in real time. Once the dangerous rock is found to generate displacement, after the dangerous rock is calculated to be the rolling stone through the model, the detonator is started, explosive is detonated in a delayed mode step by step, and the ultra-large rolling stone is broken into small broken stone blocks to reduce the destructive power of the small broken stone blocks.
A so-called nine-axis sensor, which is a combination of three sensors: a 3-axis acceleration sensor, a 3-axis gyroscope, and a 3-axis electronic compass (geomagnetic sensor). The three parts have different functions and are mutually matched, are motion sensing tracking elements commonly used in electronic products such as mobile phones, tablet computers, game machines and the like, and are applied to interactive control of various software and games.
The acceleration sensor measures acceleration in each direction in space. The sensor utilizes inertia of a gravity block, when the sensor moves, the gravity block can generate pressure to the X, Y, Z directions (front, back, left, right, upper and lower), the pressure is converted into an electric signal by utilizing a piezoelectric crystal, the pressure in each direction is different along with the change of the movement, and the electric signal also changes, so that the acceleration direction and the speed are judged.
Judging the big rolling stone scheme by the supplementary computer (judging the outline size of the rolling stone by a plurality of sensors moving synchronously, defining the stone with the size larger than the critical size as the big rolling stone)
The invention has the beneficial effects that:
the invention has good effect on the ultra-large type rolling stone, and the initiation device is added to initiate the rolling stone in the falling process.
The invention can detonate the dangerous rock by the explosive when the dangerous rock rolls to form rockfall, thereby preventing disasters.
And thirdly, the invention applies a delayed detonation technology, and the rolling stone can be broken into smaller fragments by two times of detonation, so that secondary damage can not be caused.
And (IV) the positioning system is arranged, once a disaster happens, related personnel can quickly position the site, and compared with the method used at the present stage, the method has no great difference in cost and is easy to popularize.
Drawings
Fig. 1 is a structural block diagram of a slope rolling stone early warning system adopted in the air blasting destruction method for ultra-large rolling stones in the embodiment of the invention.
Fig. 2 is a schematic field layout diagram of a slope rolling stone early warning system adopted in the air blasting destruction method for the oversized rolling stones in the embodiment of the invention.
Fig. 3 is a partially enlarged schematic view a of fig. 2.
FIG. 4 is a schematic diagram of a hole forming process in step 2 according to an embodiment of the present invention.
FIG. 5 is a schematic diagram of a nine-axis sensor and explosive embedded in step 3 of an embodiment of the present invention.
FIG. 6 is a schematic diagram illustrating the operation of closing the via holes in step 5 according to the embodiment of the present invention.
Fig. 7 is a schematic diagram illustrating triggering of a nine-axis sensor for falling rocks in dangerous rocks in step 6 according to the embodiment of the present invention.
FIG. 8 is a schematic view of the first detonation of the explosive in the rockfall according to the invention.
Fig. 9 is a schematic view of the initial breakdown of the rockfall of the present invention after the first detonation.
FIG. 10 is a schematic diagram of a second detonation of explosives in the falling rocks in an embodiment of the invention.
FIG. 11 is a schematic view of the example of the present invention in which Dan Di is decomposed into fine stones after secondary explosion.
In the attached figure, 1-nine-axis sensors, 2-dangerous rocks, 3-mountain bodies, 4-guardrails, 5-highways, 6-computers, 7-signal transmitting towers, 8-drill bits, 9-pore forming, 10-concrete backfilling areas, 11-electronic detonators, 12-leads and 13-explosives.
Detailed Description
The technical solutions in the embodiments of the present invention will be clearly and completely described below with reference to the drawings in the embodiments of the present invention, and it is obvious that the described embodiments are only a part of the embodiments of the present invention, and not all of the embodiments. All other embodiments, which can be derived by a person skilled in the art from the embodiments given herein without making any creative effort, shall fall within the protection scope of the present invention.
It should be noted that the embodiments and features of the embodiments may be combined with each other without conflict.
The invention is further described with reference to the following drawings and specific examples, which are not intended to be limiting.
As shown in fig. 1 to 11, the invention provides an air blasting destruction method for oversized rolling stones, which adopts a slope rolling stone early warning system based on a nine-axis sensor 1, and comprises a remote control system, a data transmission subsystem and a field data acquisition subsystem as shown in fig. 1; the data transmission subsystem is used for realizing data transmission between the remote control system and the field data acquisition subsystem; the remote control system comprises a geographic information subsystem, a rolling stone track calculation subsystem and a model early warning subsystem, wherein the geographic information subsystem is used for storing a digital model of the target slope; the rolling stone track calculation subsystem is used for establishing a rolling stone landslide track calculation model library and calculating the track of the rolling stone according to different initial boundary conditions; the model early warning subsystem is used for predicting a rock rolling falling point according to the triggering of landslide and the rock rolling track simulated and calculated by the rock rolling track calculation subsystem, judging an influence area by combining nearby houses and roads and sending early warning information; the field data acquisition subsystem comprises a nine-axis sensor 1 installed in a slope dangerous rock 2.
As a specific embodiment, the geographic information subsystem obtains the topographic information of the field area through a laser radar and an oblique photography technology, where the topographic information includes a slope model and information about road houses and roads around the slope.
As a specific embodiment, the model early warning subsystem includes an automatic early warning system and a manual early warning system, the automatic early warning system notifies an operator monitoring the remote control system, and the manual early warning system includes a telephone notification and a short message notification.
As a specific embodiment, the data transmission subsystem performs data transmission by using a GPRS signal, a 3G signal, a 4G signal, or a 5G signal, and specifically uses a GPRS chip, a 3G chip, a 4G chip, or a 5G chip.
As a specific example, the remote control system is installed on a computer 6 in a remote control room.
The method for destroying the oversized rolling stones through air blasting comprises the following steps:
step 1, scanning a target area by an unmanned aerial vehicle carrying terrain scanning equipment, collecting terrain data, and determining the position of dangerous rock 2;
step 3, connecting the nine-axis sensor 1 and a communication module for data transmission and embedding the nine-axis sensor into one of the formed holes 9, embedding an explosive 13 and an electronic detonator 11 into the remaining formed holes 9 as shown in fig. 5, and connecting the nine-axis sensor 1 and the electronic detonator 11 with the communication module;
step 4, testing whether the nine-axis sensor 1 and the electronic detonator 11 can communicate with a remote control system through a communication module;
step 5, after the signal is confirmed and can be normally received by the remote control system, closing the pore-forming hole 9 on the dangerous rock 2, as shown in fig. 6;
step 6, testing the communication between the nine-axis sensor 1 and the electronic detonator 11 and the computer 6 of the remote control system again to be normal;
and 8, judging whether rockfall occurs or not by the remote control system through the displacement of the dangerous rock 2 monitored by the nine-axis sensor 1, if yes, sending an initiation signal, and detonating an explosive 13 through the electronic initiator 11 to explode and decompose the rolling rock formed by the dangerous rock 2 in the air, as shown in the figures 8 to 11.
As a preferred embodiment, the number of the formed holes 9 on the dangerous rock 2 is 3-10, and a plurality of formed holes 9 are uniformly distributed around the dangerous rock 2.
In a preferred embodiment, the remote control system controls the explosive 13 in the plurality of holes 9 to explode in two times through the electronic detonator 11, and the two times are delayed for 0.03-0.06 seconds.
As a preferred embodiment, the holes 9 for the first explosion and the second explosion are arranged alternately.
As a preferred embodiment, in step 1, the terrain scanning device is a three-dimensional laser scanner.
As a preferred embodiment, in step 3, the communication module is any one of a GPRS chip, a 3G chip, a 4G chip, or a 5G chip.
As a preferred embodiment, the nine-axis sensor 1, the electronic initiator 11 and the communication module are powered by miniature batteries.
As a preferred embodiment, in step 5, the sealing operation of the hole 9 is slurry sealing, and the specific steps are as follows: and (3) backfilling the concrete into the formed hole 9 after the concrete is stirred, firmly fixing the nine-axis sensor 1 and the dangerous rock 2 together, and forming a concrete backfilling area 10 after the concrete is solidified.
As a preferred embodiment, the remote control system judges that the rock falls and starts the exploder, and simultaneously sends out an early warning signal through the model early warning subsystem, and the model early warning subsystem judges an influence area according to the track and the falling point of the rolling rock by combining a house and a road nearby and sends out early warning information; after receiving the alarm signal, the monitoring personnel immediately report the disaster area and send dangerous area information to related personnel to inform the disaster occurrence situation, the rescue work is immediately carried out, and the related area, particularly the road, is temporarily blocked.
Particularly, when the remote control system monitors that the displacement of the rolling stones stops through the nine-axis sensor 1, the rescue work is immediately carried out in the corresponding area, and rescue workers can be told that the rolling stones move at any place, so that secondary disasters can be effectively avoided.
While the invention has been described with reference to a preferred embodiment, it will be understood by those skilled in the art that various changes in form and detail may be made without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention.
Claims (7)
1. An air blasting destruction method for oversized rolling stones is characterized by comprising the following steps:
step 1, scanning a target area by using an unmanned aerial vehicle carrying terrain scanning equipment, collecting terrain data and determining a dangerous rock position;
step 2, arranging a protective net on the dangerous rock, drilling according to a designed position, and drilling to obtain a plurality of formed holes;
step 3, connecting the nine-axis sensor and a communication module for data transmission and embedding the nine-axis sensor and the communication module into one of the formed holes, embedding explosives and an electronic detonator into the rest formed holes, and connecting the nine-axis sensor and the electronic detonator with the communication module;
step 4, testing whether the nine-axis sensor and the electronic detonator can be communicated with a remote control system through a communication module;
step 5, after confirming that the signal is available and being received by the remote control system normally, carrying out closed operation on the formed hole on the dangerous rock;
step 6, testing the communication between the nine-axis sensor, the electronic detonator and the computer of the remote control system again to be normal;
7, when falling rocks occur, triggering a nine-axis sensor in the dangerous rocks, and sending a dangerous rock moving signal to a remote control system;
step 8, the remote control system judges whether rockfall occurs or not through dangerous rock displacement monitored by the nine-axis sensor, if yes, an initiation signal is sent, explosives are detonated through the electronic initiator, and rolling stones formed by dangerous rocks are exploded and decomposed in the air;
the number of the formed holes on the dangerous rock is 3-10, and a plurality of formed holes are uniformly distributed around the dangerous rock;
the remote control system controls the explosives in the plurality of formed holes to explode in two times through the electronic detonator, and the two times are delayed for 0.03-0.06 second;
the holes for the first explosion and the second explosion are alternately arranged.
2. The air blasting destruction method of the ultra-large roller stones, as claimed in claim 1, characterized in that: in step 1, the terrain scanning device is a three-dimensional laser scanner.
3. The air blasting destruction method of the ultra-large roller stones, as claimed in claim 1, characterized in that: in the step 1, the topographic data comprises a slope model, and road house and road information around the slope.
4. The air blasting destruction method of the ultra-large roller stones, as claimed in claim 1, characterized in that: in step 3, the communication module is any one of a GPRS chip, a 3G chip, a 4G chip or a 5G chip.
5. The air blasting destruction method of the ultra-large roller stones, as claimed in claim 1, characterized in that: the nine-axis sensor, the electronic detonator and the communication module are powered by a micro battery.
6. The air blasting destruction method of the ultra-large roller stones, as claimed in claim 1, characterized in that: the remote control system is installed on a computer in a remote control room.
7. The air blasting destruction method of the ultra-large roller stones, as claimed in claim 1, characterized in that: in the step 5, the pore-forming sealing operation is slurry sealing, and the concrete steps are as follows: and (3) backfilling the concrete into the formed hole after the concrete is stirred, firmly fixing the nine-axis sensor and the dangerous rock together, and forming a concrete backfilling area after the concrete is solidified.
Priority Applications (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| CN202010894284.9A CN111998743B (en) | 2020-08-31 | 2020-08-31 | Air blasting destruction method for oversized rolling stones |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| CN202010894284.9A CN111998743B (en) | 2020-08-31 | 2020-08-31 | Air blasting destruction method for oversized rolling stones |
Publications (2)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| CN111998743A CN111998743A (en) | 2020-11-27 |
| CN111998743B true CN111998743B (en) | 2023-02-03 |
Family
ID=73465641
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| CN202010894284.9A Active CN111998743B (en) | 2020-08-31 | 2020-08-31 | Air blasting destruction method for oversized rolling stones |
Country Status (1)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| CN (1) | CN111998743B (en) |
Families Citing this family (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN115217045A (en) * | 2022-07-11 | 2022-10-21 | 华北水利水电大学 | Active protection, dynamic monitoring and treatment method for high-speed rail high-slope dangerous stone |
Citations (3)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN102809330A (en) * | 2012-08-17 | 2012-12-05 | 重庆市爆破工程建设有限责任公司 | Large collapse rock blasting method under precise control of digital electronic detonators |
| CN105719026A (en) * | 2016-01-28 | 2016-06-29 | 王昌益 | Landslide prediction method of strip mine |
| CN206556700U (en) * | 2017-03-22 | 2017-10-13 | 北京蓝尊科技有限公司 | Rolling Stone slides monitoring and state simulation system in real time |
Family Cites Families (3)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN102608959B (en) * | 2011-08-05 | 2015-03-18 | 薛世忠 | Explosive monitoring system and method |
| CN102607339B (en) * | 2011-08-05 | 2015-04-15 | 薛世忠 | Intelligent detonator and intelligent detonating method for explosives |
| CN107326916A (en) * | 2017-07-31 | 2017-11-07 | 中铁大桥局集团第五工程有限公司 | A kind of rockfall means of defence |
-
2020
- 2020-08-31 CN CN202010894284.9A patent/CN111998743B/en active Active
Patent Citations (3)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN102809330A (en) * | 2012-08-17 | 2012-12-05 | 重庆市爆破工程建设有限责任公司 | Large collapse rock blasting method under precise control of digital electronic detonators |
| CN105719026A (en) * | 2016-01-28 | 2016-06-29 | 王昌益 | Landslide prediction method of strip mine |
| CN206556700U (en) * | 2017-03-22 | 2017-10-13 | 北京蓝尊科技有限公司 | Rolling Stone slides monitoring and state simulation system in real time |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| CN111998743A (en) | 2020-11-27 |
Similar Documents
| Publication | Publication Date | Title |
|---|---|---|
| US7598884B2 (en) | Seismic warning system | |
| Milev, AM*, Spottiswoode, SM*, Rorke, AJ** & Finnie | Seismic monitoring of a simulated rockburst on a wall of an underground tunnel | |
| GB2564040A (en) | Safety management system for worker at tunnel construction site | |
| CN111998743B (en) | Air blasting destruction method for oversized rolling stones | |
| CN101625416A (en) | Earthquake early warning system for buildings | |
| US20130125662A1 (en) | Pseudo rock and analysis system using the same | |
| CN103996269A (en) | Wireless data collecting control system | |
| WO2011084524A2 (en) | Seismic telemetry and communications system | |
| CN112177617A (en) | Advanced geological forecast prediction method and system for high-pressure water-rich fault tunnel construction | |
| KR20220062719A (en) | Blasting design device, blasting system and operation method of the same | |
| CN111885535A (en) | Low-power-consumption Internet of things monitoring system applied to geological disaster group survey and group defense | |
| Azzam et al. | Monitoring of landslides and infrastructures with wireless sensor networks in an earthquake environment | |
| CN107274701B (en) | Intelligent mountain falling object avoidance method and system for automobile | |
| CN111950168A (en) | Rolling stone track calculation method | |
| CN112013837A (en) | Side slope rolling stone early warning system based on nine sensors | |
| CN108597166B (en) | Quarry safety monitoring system and method | |
| KR100293483B1 (en) | Explosion-proof dustproof method by ground cutting | |
| US20240044740A1 (en) | Method and system for blast-induced vibration monitoring of tunnels in high asymmetric in-situ stresses | |
| Mishra et al. | Flyrocks–detection and mitigation at construction site in blasting operation | |
| KR100417877B1 (en) | The CPS(Cut Pre Splitting) blasting method for cutting of rock | |
| CN212642810U (en) | Fault fracture zone tunnel construction early warning system | |
| CN114067543A (en) | Remote sensing and early warning system for urban road subgrade settlement | |
| Bajpayee et al. | Fatal accidents due to flyrock and lack of blast area security and working practices in mining | |
| CN113091542A (en) | Railway blasting construction method | |
| CN207637254U (en) | A kind of well big gun field explosive anti-theft monitoring system for seismic prospecting |
Legal Events
| Date | Code | Title | Description |
|---|---|---|---|
| PB01 | Publication | ||
| PB01 | Publication | ||
| SE01 | Entry into force of request for substantive examination | ||
| SE01 | Entry into force of request for substantive examination | ||
| CB02 | Change of applicant information | ||
| CB02 | Change of applicant information |
Address after: 250014 No. 42, Wenhua East Road, Lixia District, Shandong, Ji'nan Applicant after: Shandong land and space ecological restoration Center Address before: 250014 No.17 Jingshan Road, Lixia District, Jinan City, Shandong Province Applicant before: Shandong Geological Environment Monitoring Station (Shandong Geological Disaster Prevention and control technology guidance center) |
|
| GR01 | Patent grant | ||
| GR01 | Patent grant |