CN111996408A - Preparation method of oxide ceramic particle reinforced Cu-based composite material - Google Patents

Abstract

The invention relates to an oxide ceramic particle reinforced Cu-based composite material and a preparation method thereof. The invention belongs to the field of composite materials. The aluminum nitrate (or zirconium nitrate), copper nitrate and ammonium metatungstate are used as raw materials, respectively prepared into solutions of a certain concentration and mixed evenly. Al ₂ O ₃ ‑WO ₃ ‑CuO mixed powder was obtained; then Al ₂ O ₃ ‑WO ₃ ‑CuO was reduced by high-purity hydrogen to obtain Al ₂ O ₃ doped copper-tungsten composite powder, and the composite powder was directly subjected to vacuum hot pressing The Al ₂ O ₃ ceramic particles reinforced Cu matrix composite material is prepared by sintering, and ZrO ₂ ‑WO ₃ ‑CuO can also be mixed with powder to obtain ZrO ₂ , the effect of which is the same as that of Al ₂ O ₃ . The process of the invention is simple, the prepared Al ₂ O ₃ ceramic particle reinforced Cu-based composite material has uniform composition, fine and uniform crystal grains, extremely low impurity content, good comprehensive performance indicators, and can be used for electricity receiving, high temperature, wear and corrosion interaction. It is suitable for large-scale industrial production and has broad industrial application prospects.

Description

A kind of preparation method of oxide ceramic particle reinforced Cu matrix composite material

technical field

The invention belongs to the field of metals and composite materials thereof, and particularly relates to a preparation method of an oxide ceramic particle reinforced Cu-based composite material.

Background technique

Metal copper (Cu) is one of the earliest metals used by human beings. It has outstanding characteristics such as high thermal conductivity and electrical conductivity, good ductility, good corrosion resistance, and excellent formability, so it is widely used in cables and electrical and electronic components. , military armor-piercing weapons, electromagnetic gun tracks and other fields. However, with the rapid development of science and technology, the use of metal copper is getting wider and wider, and the requirements for its use are getting higher and higher. A single metal copper has been difficult to meet the development needs of human beings. Under this background, various copper alloys or copper-based composite materials have emerged as the times require. In actual working conditions, various factors interact, and the service performance requirements of materials are very high. For example, the harsh working conditions of the interaction of electricity, wear, corrosion and nuclear radiation require materials to have good comprehensive properties, such as good electrical conductivity. , high strength, high hardness, wear resistance, corrosion resistance, etc., to achieve the integration of structure and function, and the existing materials are difficult to meet the requirements.

Copper-tungsten alloy has the characteristics of high melting point, high density, high strength of metal tungsten, high electrical conductivity and thermal conductivity of metal copper, excellent resistance to arc ablation, etc., so it has been widely used in military, electronics, aerospace, machinery and other engineering fields. However, most of the current research and applications are high-tungsten copper-tungsten alloys (W content greater than 50%), and less research on high-copper copper-tungsten alloys (Cu content greater than 50%). With the rapid development of science and technology, the application demand for high-copper-type copper-tungsten alloys is getting stronger and stronger. In recent years, ceramic particles, especially oxide ceramic particles, reinforced copper-tungsten composites have become one of the research hotspots due to their excellent properties.

Due to the large difference in properties between Cu and W elements, the two powder metallurgy sintering processes are incompatible with each other or have weak solubility, resulting in poor sintering properties of the alloy, such as coarse grains and high density. low, which greatly limits the application range of Cu-W alloys. At present, there are many researches on Cu-W alloys with high tungsten content at home and abroad, and its preparation methods mainly include infiltration method and high temperature liquid phase sintering method. However, these two preparation methods are difficult to implement in the preparation of Cu-W alloys with high copper content. The reasons are, first, that it is difficult to form a W skeleton because the W content is low, and second, because the Cu content is high, the sample will collapse once a liquid phase is formed. Therefore, in order to prepare high-performance oxide ceramic particles reinforced copper-tungsten composites, it is necessary to explore new preparation processes.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

In view of the problems existing in the prior art, the present invention discloses an oxide ceramic particle reinforced Cu-based composite material and a preparation method thereof. The technical solution adopted is that the specific method is:

Step 1. Select copper nitrate powder, ammonium metatungstate powder and aluminum nitrate powder with a purity greater than 99.99% as raw materials, and control the weight ratio of Cu:W:Al ₂ O ₃ to (77～94.95): (5～20): (0.05～3) Calculate the required copper nitrate powder, ammonium metatungstate powder and aluminum nitrate powder, and use a high-precision balance to weigh them for later use;

Step 2. The aluminum nitrate, copper nitrate and ammonium metatungstate powders taken in step 1 are respectively slowly added to 3 beakers pre-added with deionized water, and then the beakers are put into an ultrasonic oscillator for ultrasonic vibration, At the same time, start the electric stirrer, select the material of the stirring rod to be polytetrafluoroethylene, and carry out slow stirring to prepare ammonium metatungstate solution A, aluminum nitrate solution B, and copper nitrate solution C, for standby;

Step 3, slowly pour the ammonium metatungstate solution A and the aluminum nitrate solution B prepared in the step 2 into the copper nitrate solution C successively, and simultaneously perform ultrasonic vibration and electric stirring to obtain a mixed solution;

Step 4. Power on the cyclone spray dryer, insert the peristaltic pump tube into the mixed solution prepared in step 3, and start the spray drying operation. After the spraying is completed, remove the aggregator and reclaim the material to obtain the composite powder precursor;

Step 5, calcining the precursor powder obtained in Step 4 in a high temperature muffle furnace to obtain Al ₂ O ₃ -WO ₃ -CuO mixed powder;

In step 6, the Al ₂ O ₃ -WO ₃ -CuO mixed powder obtained in step 5 is subjected to the first reduction in a high-purity hydrogen atmosphere,

Then, the control parameters are changed for the second reduction to obtain Al ₂ O ₃ doped copper-tungsten composite powder;

Step 7: Fill the Al ₂ O ₃ doped copper-tungsten composite powder obtained in Step 6 into a mold made of heat-resistant steel, and perform vacuum hot pressing sintering. After sintering is completed, the temperature is cooled to 260° C. with the furnace;

Step 8: Take out the sample cooled to 260°C and quickly place it in a low temperature environment with a temperature between -150°C and -160°C for 0.5-1h, and finally obtain an Al ₂ O ₃ oxide ceramic particle reinforced Cu-based composite material.

The invention discloses an oxide ceramic particle reinforced Cu-based composite material and a preparation method thereof. Another technical solution adopted is that the specific method is as follows:

Step 1. Select copper nitrate powder, ammonium metatungstate powder and zirconium nitrate powder with a purity greater than 99.99% as raw materials, and control the weight ratio of Cu:W:ZrO ₂ to (77-94.95): (5-20): (0.05 ~3) Calculate the required copper nitrate powder, ammonium metatungstate powder and zirconium nitrate powder, and use a high-precision balance to weigh them for later use;

Step 2. The zirconium nitrate, copper nitrate and ammonium metatungstate powders weighed in step 1 are slowly added to 3 beakers pre-added with deionized water, and then the beakers are put into an ultrasonic oscillator for ultrasonic vibration, At the same time, start the electric stirrer, select the material of the stirring rod as polytetrafluoroethylene, and carry out slow stirring to prepare the ammonium metatungstate solution A, the zirconium nitrate solution D, and the copper nitrate solution C, which are ready for use;

Step 3, slowly pour the ammonium metatungstate solution A and the zirconium nitrate solution D prepared in the step 2 into the copper nitrate solution C successively, and simultaneously perform ultrasonic vibration and electric stirring to obtain a mixed solution;

Step 4. Power on the cyclone spray dryer, insert the peristaltic pump tube into the mixed solution prepared in step 3, and start the spray drying operation. After the spraying is completed, remove the aggregator and reclaim the material to obtain the composite powder precursor;

Step 5, calcining the precursor powder obtained in step 4 in a high temperature muffle furnace to obtain ZrO ₂ -WO ₃ -CuO mixed powder;

Step 6, performing the first reduction of the ZrO ₂ -WO ₃ -CuO mixed powder obtained in the step 5 in a high-purity hydrogen atmosphere, and then changing the control parameters for the second reduction to obtain ZrO ₂ doped copper-tungsten composite powder;

Step 7: Fill the ZrO ₂ doped copper-tungsten composite powder obtained in Step 6 into a mold made of heat-resistant steel, and perform vacuum hot pressing sintering.

Step 8: Take out the sample cooled to 260°C and quickly place it in a low temperature environment with a temperature between -150°C and -160°C for 0.5-1 h, and finally obtain a ZrO ₂ oxide ceramic particle reinforced Cu matrix composite material.

As a preferred solution of the present invention, the concentration in the three beakers in step 2 is controlled at 1-1.5 mol/L, and the stirring rate is 30-50 r/min.

As a preferred solution of the present invention, the electric stirring time described in step 3 is 10-20min.

As a preferred solution of the present invention, the operating parameters of the cyclone spray dryer in step 4 are as follows: temperature 270-280°C, fan 60-65%, needle penetration rate 5s/time, peristalsis rate 40-50% , the outlet temperature is controlled at 105 ~ 110 ℃.

As a preferred solution of the present invention, in step 5, the roasting temperature in the high-temperature muffle furnace is 500-515° C., and the time is 2.1-2.5 h.

As a preferred solution of the present invention, the reduction control parameters in the first hydrogen atmosphere in step 6 are: hydrogen flow rate 2-3 L/h, temperature 350-450 °C, time 1.5-2.5 h; The reduction control parameters are: hydrogen flow rate of 2 to 3 L/h, temperature of 710 to 800°C, and time of 1.5 to 2.5 hours.

As a preferred solution of the present invention, after the sintering in step 7 is completed, the parameters are controlled as follows: sintering temperature 800-850°C, holding time 1-1.5h, axial pressure 35-45MPa, vacuum degree 10-3-10 -6Pa, heating rate 50～60℃/min.

Beneficial effects of the present invention: the technological process of the present invention is simple, and the prepared Al ₂ O ₃ (or ZrO ₂ ) ceramic particle reinforced Cu-based composite material has good comprehensive performance indicators (the grain size is as low as 20nm, and the impurity content is as low as 10ppm or less, The highest conductivity is up to 85.1% IACS, the highest density is up to 99.99%, the highest tensile strength is up to 560MPa, and the highest hardness is up to 76.1HBW).

Detailed ways

Example 1

The preparation method of an oxide ceramic particle reinforced Cu-based composite material according to the present invention adopts the technical scheme, and the specific method is as follows:

Step 1. Select copper nitrate powder, ammonium metatungstate powder and aluminum nitrate (or zirconium nitrate) powder with a purity greater than 99.99% as raw materials, and calculate according to the weight ratio of Cu:W:Al2O3 (or ZrO2) at 77:5:0.05 Take out the required copper nitrate powder, ammonium metatungstate powder and aluminum nitrate (or zirconium nitrate) powder, and use a high-precision balance to weigh them for later use;

Step 2, respectively, the aluminum nitrate (or zirconium nitrate), copper nitrate and ammonium metatungstate powder taken in step 1 are slowly added into 3 beakers with deionized water in advance, and the concentration is controlled at 1mol/L, Then put the beaker into the ultrasonic oscillator for ultrasonic vibration, and start the electric stirrer at the same time. The material of the stirring rod is polytetrafluoroethylene, and the stirring is carried out at a slow speed, and the stirring rate is 30r/min to prepare solutions A, B (D), and C. ,spare;

Step 3. The ammonium metatungstate solution A and the aluminum nitrate solution B (or the zirconium nitrate solution D) prepared in the step 2 are slowly poured into the copper nitrate solution C successively, and ultrasonic vibration and electric stirring are carried out simultaneously for 10min to obtain a mixed solution ;

Step 4. Power on the cyclone spray dryer, and set the parameters as follows: temperature 270°C, fan 60%, needle penetration rate 5s/time, peristalsis rate 40%, and outlet temperature controlled at 105°C. Insert the peristaltic pump tube into the mixed solution prepared in step 3, and start the spray drying operation. After the spraying is completed, the aggregator is unloaded and the material is taken to obtain the composite powder precursor;

Step 5: calcining the precursor powder obtained in Step 4 in a high-temperature muffle furnace at a temperature of 500° C. and a time of 2.1 h to obtain Al2O3-WO3-CuO or ZrO2-WO3-CuO mixed powder;

Step 6. Reducing the Al2O3-WO3-CuO or ZrO2-WO3-CuO mixed powder obtained in step 5 in a high-purity hydrogen atmosphere: hydrogen flow rate 2L/h, temperature 350°C, time 1.5h; then change the control parameters to carry out the first step. Secondary reduction: hydrogen flow rate 2L/h, temperature 710°C, time 1.5h, to obtain Al2O3 (or ZrO2) doped copper-tungsten composite powder;

Step 7. The Al2O3 (or ZrO2) doped copper-tungsten composite powder obtained in step 6 is directly filled into a mold made of heat-resistant steel without cold-pressing, and vacuum hot-pressing sintering is performed. After the sintering is completed Cool down with the furnace to 260°C, and the parameters are controlled as follows: sintering temperature 800°C, holding time 1h, axial pressure 35MPa, vacuum degree 10-3Pa, heating rate 50°C/min;

Step 8: Take out the sample cooled to 260°C and quickly place it in a low temperature environment with a temperature between -150°C and -160°C for 0.5h to finally obtain an Al2O3 (or ZrO2) oxide ceramic particle reinforced Cu-based composite material.

Example 2

The preparation method of an oxide ceramic particle reinforced Cu-based composite material according to the present invention adopts the technical scheme, and the specific method is as follows:

Step 1. Select copper nitrate powder, ammonium metatungstate powder and aluminum nitrate (or zirconium nitrate) powder with a purity greater than 99.99% as raw materials, and calculate according to the weight ratio of Cu:W:Al2O3 (or ZrO2) at 94.95:20:3 Take out the required copper nitrate powder, ammonium metatungstate powder and aluminum nitrate (or zirconium nitrate) powder, and use a high-precision balance to weigh them for later use;

Step 2. The aluminum nitrate (or zirconium nitrate), copper nitrate and ammonium metatungstate powders taken in step 1 are slowly added to 3 beakers with deionized water in advance, and the concentration is controlled at 1.5mol/L , then put the beaker into the ultrasonic oscillator for ultrasonic vibration, and start the electric stirrer at the same time, the material of the stirring rod is polytetrafluoroethylene, and the stirring speed is 50r/min, and the solutions A, B, and C are prepared for standby;

Step 3. The ammonium metatungstate solution A and the aluminum nitrate solution B (or the zirconium nitrate solution D) prepared in the step 2 are slowly poured into the copper nitrate solution C successively, and ultrasonic vibration and electric stirring are carried out simultaneously for 20min to obtain a mixed solution ;

Step 4. Power on the cyclone spray dryer, and set the parameters as follows: temperature 280°C, fan 65%, needle penetration rate 5s/time, creep rate 50%, and outlet temperature controlled at 110°C. Insert the peristaltic pump tube into the mixed solution prepared in step 3, and start the spray drying operation. After the spraying is completed, the aggregator is unloaded and the material is taken to obtain the composite powder precursor;

Step 5, calcining the precursor powder obtained in Step 4 in a high temperature muffle furnace at a temperature of 515° C. and a time of 2.5 hours to obtain Al2O3-WO3-CuO or ZrO2-WO3-CuO mixed powder;

Step 6: Reducing the Al2O3-WO3-CuO or ZrO2-WO3-CuO mixed powder obtained in step 5 in a high-purity hydrogen atmosphere: hydrogen flow rate 3L/h, temperature 450°C, time 2.5h; then change the control parameters to carry out the first step. Secondary reduction: hydrogen flow rate 3L/h, temperature 800°C, time 2.5h, to obtain Al2O3 (or ZrO2) doped copper-tungsten composite powder;

Step 7. The Al2O3 (or ZrO2) doped copper-tungsten composite powder obtained in step 6 is directly filled into a mold made of heat-resistant steel without cold-pressing, and vacuum hot-pressing sintering is performed. After the sintering is completed With the furnace cooling down to 260℃, the parameters are controlled as follows: sintering temperature 850℃, holding time 1.5h, axial pressure 45MPa, vacuum degree 10-6Pa, heating rate 60℃/min;

Step 8: Take out the sample cooled to 260°C and quickly place it in a low temperature environment with a temperature between -150°C and -160°C for 1 hour, and finally obtain an Al2O3 (or ZrO2) oxide ceramic particle reinforced Cu-based composite material.

Example 3

The preparation method of an oxide ceramic particle reinforced Cu-based composite material according to the present invention adopts the technical scheme, and the specific method is as follows:

Step 1. Select copper nitrate powder, ammonium metatungstate powder and aluminum nitrate (or zirconium nitrate) powder with a purity greater than 99.99% as raw materials, and calculate according to the weight ratio of Cu:W:Al2O3 (or ZrO2) at 85:15:1.5 Take out the required copper nitrate powder, ammonium metatungstate powder and aluminum nitrate (or zirconium nitrate) powder, and use a high-precision balance to weigh them for later use;

Step 2. The aluminum nitrate (or zirconium nitrate), copper nitrate and ammonium metatungstate powders taken in step 1 are slowly added to 3 beakers with deionized water in advance, and the concentration is controlled at 1.25mol/L , then put the beaker into the ultrasonic oscillator for ultrasonic vibration, and start the electric stirrer (the material of the stirring bar is polytetrafluoroethylene) for slow stirring, and the stirring rate is 40r/min to prepare solutions A, B, C, for standby ;

Step 3, slowly pour the ammonium metatungstate solution A and the aluminum nitrate solution B prepared in the step 2 into the copper nitrate solution C successively, and carry out ultrasonic vibration and electric stirring simultaneously for 15min to obtain a mixed solution;

Step 4. Power on the cyclone spray dryer, and set the parameters as follows: temperature 275°C, fan 62%, needle penetration rate 5s/time, creep rate 45%, and outlet temperature controlled at 108°C. Insert the peristaltic pump tube into the mixed solution prepared in step 3, and start the spray drying operation. After the spraying is completed, the aggregator is unloaded and the material is taken to obtain the composite powder precursor;

Step 5, calcining the precursor powder obtained in Step 4 in a high-temperature muffle furnace at a temperature of 510° C. and a time of 2.3 hours to obtain Al2O3-WO3-CuO or ZrO2-WO3-CuO mixed powder;

Step 6. The Al2O3-WO3-CuO or ZrO2-WO3-CuO mixed powder obtained in the step 5 is reduced in a high-purity hydrogen atmosphere: the hydrogen flow rate is 2.5L/h, the temperature is 400°C, and the time is 2h; then the control parameters are changed for the first step. Secondary reduction: hydrogen flow rate 2.5L/h, temperature 760°C, time 2h, to obtain Al2O3 (or ZrO2) doped copper-tungsten composite powder;

Step 7. The Al2O3 (or ZrO2) doped copper-tungsten composite powder obtained in step 6 is directly filled into a mold made of heat-resistant steel without cold-pressing, and vacuum hot-pressing sintering is performed. After the sintering is completed Cool down to 260℃ with the furnace, and the parameters are controlled as follows: sintering temperature 825℃, holding time 1.25h, axial pressure 40MPa, vacuum degree 10-4Pa, heating rate 55℃/min;

Step 8: Take out the sample cooled to 260°C, and quickly place it in a low temperature environment with a temperature between -150°C and -160°C for 0.7h, and finally obtain an Al2O3 (or ZrO2) oxide ceramic particle reinforced Cu-based composite material.

Components not detailed herein are prior art.

Although the specific embodiments of the present invention have been described in detail above, the present invention is not limited to the above-mentioned embodiments, and within the scope of knowledge possessed by those of ordinary skill in the art, various Such changes, modifications or deformations without creative work are still within the protection scope of the present invention.

Claims (8)

1. a preparation method of oxide ceramic particle reinforced Cu-based composite material, is characterized in that: comprise the steps: Step 1. Select copper nitrate powder, ammonium metatungstate powder and aluminum nitrate powder with a purity greater than 99.99% as raw materials, and control the weight ratio of Cu:W:Al ₂ O ₃ to (77～94.95): (5～20): (0.05～3) Calculate the required copper nitrate powder, ammonium metatungstate powder and aluminum nitrate powder, and use a high-precision balance to weigh them for later use; Step 2. The aluminum nitrate, copper nitrate and ammonium metatungstate powders taken in step 1 are respectively slowly added to 3 beakers pre-added with deionized water, and then the beakers are put into an ultrasonic oscillator for ultrasonic vibration, At the same time, start the electric stirrer, select the material of the stirring rod to be polytetrafluoroethylene, and carry out slow stirring to prepare ammonium metatungstate solution A, aluminum nitrate solution B, and copper nitrate solution C, for standby; Step 3, slowly pour the ammonium metatungstate solution A and the aluminum nitrate solution B prepared in the step 2 into the copper nitrate solution C successively, and simultaneously perform ultrasonic vibration and electric stirring to obtain a mixed solution; Step 4. Power on the cyclone spray dryer, insert the peristaltic pump tube into the mixed solution prepared in step 3, and start the spray drying operation. After the spraying is completed, remove the aggregator and reclaim the material to obtain the composite powder precursor; Step 5, calcining the precursor powder obtained in Step 4 in a high temperature muffle furnace to obtain Al ₂ O ₃ -WO ₃ -CuO mixed powder; Step 6. The Al ₂ O ₃ -WO ₃ -CuO mixed powder obtained in Step 5 is subjected to the first reduction in a high-purity hydrogen atmosphere, and then the control parameters are changed for the second reduction to obtain Al ₂ O ₃ doped copper-tungsten compound powder; Step 7: Fill the Al ₂ O ₃ doped copper-tungsten composite powder obtained in Step 6 into a mold made of heat-resistant steel, and perform vacuum hot pressing sintering. After the sintering is completed, the temperature is cooled to 260 ° C with the furnace; Step 8: Take out the sample cooled to 260°C and quickly place it in a low temperature environment with a temperature between -150°C and -160°C for 0.5-1h, and finally obtain an Al ₂ O ₃ oxide ceramic particle reinforced Cu-based composite material. 2. the preparation method of a kind of oxide ceramic particle reinforced Cu matrix composite material according to claim 1, is characterized in that: comprises the steps: Step 1. Select copper nitrate powder, ammonium metatungstate powder and zirconium nitrate powder with a purity greater than 99.99% as raw materials, and control the weight ratio of Cu:W:ZrO ₂ to (77-94.95): (5-20): (0.05 ~3) Calculate the required copper nitrate powder, ammonium metatungstate powder and zirconium nitrate powder, and use a high-precision balance to weigh them for later use; Step 2. The zirconium nitrate, copper nitrate and ammonium metatungstate powders weighed in step 1 are slowly added to 3 beakers pre-added with deionized water, and then the beakers are put into an ultrasonic oscillator for ultrasonic vibration, At the same time, start the electric stirrer, select the material of the stirring rod as polytetrafluoroethylene, and carry out slow stirring to prepare the ammonium metatungstate solution A, the zirconium nitrate solution D, and the copper nitrate solution C, which are ready for use; Step 3, slowly pour the ammonium metatungstate solution A and the zirconium nitrate solution D prepared in the step 2 into the copper nitrate solution C successively, and simultaneously perform ultrasonic vibration and electric stirring to obtain a mixed solution; Step 4. Power on the cyclone spray dryer, insert the peristaltic pump tube into the mixed solution prepared in step 3, and start the spray drying operation. After the spraying is completed, remove the aggregator and reclaim the material to obtain the composite powder precursor; Step 5, calcining the precursor powder obtained in step 4 in a high temperature muffle furnace to obtain ZrO ₂ -WO ₃ -CuO mixed powder; Step 6, performing the first reduction of the ZrO ₂ -WO ₃ -CuO mixed powder obtained in the step 5 in a high-purity hydrogen atmosphere, and then changing the control parameters for the second reduction to obtain ZrO ₂ doped copper-tungsten composite powder; Step 7: Fill the ZrO ₂ doped copper-tungsten composite powder obtained in Step 6 into a mold made of heat-resistant steel, and perform vacuum hot pressing sintering. Step 8: Take out the sample cooled to 260°C and quickly place it in a low temperature environment with a temperature between -150°C and -160°C for 0.5-1 h, and finally obtain a ZrO ₂ oxide ceramic particle reinforced Cu matrix composite material. 3. the preparation method of a kind of oxide ceramic particle reinforced Cu matrix composite material as claimed in claim 1 or claim 2, it is characterized in that: the concentration in 3 beakers in step 2 is controlled at 1～1.5mol/L, stirring The rate is 30～50r/min. 4 . The preparation method of an oxide ceramic particle reinforced Cu-based composite material according to claim 3 , wherein the electric stirring time in step 3 is 10-20 min. 5 . 5. The preparation method of an oxide ceramic particle reinforced Cu-based composite material as claimed in claim 3, wherein the operation parameters of the cyclone spray dryer in step 4 are as follows: a temperature of 270-280° C., a fan 60-65%, the needle penetration rate is 5s/time, the creep rate is 40-50%, and the outlet temperature is controlled at 105-110°C. 6. The preparation method of an oxide ceramic particle reinforced Cu-based composite material according to claim 3, characterized in that: in step 5, the temperature for calcining in a high-temperature muffle furnace is 500-515°C, and the time is 2.1-2.5°C h. 7. The preparation method of an oxide ceramic particle reinforced Cu-based composite material as claimed in claim 3, wherein the reduction control parameters in the first hydrogen atmosphere in step 6 are: hydrogen flow rate 2-3 L/h, temperature 350～450℃, time 1.5～2.5h; the reduction control parameters in the second hydrogen atmosphere are: hydrogen flow 2～3L/h, temperature 710～800℃, time 1.5～2.5h. 8. The preparation method of an oxide ceramic particle reinforced Cu-based composite material as claimed in claim 3, characterized in that: after the sintering in step 7 is completed, the parameters are controlled as follows when cooling with the furnace: sintering temperature 800-850 ℃, holding time 1 ～1.5h, axial pressure 35～45MPa, vacuum degree 10-3～10-6Pa, heating rate 50～60℃/min.