CN111927584A - 提升火电机组运行灵活性的液态压缩空气储能系统及方法 - Google Patents

提升火电机组运行灵活性的液态压缩空气储能系统及方法 Download PDF

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CN111927584A
CN111927584A CN202010937184.XA CN202010937184A CN111927584A CN 111927584 A CN111927584 A CN 111927584A CN 202010937184 A CN202010937184 A CN 202010937184A CN 111927584 A CN111927584 A CN 111927584A
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air
steam
energy storage
turbine
heat
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屈杰
居文平
高庆
马汀山
朱蓬勃
石慧
薛朝囡
常东峰
吕凯
张建元
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Xian Thermal Power Research Institute Co Ltd
Xian Xire Energy Saving Technology Co Ltd
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Xian Thermal Power Research Institute Co Ltd
Xian Xire Energy Saving Technology Co Ltd
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Abstract

本发明公开了提升火电机组运行灵活性的液态压缩空气储能系统及方法，本发明利用火电机组中压缸排汽的部分能量，驱动背压式汽轮机传动压缩机进行多级间冷空气压缩，预冷后的压缩空气通过液化换热器形成液化空气后，存储在低温液罐中。本发明能够将储存压缩热及火电汽轮机中压缸排汽能量用于提升发电汽轮机机入口的温度，以增强汽轮机做功能力，从而实现电源侧储能与释能的自由转换过程，达到了机组深度调峰与能量存储的双重能效。对促进可再生能源的消纳，提高电网稳定性具有重大意义。

Description

提升火电机组运行灵活性的液态压缩空气储能系统及方法
技术领域
本发明属于汽轮机发电领域，具体涉及一种提升火电机组运行灵活性的液态压缩空气储能系统及方法。
背景技术
目前，风电、光伏发电等再生能源电源正在快速兴起，截至2018年底，我国可再生能源发电总装机已达到7.28亿千瓦。但再生能源的间歇性以及随机性会对电网造成较大冲击，这也将严重制约其进一步的发展和整个电网的安全稳定性。
储能设施可以提供平滑发电的出力，削峰填谷，实现间歇性可再生能源电源与电网之间的协调发展。进一步，通过发电侧增设储能设施，可实现增强机组调节能力、有效支持可再生能源并网以及提供备用容量等多重功能。此外，火电机组与储能设施相结合，可部分程度弥补火电机组调节响应时间缓慢的缺陷。随着灵活性辅助服务市场逐渐完善，火电机组还可以通过储能的方式将其灵活性发挥至最大潜力，实现经济效益的最大化。
根据现有的技术类型划分，储能主要分为机械储能(抽水蓄能、压缩空气储能、飞轮储能)、电化学储能(钠硫电池、液流电池、铅酸电池、镍铬电池)以及电磁储能(超导磁能储能)三种类型。但目前能够实现MW级大规模储能的只有抽水蓄能与压缩空气储能两种方式。抽水蓄能方式受地形条件的约束较大，且在北方气温特别低的情况下可能会有结冰的风险。而气态压缩空气储能的储能密度比较低，需要盐穴、山洞等较大存储空间，因此也将受地形条件的约束。而液态空气储能的技术，通过把空气液化可实现比较高的储能密度，存储空间较小，不受地理条件的限制，因而获得了越来越多的关注。
现有的液态空气储能技术，主要是与太阳能光热系统相结合，与火电机组系统相互结合的研究较少。
发明内容
本发明的目的在于克服上述不足，提供一种提升火电机组运行灵活性的液态压缩空气储能系统及方法，能够实现火电电源侧，储能与释能的自由转换过程，配合火电机组低压缸零出力的运行模式，达到了机组深度调峰与能量存储的双重能效。
为了达到上述目的，提升火电机组运行灵活性的液态压缩空气储能系统，包括火力发电汽轮机、背压式汽轮机和空气储能汽轮机，火力发电汽轮机包括汽轮机中压缸；
汽轮机中压缸的一部分排汽作为驱动热源接入背压式汽轮机和吸收式制冷机，背压式汽轮机的动力轴连接多级间冷压缩机，多级间冷压缩机连接用于存储压缩热的压缩热收集蓄能换热器，压缩热收集蓄能换热器连接用于预冷的吸收式制冷机空气液化前置蓄冷冷却器，吸收式制冷机空气液化前置蓄冷冷却器的压缩空气接入用于吸收冷量的未液化空气冷量回收液化换热器，未液化空气冷量回收液化换热器的气体接入空气液化用低温膨胀机，空气液化用低温膨胀机的液态空气接入低温液化空气存储罐的液态空气入口；
汽轮机中压缸的另一部分排汽接入抽汽加热器，抽汽加热器连接空气储能汽轮机，低温液化空气存储罐的液化空气出口连接低温泵，低温泵连接吸收式制冷机空气汽化蓄热加热器，吸收式制冷机空气汽化蓄热加热器连接蒸汽驱动型吸收式制冷机，蒸汽驱动型吸收式制冷机连接吸收式制冷机空气液化前置蓄冷冷却器，吸收式制冷机空气汽化蓄热加热器通过蒸汽驱动型吸收式制冷机为吸收式制冷机空气液化前置蓄冷冷却器供给冷量，吸收式制冷机空气汽化蓄热加热器的液体出口连接压缩热利用蓄能换热器的液体入口，压缩热利用蓄能换热器连接抽汽加热器。
吸收蒸汽驱动型吸收式制冷机的驱动蒸汽疏水返回收集进入接入凝汽器。
空气液化用低温膨胀机连接汽液分离器，汽液分离器出口处的液化空气连接低温液化空气存储罐，汽液分离器中未液化空气作为冷量接入未液化空气冷量回收液化换热器。
抽汽加热器的疏水接入低压加热器系统。
提升火电机组运行灵活性的液态压缩空气储能方法，储能过程中，火力发电汽轮机低压缸转为低压缸零出力运行，汽轮机转为低压缸零出力运行，汽轮机中压缸的部分中压排汽进入背压式汽轮机汽轮机中压缸，背压式汽轮机的轴功驱动多级间冷压缩机，驱动背压式小汽轮机的排汽作为吸收蒸汽驱动型吸收式制冷机的驱动热源；
多级间冷压缩机对空气进行压缩，并存储压缩热，采用导热流体换热冷却压缩空气，通过压缩热收集蓄能换热器存储压缩热，压缩后的空气进入吸收式制冷机空气液化前置蓄冷冷却器进行预冷，预冷后的压缩空气通过未液化空气冷量回收液化换热器吸收冷量，再进入空气液化用低温膨胀机深冷并达到液化状态，将深冷状态的压缩空气液化成液态空气储存在低温液化空气存储罐中；
释能过程中，汽轮机转为正常运行模式，汽轮机中压缸的另一部分中压排汽通过抽汽加热与空气工质进行换热，低温液化空气存储罐中的液化空气抽吸进入低温泵提升压力，升压后的液化空气经过吸收式制冷机空气汽化蓄热加热器升温汽化，再利用压缩热利用蓄能换热器所收集的多级压缩过程中的压缩热进行回热加热，利用抽汽加热器的热量提升空气储能汽轮机压缩空气的温度，提高压缩空气的做功能力，随后压缩空气进入空气储能汽轮机，在汽轮机中膨胀做功，向外供电；
吸收式制冷机空气液化前置蓄冷冷却器冷量来自于蒸汽驱动型吸收式制冷机，蒸汽驱动型吸收式制冷机采用蒸汽驱动方式来制备储能过程中液化空气需要的预冷量。
蒸汽驱动型吸收式制冷机的余热水存储于吸收式制冷机空气汽化蓄热加热器中。
吸收蒸汽驱动型吸收式制冷机的驱动蒸汽疏水返回收集进入凝汽器。
空气液化用低温膨胀机中未液化的压缩空气作为冷量送回未液化空气冷量回收液化换热器中换热后返回多级间冷压缩机。
与现有技术相比，本发明利用火电机组中压缸排汽的部分能量，驱动背压式汽轮机传动压缩机进行多级间冷空气压缩，预冷后的压缩空气进一步通过液化换热器形成液化空气后，存储在低温液罐中。本发明能够将储存压缩热及火电汽轮机中压缸排汽能量用于提升发电汽轮机机入口的温度，以增强汽轮机做功能力，从而实现电源侧储能与释能的自由转换过程，达到了机组深度调峰与能量存储的双重能效。对促进可再生能源的消纳，提高电网稳定性具有重大意义。本发明中的驱动背压汽轮机的排汽可作为驱动热源，参与吸收式制冷机组制冷过程获取冷量，所获得冷量进入蓄冷式换热器对压缩空气进行预冷，收式制冷机组制冷过程中产生的余热水储存进入蓄热式汽化换热器，提高了热效率。
本发明的方法充分利用了火电机组的有效质-热能量流，通过流程优化，降低了现有储能过程中的电能消耗量，并实现能量梯级利用与存储，提升储能实施的整体能量转化效率。当火电机组储能时处于低压缸零出力运行模式，可进一步提升机组的调峰深度，实现了储能技术与火电机组的高效耦合应用。
附图说明
图1为本发明的系统示意图；
其中，1、锅炉过热器；2、锅炉再热器；3、汽轮机高压缸；4、汽轮机中压缸；5、汽轮机低压缸；6、主蒸汽管道；7、再热蒸汽管道；8、中低压联通管管道；9、中排抽汽至驱动背压式小汽轮机管道；10、中排抽汽至抽汽加热器管道；11、驱动背压式小汽轮机；12、储能用压缩空气入口管道；13、空气储能多级间冷压缩机；14、压缩热收集蓄能换热器；15、驱动背压式小汽轮机排汽至吸收式制冷机管道；16、空气储能压缩机至吸收式制冷机空气液化前置蓄冷冷却器压缩空气管道；17、吸收式制冷机空气液化前置蓄冷冷却器；18、未液化空气冷量回收液化换热器至低温膨胀机管道；19、未液化空气冷量回收液化换热器；20、汽液分离器至未液化空气冷量回收液化换热器管道；21、蒸汽驱动型吸收式制冷机；22、吸收式制冷机空气汽化蓄热加热器；23、吸收式制冷机驱动蒸汽疏水至凝汽器管道；24、空气液化用低温膨胀机；25、空气液化用低温膨胀机同轴发电机；26、汽液分离器；27、低温液化空气存储罐；28、液化空气管道；29、低温泵；30、压缩热利用蓄能换热器；31、抽汽加热器；32、空气储能汽轮机；33、空气储能汽轮机同轴主发电机；34、抽汽加热器疏水至低压加热器系统管道。
具体实施方式
下面结合附图对本发明做进一步说明。
参见图1，提升火电机组运行灵活性的液态压缩空气储能系统，包括火力发电汽轮机、背压式汽轮机11和空气储能汽轮机32，火力发电汽轮机包括汽轮机高压缸3、汽轮机中压缸4和汽轮机低压缸5，汽轮机高压缸3通过主蒸汽管道6连接锅炉过热器1，汽轮机中压缸4通过再热蒸汽管道7连接锅炉再热器2，汽轮机低压缸5通过中排抽汽至驱动背压式小汽轮机管道9连接驱动背压式小汽轮机11，汽轮机中压缸4通过中低压联通管管道8驱动背压式小汽轮机11，通过中排抽汽至抽汽加热器管道10连接抽汽加热器31。
汽轮机中压缸4的一部分排汽作为驱动热源接入背压式汽轮机11和吸收式制冷机21，背压式汽轮机11的动力轴连接多级间冷压缩机13，多级间冷压缩机13连接用于存储压缩热的压缩热收集蓄能换热器14，压缩热收集蓄能换热器14连接用于预冷的吸收式制冷机空气液化前置蓄冷冷却器17，吸收式制冷机空气液化前置蓄冷冷却器17的压缩空气接入用于吸收冷量的未液化空气冷量回收液化换热器19，未液化空气冷量回收液化换热器19的气体接入空气液化用低温膨胀机24，空气液化用低温膨胀机24的液态空气接入低温液化空气存储罐27的液态空气入口；
汽轮机中压缸4的另一部分排汽接入抽汽加热器31，抽汽加热器31连接空气储能汽轮机32，低温液化空气存储罐27的液化空气出口连接低温泵29，低温泵29连接吸收式制冷机空气汽化蓄热加热器22，吸收式制冷机空气汽化蓄热加热器22连接蒸汽驱动型吸收式制冷机21，蒸汽驱动型吸收式制冷机21连接吸收式制冷机空气液化前置蓄冷冷却器17，吸收式制冷机空气汽化蓄热加热器22通过蒸汽驱动型吸收式制冷机21为吸收式制冷机空气液化前置蓄冷冷却器17供给冷量，吸收式制冷机空气汽化蓄热加热器22的液体出口连接压缩热利用蓄能换热器30的液体入口，压缩热利用蓄能换热器30连接抽汽加热器31。
吸收蒸汽驱动型吸收式制冷机21的驱动蒸汽疏水23返回收集进入接入凝汽器。
空气液化用低温膨胀机24连接汽液分离器26，汽液分离器26出口处的液化空气连接低温液化空气存储罐27，汽液分离器26中未液化空气作为冷量接入未液化空气冷量回收液化换热器19。
抽汽加热器34的疏水接入低压加热器系统。
提升火电机组运行灵活性的液态压缩空气储能方法，包括以下步骤：
步骤一，储能过程中，火力发电汽轮机低压缸转为低压缸零出力运行，汽轮机转为低压缸零出力运行，绝大部分中压排汽从中低压连通管8处的抽汽管道9进入背压式汽轮机11，其轴功用以驱动液化空气模块中的多级间冷压缩机13，而驱动背压式小汽轮机11的排汽将进入吸收式制冷模块，为吸收式制冷机21的驱动热源。多级间冷压缩机13对空气进行压缩，并存储压缩热，采用导热流体换热冷却压缩空气，通过压缩热收集蓄能换热器14存储压缩热，压缩后的空气进入吸收式制冷机空气液化前置蓄冷冷却器17进行预冷，预冷在吸收式制冷机空气液化前置蓄冷冷却器17内进行，冷量来自于蒸汽驱动型吸收式制冷机21，蒸汽驱动型吸收式制冷机21采用蒸汽驱动方式来制备储能过程中液化空气需要的预冷量量，同时其附属产物余热水存储于吸收式制冷机空气汽化蓄热加热器22中，吸收蒸汽驱动型吸收式制冷机21的驱动蒸汽疏水23返回收集进入凝汽器；预冷后的压缩空气通过未液化空气冷量回收液化换热器19吸收冷量，进一步降温预冷。接着进入空气液化用低温膨胀机24深冷并达到液化状态。将深冷状态的压缩空气液化成液态空气进行储存，未液化的压缩空气重新进行压缩冷却，直至将所有压缩空气液化成液态空气。
步骤二，释能过程中，汽轮机转为正常运行模式，只抽取少量的中压排汽9至空气储能汽轮机32前端，通过抽汽加热31与空气工质进行换热，用以提升储空气储能汽轮机32前进气温度，增强储能发电汽轮机的做功能力。低温液化空气存储罐27中的液化空气，抽吸进入低温泵29提升压力，首先经过吸收式制冷机空气汽化蓄热加热器22升温汽化，接着利用压缩热利用蓄能换热器30所收集的多级压缩过程中的压缩热进行回热加热，最后进一步利用抽汽加热器31的热量提升空气储能汽轮机32压缩空气的温度，提高压缩空气的做功能力。随后压缩空气进入空气储能汽轮机32，在汽轮机中膨胀做功，向外供电。
根据液态空气储能系统的特点，结合火电热力系统中的有效能量，进行流程优化，实现能量梯级利用与存储，提升储能实施的能量转化效率，这对促进可再生能源的消纳，提高电网稳定安全性具有重大意义。

Claims (8)

1.提升火电机组运行灵活性的液态压缩空气储能系统，其特征在于，包括火力发电汽轮机、背压式汽轮机(11)和空气储能汽轮机(32)，火力发电汽轮机包括汽轮机中压缸(4)；
汽轮机中压缸(4)的一部分排汽作为驱动热源接入背压式汽轮机(11)和吸收式制冷机(21)，背压式汽轮机(11)的动力轴连接多级间冷压缩机(13)，多级间冷压缩机(13)连接用于存储压缩热的压缩热收集蓄能换热器(14)，压缩热收集蓄能换热器(14)连接用于预冷的吸收式制冷机空气液化前置蓄冷冷却器(17)，吸收式制冷机空气液化前置蓄冷冷却器(17)的压缩空气接入用于吸收冷量的未液化空气冷量回收液化换热器(19)，未液化空气冷量回收液化换热器(19)的气体接入空气液化用低温膨胀机(24)，空气液化用低温膨胀机(24)的液态空气接入低温液化空气存储罐(27)的液态空气入口；
汽轮机中压缸(4)的另一部分排汽接入抽汽加热器(31)，抽汽加热器(31)连接空气储能汽轮机(32)，低温液化空气存储罐(27)的液化空气出口连接低温泵(29)，低温泵(29)连接吸收式制冷机空气汽化蓄热加热器(22)，吸收式制冷机空气汽化蓄热加热器(22)连接蒸汽驱动型吸收式制冷机(21)，蒸汽驱动型吸收式制冷机(21)连接吸收式制冷机空气液化前置蓄冷冷却器(17)，吸收式制冷机空气汽化蓄热加热器(22)通过蒸汽驱动型吸收式制冷机(21)为吸收式制冷机空气液化前置蓄冷冷却器(17)供给冷量，吸收式制冷机空气汽化蓄热加热器(22)的液体出口连接压缩热利用蓄能换热器(30)的液体入口，压缩热利用蓄能换热器(30)连接抽汽加热器(31)。
2.根据权利要求1所述的提升火电机组运行灵活性的液态压缩空气储能系统，其特征在于，吸收蒸汽驱动型吸收式制冷机(21)的驱动蒸汽疏水(23)返回收集进入接入凝汽器。
3.根据权利要求1所述的提升火电机组运行灵活性的液态压缩空气储能系统，其特征在于，空气液化用低温膨胀机(24)连接汽液分离器(26)，汽液分离器(26)出口处的液化空气连接低温液化空气存储罐(27)，汽液分离器(26)中未液化空气作为冷量接入未液化空气冷量回收液化换热器(19)。
4.根据权利要求1所述的提升火电机组运行灵活性的液态压缩空气储能系统，其特征在于，抽汽加热器(34)的疏水接入低压加热器系统。
5.权利要求1所述的提升火电机组运行灵活性的液态压缩空气储能系统的储能方法，其特征在于，储能过程中，火力发电汽轮机低压缸转为低压缸零出力运行，汽轮机转为低压缸零出力运行，汽轮机中压缸(4)的部分中压排汽进入背压式汽轮机(11)汽轮机中压缸(4)，背压式汽轮机(11)的轴功驱动多级间冷压缩机(13)，驱动背压式小汽轮机(11)的排汽作为吸收蒸汽驱动型吸收式制冷机(21)的驱动热源；
多级间冷压缩机(13)对空气进行压缩，并存储压缩热，采用导热流体换热冷却压缩空气，通过压缩热收集蓄能换热器(14)存储压缩热，压缩后的空气进入吸收式制冷机空气液化前置蓄冷冷却器(17)进行预冷，预冷后的压缩空气通过未液化空气冷量回收液化换热器(19)吸收冷量，再进入空气液化用低温膨胀机(24)深冷并达到液化状态，将深冷状态的压缩空气液化成液态空气储存在低温液化空气存储罐(27)中；
释能过程中，汽轮机转为正常运行模式，汽轮机中压缸(4)的另一部分中压排汽通过抽汽加热(31)与空气工质进行换热，低温液化空气存储罐(27)中的液化空气抽吸进入低温泵(29)提升压力，升压后的液化空气经过吸收式制冷机空气汽化蓄热加热器(22)升温汽化，再利用压缩热利用蓄能换热器(30)所收集的多级压缩过程中的压缩热进行回热加热，利用抽汽加热器(31)的热量提升空气储能汽轮机(32)压缩空气的温度，提高压缩空气的做功能力，随后压缩空气进入空气储能汽轮机(32)，在汽轮机中膨胀做功，向外供电；
吸收式制冷机空气液化前置蓄冷冷却器(17)冷量来自于蒸汽驱动型吸收式制冷机(21)，蒸汽驱动型吸收式制冷机(21)采用蒸汽驱动方式来制备储能过程中液化空气需要的预冷量。
6.根据权利要求5所述的提升火电机组运行灵活性的液态压缩空气储能系统的储能方法，其特征在于，蒸汽驱动型吸收式制冷机(21)的余热水存储于吸收式制冷机空气汽化蓄热加热器(22)中。
7.根据权利要求5所述的提升火电机组运行灵活性的液态压缩空气储能系统的储能方法，其特征在于，吸收蒸汽驱动型吸收式制冷机(21)的驱动蒸汽疏水(23)返回收集进入凝汽器。
8.根据权利要求5所述的提升火电机组运行灵活性的液态压缩空气储能系统的储能方法，其特征在于，空气液化用低温膨胀机(24)中未液化的压缩空气作为冷量送回未液化空气冷量回收液化换热器(19)中换热后返回多级间冷压缩机(13)。
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