CN111991475A - Ointment gel for treating rheumatoid bone diseases and neck, shoulder, waist and leg pains and preparation method thereof - Google Patents
Ointment gel for treating rheumatoid bone diseases and neck, shoulder, waist and leg pains and preparation method thereof Download PDFInfo
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- A61K2236/30—Extraction of the material
- A61K2236/33—Extraction of the material involving extraction with hydrophilic solvents, e.g. lower alcohols, esters or ketones
- A61K2236/331—Extraction of the material involving extraction with hydrophilic solvents, e.g. lower alcohols, esters or ketones using water, e.g. cold water, infusion, tea, steam distillation, decoction
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Abstract
The invention relates to an ointment gel for treating rheumatoid bone diseases, neck, shoulder, waist and leg pains and a preparation method thereof. The ointment gel for treating the rheumatism bone disease and the neck, shoulder, waist and leg pain comprises the following raw materials in parts by weight: 10-15 parts of girald daphne bark extract, 10-15 parts of Chinese azalea flower extract, 10-15 parts of nux vomica extract, 10-15 parts of radix aconiti agrestis extract, 10-15 parts of rhizoma drynariae extract, 10-15 parts of radix aconiti extract, 6-10 parts of frankincense extract, 6-10 parts of myrrh extract, 6-10 parts of radix angelicae pubescentis extract, 6-10 parts of cortex acanthopanacis extract, 6-10 parts of radix clematidis extract, 6-10 parts of asarum extract and 6-10 parts of dipsacus asperoides extract. The raw material components are scientific and reasonable in compatibility, and can be used for pertinently dispelling wind, removing dampness and relieving pain; the absorption of effective components can be accelerated, the swelling and tissue regeneration can be continuously relieved, the muscles and bones can be strengthened, and the comprehensive treatment effect is excellent; the preparation method is simple and easy to control in process and is beneficial to large-scale production.
Description
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the field of medicines, and particularly relates to an ointment gel for treating rheumatoid bone diseases and neck, shoulder, waist and leg pains and a preparation method thereof.
Background
Rheumatism bone disease, neck, shoulder, waist and leg pain are a group of diseases mainly caused by chronic strain and aseptic inflammation and mainly caused by pain, swelling and even function limitation of affected parts. Common diseases include: cervical spondylosis, scapulohumeral periarthritis, tenosynovitis, lumbar intervertebral disc prolapse, lumbar muscle strain, and hyperosteogeny. The disease is hidden, the symptoms are not typical, the pain is mild and severe, and sometimes the pain can be relieved by self, so that the disease is not known by the majority of patients, and the best time for treatment is missed.
The common reasons are mainly: acute injury of soft tissue, chronic strain of soft tissue, wind-cold-dampness factor, allergic factor or immune factor, etc.
The existing medicines can not be cured radically and have limited treatment effect, so the technical scheme of the invention is provided.
Disclosure of Invention
In order to solve the problems in the prior art, the invention provides an ointment gel for treating rheumatoid bone diseases and neck, shoulder, waist and leg pains and a preparation method thereof. The raw material components are scientific and reasonable in compatibility, and can be used for pertinently dispelling wind, removing dampness and relieving pain; the absorption of effective components can be accelerated, the swelling and tissue regeneration can be continuously relieved, the muscles and bones can be strengthened, and the comprehensive treatment effect is excellent; the preparation method is simple and easy to control in process and is beneficial to large-scale production.
The invention provides an ointment gel for treating rheumatism bone disease, neck, shoulder, waist and leg pain, which comprises the following raw materials in parts by weight: 10-15 parts of girald daphne bark extract, 10-15 parts of Chinese azalea flower extract, 10-15 parts of nux vomica extract, 10-15 parts of radix aconiti agrestis extract, 10-15 parts of rhizoma drynariae extract, 10-15 parts of radix aconiti extract, 6-10 parts of frankincense extract, 6-10 parts of myrrh extract, 6-10 parts of radix angelicae pubescentis extract, 6-10 parts of cortex acanthopanacis extract, 6-10 parts of radix clematidis extract, 6-10 parts of asarum extract and 6-10 parts of dipsacus asperoides extract.
Preferably, the ointment gel for treating the rheumatoid bone diseases and the neck, shoulder, waist and leg pains comprises the following raw materials in parts by weight: 12.5 parts of daphne giraldii nitsche extract, 12.5 parts of Chinese azalea flower extract, 12.5 parts of nux vomica extract, 12.5 parts of kusnezoff monkshood root extract, 12.5 parts of rhizoma drynariae extract, 12.5 parts of common monkshood mother root extract, 8 parts of frankincense extract, 8 parts of myrrh extract, 8 parts of radix angelicae pubescentis extract, 8 parts of cortex acanthopanacis extract, 8 parts of radix clematidis extract, 8 parts of asarum extract and 8 parts of dipsacus root.
Preferably, the preparation method of the girald daphne bark extract comprises the following steps:
(1) drying, cutting and grinding the girald daphne bark raw material to obtain girald daphne bark powder;
(2) mixing the girald daphne bark powder obtained in the step (1) with water, refluxing, extracting and filtering to obtain primary filtrate and primary filter residue;
(3) mixing the primary filter residue obtained in the step (2) with ethanol, carrying out secondary reflux extraction, and filtering to obtain secondary filtrate and secondary filter residue;
(4) mixing the primary filtrate and the secondary filtrate, concentrating, and evaporating to obtain cortex Daphne Giraldii Nitsche extract.
Preferably, in the step (1), the grinding is carried out until the mixture passes through a sieve with 80-120 meshes.
Preferably, in the step (2), the weight ratio of the girald daphne bark powder to the water is 1: 3-5; the temperature of the reflux extraction is 85-90 ℃, and the time of the reflux extraction is 2-4 h.
Preferably, in the step (3), the weight ratio of the primary filter residue to the ethanol is 1: 2-4; the temperature of the secondary reflux extraction is 65-70 ℃, and the time of the reflux extraction is 5-7 h.
Preferably, in the step (4), the temperature for evaporating to dryness is 35-45 ℃.
In another aspect of the present invention, there is provided a method for preparing an ointment gel for treating rheumatoid bone diseases, neck, shoulder, waist and leg pains, comprising the steps of:
(i) mixing the raw materials, and uniformly stirring to obtain raw material mixed powder;
(ii) and (i) mixing the raw material mixed powder obtained in the step (i) with a matrix to prepare ointment gel.
Preferably, in the step (i), the stirring speed of the mixing is 60-80 r/min.
Preferably, in the step (ii), the weight ratio of the raw material mixed powder to the matrix is 1: 9-11.
In particular, the preparation methods of the rhododendron molle extract, the nux vomica extract, the kusnezoff monkshood root extract, the rhizoma drynariae extract and the monkshood root extract are as follows:
(1) oven drying raw materials (flos Rhododendri mollis, semen Strychni, radix Aconiti Kusnezoffii, rhizoma Drynariae or radix Aconiti), cutting, and grinding to obtain raw material powder;
(2) mixing the raw material powder with water, extracting for 2-3 times by refluxing, combining extracting solutions each time, concentrating by reduced pressure distillation, and continuously drying until the water content is lower than 5%.
The preparation method of the frankincense extract, the myrrh extract, the radix angelicae pubescentis extract, the cortex acanthopanacis extract, the radix clematidis extract, the asarum extract and the dipsacus root extract comprises the following steps:
(a) oven drying raw materials (Olibanum, Myrrha, radix Angelicae Pubescentis, cortex Acanthopanacis, radix Clematidis, herba asari or radix Dipsaci), cutting, and grinding to obtain raw material powder;
(b) mixing the raw material powder with ethanol, reflux-extracting, mixing with water, reflux-extracting, mixing the extractive solutions, concentrating under reduced pressure, and oven drying.
The invention further provides a use method of the ointment gel for treating rheumatism bone disease, neck, shoulder, waist and leg pain, which comprises the following steps: uniformly applying the ointment gel on the affected part and corresponding acupuncture points until the ointment gel is completely absorbed; the medicine is taken in the morning and at the evening.
In order to facilitate the understanding of the present invention, the effects and actions of the raw materials used in the present invention will be further explained.
Girald daphne bark: pungent and bitter taste, warm nature; heart and liver meridian entered; has effects in expelling pathogenic wind, dredging meridians, removing blood stasis, and relieving pain; can be used for treating rheumatalgia, numbness of limbs, headache, gastralgia, lumbago, and traumatic injury.
Chinese azalea flower: pungent taste and warm nature; entering liver meridian; has effects in expelling pathogenic wind, removing dampness, removing blood stasis, and relieving pain; it can be used for treating rheumatic arthralgia, traumatic injury, and intractable tinea.
Nux vomica: bitter taste and cold nature; entering liver and spleen meridians; has effects in dispersing pathogen accumulation, relieving swelling, dredging meridians, and relieving pain; can be used for treating traumatic injury, fracture, swelling and pain, carbuncle, cellulitis, sore throat, rheumatism, numbness, and paralysis.
Kusnezoff monkshood root: pungent, bitter and hot in flavor; heart, liver, kidney, spleen meridians; has effects in expelling pathogenic wind, removing dampness, warming channels, and relieving pain; can be used for treating arthralgia due to wind-cold-dampness, arthralgia, and psychroalgia of heart and abdomen.
Rhizoma drynariae: bitter taste and warm nature; entering liver and kidney meridians; has effects in invigorating kidney, promoting blood circulation, and stopping bleeding; can be used for treating lumbago, rheumatalgia, toothache, traumatic injury, contusion, and bone injury.
Radix aconiti: pungent, bitter and hot in flavor; heart, liver, kidney, spleen meridians; has effects in expelling pathogenic wind, removing dampness, warming channels, and relieving pain; can be used for treating arthralgia due to wind-cold-dampness, arthralgia, and psychroalgia of heart and abdomen.
Frankincense: pungent and bitter taste, warm nature; heart, liver and spleen meridians entered; has effects in promoting blood circulation, activating qi-flowing, relieving pain, eliminating swelling, and promoting granulation; it can be used for treating thoracic obstruction, cardialgia, rheumatic arthralgia, spasm of muscles and tendons, and traumatic injury.
Myrrh: pungent, bitter and neutral in flavor; heart, liver and spleen meridians entered; has effects in dispelling blood stasis, relieving pain, eliminating swelling, and promoting granulation; it can be used for treating thoracic obstruction, cardialgia, gastralgia, rheumatalgia, traumatic injury, etc.
Radix angelicae pubescentis: pungent and bitter taste, slightly warm in nature; entering kidney and bladder meridians; has effects in expelling pathogenic wind, removing dampness, relieving arthralgia, and relieving pain; it can be used for treating arthralgia due to wind-cold-dampness, lumbago, gonalgia, headache due to wind-cold-yin evil, and headache due to wind-cold-dampness.
Cortex acanthopanacis: pungent and bitter taste, warm nature; entering liver and kidney meridians; has effects in dispelling pathogenic wind, removing dampness, tonifying liver and kidney, strengthening tendons and bones, and inducing diuresis for removing edema; it can be used for treating rheumatism, tendons and bones debility, asthenia, and asthenia.
Clematis root: pungent, salty and warm in nature; entering bladder meridian; has effects in dispelling pathogenic wind, removing dampness, and dredging channels and collaterals; it can be used for treating rheumatic arthralgia, numbness of limbs, spasm of muscles and tendons, and difficulty in flexion and extension.
Asarum: pungent taste and warm nature; entering heart, lung and kidney meridians; has effects in relieving exterior syndrome, dispelling cold, expelling pathogenic wind, relieving pain, inducing resuscitation, warming lung, and eliminating phlegm; it can be used for treating headache, toothache, and rheumatic arthralgia.
Teasel root: bitter and pungent taste, slightly warm; has effects in nourishing liver and kidney, strengthening muscle and bone, promoting fracture, and preventing metrorrhagia; it is used for treating spleen and kidney deficiency, and qi and yin deficiency.
The invention has the beneficial effects that:
1. the ointment gel for treating the rheumatoid bone diseases, the neck, shoulder, waist and leg pains has scientific and reasonable raw material component compatibility, wherein: the girald daphne bark extract, the Chinese azalea flower extract, the nux vomica seed extract, the kusnezoff monkshood root extract, the radix angelicae pubescentis extract, the radix clematidis extract and the asarum extract can be used for pertinently dispelling wind and removing dampness and relieving pain; the effective components can quickly reach the focus and be absorbed by matching the drynaria extract and the frankincense extract which have the effects of activating blood and promoting qi; considering that the pain is hard to avoid and can cause strain, myrrh extract is added to reduce swelling and promote granulation, and the affected part can be recovered as before; in order to enhance the therapeutic effect, the cortex Acanthopanacis extract and radix Dipsaci extract can strengthen tendons and bones, continue fracture, and strengthen body.
2. The preparation method of the ointment gel for treating the rheumatoid bone diseases, the neck, the shoulder, the waist and the leg pains is simple and easy to control in process and is beneficial to large-scale production.
Detailed Description
In order to make the objects, technical solutions and advantages of the present invention more apparent, the technical solutions of the present invention will be described in detail below. It is to be understood that the described embodiments are merely exemplary of the invention, and not restrictive of the full scope of the invention. All other embodiments, which can be derived by a person skilled in the art from the examples given herein without any inventive step, are within the scope of the present invention.
Example 1
The embodiment provides a preparation method of an ointment gel for treating rheumatoid bone diseases, neck, shoulder, waist and leg pains, which comprises the following steps:
(I) preparing the daphne giraldii nitsche extract, comprising the following steps:
(1) drying, cutting and grinding the girald daphne bark raw material, and screening the raw material by a 80-mesh screen to obtain girald daphne bark powder;
(2) mixing the girald daphne bark powder obtained in the step (1) with water according to the weight ratio of 1:3, carrying out reflux extraction at the temperature of 85 ℃ for 2 hours, and filtering to obtain primary filtrate and primary filter residue;
(3) mixing the primary filter residue obtained in the step (2) with ethanol according to the weight ratio of 1:2, carrying out secondary reflux extraction at the temperature of 65 ℃ for 5 hours, and filtering to obtain secondary filtrate and secondary filter residue;
(4) mixing the primary filtrate and the secondary filtrate, concentrating, and evaporating to dryness at 35 deg.C under air blast condition to obtain cortex Daphne Giraldii Nitsche extract.
(II) preparing the ointment gel for treating the rheumatoid bone diseases and the neck, shoulder, waist and leg pains, which comprises the following steps:
(i) mixing 10g of daphne giraldii nitsche extract, 10g of rhododendron molle extract, 10g of nux vomica extract, 10g of kusnezoff monkshood root extract, 10g of rhizoma drynariae extract, 10g of monkshood root extract, 6g of frankincense extract, 6g of myrrh extract, 6g of radix angelicae pubescentis extract, 6g of cortex acanthopanacis extract, 6g of radix clematidis extract, 6g of asarum extract and 6g of dipsacus asperoides extract, and stirring uniformly at 60r/min to obtain raw material mixed powder;
(ii) and (i) uniformly mixing the raw material mixed powder obtained in the step (i) and a matrix according to the weight ratio of 1:9, and preparing into ointment gel.
Example 2
The embodiment provides a preparation method of an ointment gel for treating rheumatoid bone diseases, neck, shoulder, waist and leg pains, which comprises the following steps:
(I) preparing the daphne giraldii nitsche extract, comprising the following steps:
(1) drying, cutting and grinding the girald daphne bark raw material, and screening the raw material by a 120-mesh screen to obtain girald daphne bark powder;
(2) mixing the girald daphne bark powder obtained in the step (1) with water according to the weight ratio of 1:5, performing reflux extraction at the temperature of 90 ℃ for 4 hours, and filtering to obtain primary filtrate and primary filter residue;
(3) mixing the primary filter residue obtained in the step (2) with ethanol according to the weight ratio of 1:4, carrying out secondary reflux extraction at 70 ℃ for 7 hours, and filtering to obtain secondary filtrate and secondary filter residue;
(4) mixing the primary filtrate and the secondary filtrate, concentrating, and evaporating to dryness at 45 deg.C under air blast condition to obtain cortex Daphne Giraldii Nitsche extract.
(II) preparing the ointment gel for treating the rheumatoid bone diseases and the neck, shoulder, waist and leg pains, which comprises the following steps:
(i) mixing 15g of daphne giraldii nitsche extract, 15g of rhododendron molle extract, 15g of nux vomica extract, 15g of kusnezoff monkshood root extract, 15g of rhizoma drynariae extract, 15g of monkshood root extract, 10g of frankincense extract, 10g of myrrh extract, 10g of radix angelicae pubescentis extract, 10g of cortex acanthopanacis extract, 10g of radix clematidis extract, 10g of asarum extract and 10g of dipsacus asperoides extract, and stirring uniformly at the condition of 80r/min to obtain raw material;
(ii) and (i) uniformly mixing the raw material mixed powder obtained in the step (i) and a matrix according to the weight ratio of 1:11, and preparing into ointment gel.
Example 3
The embodiment provides a preparation method of an ointment gel for treating rheumatoid bone diseases, neck, shoulder, waist and leg pains, which comprises the following steps:
(I) preparing the daphne giraldii nitsche extract, comprising the following steps:
(1) drying, cutting and grinding the girald daphne bark raw material, and screening the raw material by a 100-mesh screen to obtain girald daphne bark powder;
(2) mixing the girald daphne bark powder obtained in the step (1) with water according to the weight ratio of 1:4, carrying out reflux extraction at 88 ℃ for 3 hours, and filtering to obtain primary filtrate and primary filter residue;
(3) mixing the primary filter residue obtained in the step (2) with ethanol according to the weight ratio of 1:3, carrying out secondary reflux extraction at 67 ℃ for 6 hours, and filtering to obtain secondary filtrate and secondary filter residue;
(4) mixing the primary filtrate and the secondary filtrate, concentrating, and evaporating to dryness at 40 deg.C under air blowing condition to obtain cortex Daphne Giraldii Nitsche extract.
(II) preparing the ointment gel for treating the rheumatoid bone diseases and the neck, shoulder, waist and leg pains, which comprises the following steps:
(i) mixing 12.5g of daphne giraldii nitsche extract, 12.5g of rhododendron molle extract, 12.5g of nux vomica extract, 12.5g of radix aconiti agrestis extract, 12.5g of rhizoma drynariae extract, 12.5g of radix aconiti extract, 8g of frankincense extract, 8g of myrrh extract, 8g of radix angelicae pubescentis extract, 8g of cortex acanthopanacis extract, 8g of radix clematidis extract, 8g of asarum extract and 8g of dipsacus asperoides extract, and uniformly stirring at 70r/min to obtain raw material mixed powder;
(ii) and (i) uniformly mixing the raw material mixed powder obtained in the step (i) and a matrix according to the weight ratio of 1:10, and preparing into ointment gel.
In order to show the effect of the ointment gel for treating the rheumatoid bone diseases, the neck, shoulder, waist and leg pains, the following cases are selected for explanation:
case 1:
liu somebody, male, age 45; the lumbar prominence of the mr. Liu is troubled by the lumbar prominence, and people need to support the lumbar prominence after walking for a plurality of months in a plurality of hospitals. The ointment gel is used for smearing the bladder on the back until the bladder passes through the abdomen, then massage and bone setting are carried out, the lumbar prominence is obviously improved on the fourth day, and the lumbago disappears after the ointment gel is continuously used for 15 days, but the back side of the thigh is still occasionally stiff and dull pain, so that continuous smearing is recommended.
Case 2:
lie, woman, 28 years old; the plum ladies are exposed to wind unintentionally during the sitting of the moon, so that the back becomes cool and the arms become painful; when the ointment gel is applied to the corresponding positions of the back and the arm, the symptoms of plum women disappear after about 1 week, and the plum women do not feel uncomfortable even if the air is blown.
Case 3:
wangzhi, maid, 45 years old; the meniscus of the left knee joint of the wang woman has been damaged for two years, the ankle joints of both feet are often painful, and walking and going upstairs are difficult; the ointment gel of the invention is used for about 1 week, the pain is relieved, the pain disappears after the ointment gel is continuously used for 2 months, and the ointment gel is used for 1 month for consolidation of curative effect.
The above description is only for the specific embodiments of the present invention, but the scope of the present invention is not limited thereto, and any person skilled in the art can easily conceive of the changes or substitutions within the technical scope of the present invention, and all the changes or substitutions should be covered within the scope of the present invention. Therefore, the protection scope of the present invention shall be subject to the protection scope of the appended claims.
Claims (10)
1. An ointment gel for treating rheumatism bone disease, neck, shoulder, waist and leg pain is characterized by comprising the following raw materials in parts by weight: 10-15 parts of girald daphne bark extract, 10-15 parts of Chinese azalea flower extract, 10-15 parts of nux vomica extract, 10-15 parts of radix aconiti agrestis extract, 10-15 parts of rhizoma drynariae extract, 10-15 parts of radix aconiti extract, 6-10 parts of frankincense extract, 6-10 parts of myrrh extract, 6-10 parts of radix angelicae pubescentis extract, 6-10 parts of cortex acanthopanacis extract, 6-10 parts of radix clematidis extract, 6-10 parts of asarum extract and 6-10 parts of dipsacus asperoides extract.
2. The ointment gel for treating rheumatoid bone diseases, neck, shoulder, waist and leg pains according to claim 1, which is characterized by comprising the following raw materials in parts by weight: 12.5 parts of daphne giraldii nitsche extract, 12.5 parts of Chinese azalea flower extract, 12.5 parts of nux vomica extract, 12.5 parts of kusnezoff monkshood root extract, 12.5 parts of rhizoma drynariae extract, 12.5 parts of common monkshood mother root extract, 8 parts of frankincense extract, 8 parts of myrrh extract, 8 parts of radix angelicae pubescentis extract, 8 parts of cortex acanthopanacis extract, 8 parts of radix clematidis extract, 8 parts of asarum extract and 8 parts of dipsacus root.
3. The ointment gel for treating rheumatoid bone diseases, neck, shoulder, waist and leg pains according to claim 1 or 2, wherein the preparation method of the daphne giraldii nitsche extract comprises the following steps:
(1) drying, cutting and grinding the girald daphne bark raw material to obtain girald daphne bark powder;
(2) mixing the girald daphne bark powder obtained in the step (1) with water, refluxing, extracting and filtering to obtain primary filtrate and primary filter residue;
(3) mixing the primary filter residue obtained in the step (2) with ethanol, carrying out secondary reflux extraction, and filtering to obtain secondary filtrate and secondary filter residue;
(4) mixing the primary filtrate and the secondary filtrate, concentrating, and evaporating to obtain cortex Daphne Giraldii Nitsche extract.
4. The ointment gel for treating rheumatoid bone diseases, neck, shoulder, waist and leg pains, as claimed in claim 3, wherein in the step (1), the ointment gel is ground to pass through a 80-120 mesh screen.
5. The ointment gel for treating rheumatoid bone diseases, neck, shoulder, waist and leg pains, according to claim 3, wherein in the step (2), the weight ratio of the girald daphne bark powder to the water is 1: 3-5; the temperature of the reflux extraction is 85-90 ℃, and the time of the reflux extraction is 2-4 h.
6. The ointment gel for treating rheumatoid bone diseases, neck, shoulder, waist and leg pains as claimed in claim 3, wherein in the step (3), the weight ratio of the primary filter residue to the ethanol is 1: 2-4; the temperature of the secondary reflux extraction is 65-70 ℃, and the time of the reflux extraction is 5-7 h.
7. The ointment gel for treating rheumatoid bone diseases, neck, shoulder, waist and leg pains as claimed in claim 3, wherein in the step (4), the temperature of evaporation to dryness is 35-45 ℃.
8. The preparation method of the ointment gel for treating the rheumatoid bone diseases and the pain in the neck, the shoulders, the waist and the legs as claimed in any one of claims 1 to 7, which is characterized by comprising the following steps:
(i) mixing the raw materials, and uniformly stirring to obtain raw material mixed powder;
(ii) and (i) mixing the raw material mixed powder obtained in the step (i) with a matrix to prepare ointment gel.
9. The method for preparing the ointment gel for treating rheumatoid bone diseases, neck, shoulder, waist and leg pains, according to claim 8, wherein in the step (i), the stirring speed of the mixing is 60-80 r/min.
10. The preparation method of the ointment gel for treating rheumatoid bone diseases, neck, shoulder, waist and leg pains, according to claim 8, in the step (ii), the weight ratio of the raw material mixed powder to the matrix is 1: 9-11.
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CN103520308A (en) * | 2013-01-09 | 2014-01-22 | 席安胜 | Plaster formula for treating waist, neck, shoulder and knee pain |
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CN108175784A (en) * | 2017-12-29 | 2018-06-19 | 何泉宏 | A kind of Chinese medicine composition of rheumatism treating and its medicament preparation method |
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CN1285196A (en) * | 2000-08-28 | 2001-02-28 | 赵芳可 | Shubi plaster for treating arthralgia due to wind-cold-dampness |
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