CN111900543A - Microstrip antenna unit design method based on coupling feed - Google Patents

Microstrip antenna unit design method based on coupling feed Download PDF

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CN111900543A
CN111900543A CN202010804259.7A CN202010804259A CN111900543A CN 111900543 A CN111900543 A CN 111900543A CN 202010804259 A CN202010804259 A CN 202010804259A CN 111900543 A CN111900543 A CN 111900543A
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microstrip antenna
antenna
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董刚
孟令东
朱樟明
杨银堂
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Xidian University
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    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01Q—ANTENNAS, i.e. RADIO AERIALS
    • H01Q13/00—Waveguide horns or mouths; Slot antennas; Leaky-waveguide antennas; Equivalent structures causing radiation along the transmission path of a guided wave
    • H01Q13/08—Radiating ends of two-conductor microwave transmission lines, e.g. of coaxial lines, of microstrip lines
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G06—COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
    • G06F—ELECTRIC DIGITAL DATA PROCESSING
    • G06F30/00—Computer-aided design [CAD]
    • G06F30/20—Design optimisation, verification or simulation
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01Q—ANTENNAS, i.e. RADIO AERIALS
    • H01Q1/00—Details of, or arrangements associated with, antennas
    • H01Q1/36—Structural form of radiating elements, e.g. cone, spiral, umbrella; Particular materials used therewith
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01Q—ANTENNAS, i.e. RADIO AERIALS
    • H01Q1/00—Details of, or arrangements associated with, antennas
    • H01Q1/36—Structural form of radiating elements, e.g. cone, spiral, umbrella; Particular materials used therewith
    • H01Q1/38—Structural form of radiating elements, e.g. cone, spiral, umbrella; Particular materials used therewith formed by a conductive layer on an insulating support
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01Q—ANTENNAS, i.e. RADIO AERIALS
    • H01Q1/00—Details of, or arrangements associated with, antennas
    • H01Q1/48—Earthing means; Earth screens; Counterpoises
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01Q—ANTENNAS, i.e. RADIO AERIALS
    • H01Q1/00—Details of, or arrangements associated with, antennas
    • H01Q1/50—Structural association of antennas with earthing switches, lead-in devices or lightning protectors

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Abstract

The invention discloses a microstrip antenna unit design method based on coupling feed, which mainly solves the problems of low performance and difficult realization of the process of the existing microstrip antenna. The scheme is as follows: determining the materials of an antenna substrate, a radiation patch, a coupling feeder line and a ground plate and the basic structure of the microstrip antenna according to the design and process requirements of the microstrip antenna, and determining the sizes of a main radiation patch and a cross-shaped coupling feed gap according to the design requirements and material parameters; adding radiation boundary and port excitation for a basic structure of a microstrip antenna in three-dimensional high-frequency electromagnetic field simulation software, setting simulation frequency, grid and frequency sweep parameters, and simulating the simulation frequency, grid and frequency sweep parameters; comparing the simulation result with the design requirement, adjusting the size of the antenna, and adding a tuning branch, a reflecting plate, an air cavity and a parasitic radiation patch to the microstrip antenna to meet the design requirement and determine the final microstrip antenna structure. The invention improves the gain and the bandwidth of the microstrip antenna, reduces the process realization difficulty, and can be used for a communication system and a radar system.

Description

Microstrip antenna unit design method based on coupling feed
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the technical field of antennas, and particularly relates to a design method of a microstrip antenna unit, which can be used for a communication system and a radar system.
Background
In recent decades, with the development of modern processing technology, new planar antennas, represented by microstrip antennas, have gradually been formed. Microstrip antennas have a number of advantages, such as: the composite material has the advantages of low cost, easy mass production, low quality, small size and low profile, and can be applied to various environments such as dual polarization, multiband, multi-beam and the like.
The microstrip antenna is a part of a communication system, plays an important role in the communication field, and has very wide application in many fields, such as radio communication, satellite communication, wireless remote sensing, an automatic monitoring system, missile remote sensing control, radio control, a hydrological environment monitoring system, a feed unit system of a radar, a GPS satellite navigation system and the like.
The existing microstrip antenna adopts side feed or coaxial feed mostly, and the two feed structures are simpler, but the coaxial feed microstrip antenna needs to design a metal through hole on a dielectric plate, so that the difficulty in realizing the coaxial feed microstrip antenna is higher in process. The side-fed microstrip antenna is affected by microstrip line coupling, so that the gain is low, and the antenna performance requirement which is improved day by day is difficult to meet.
Disclosure of Invention
The present invention aims to provide a microstrip antenna unit design method based on coupling feed to improve the gain and bandwidth of the microstrip antenna unit and reduce the difficulty of the process implementation.
In order to achieve the purpose, the technical scheme of the invention is as follows:
1. a microstrip antenna unit design method based on coupling feed is characterized by comprising the following steps:
1) determining materials of an antenna substrate, a radiation patch, a coupling feeder line and a ground plate according to the design requirement and the process processing difficulty of the microstrip antenna;
2) determining the basic structure of the microstrip antenna: namely, from top to bottom: the antenna comprises a main radiation patch, a first layer of antenna substrate, a grounding plate of a cross coupling gap, a second layer of antenna substrate and a coupling feeder;
3) determining the width W and the length L of the main radiation patch according to the parameters of the antenna substrate material and the design requirements of the microstrip antenna:
Figure BDA0002628512640000011
Figure BDA0002628512640000021
wherein: c is the propagation speed of light in vacuum,ris the relative dielectric constant of the substrate material, f is the operating frequency of the microstrip antenna, λgThe guided wave wavelength in the substrate material, and Delta L is the equivalent gap radiation length;
4) determining the initial length a and the width b of a cross coupling feed gap according to the size of a main radiating patch:
a＝W/2，b＝a/10；
5) adding radiation boundary and port excitation for the basic structure of the microstrip antenna in three-dimensional high-frequency electromagnetic field simulation software HFSS according to the basic structure of the microstrip antenna, the size of a main radiation patch and the size of a cross-shaped coupling feed gap;
6) according to the working frequency and precision requirements of the microstrip antenna, setting simulation frequency, maximum iteration times of a self-adaptive grid, convergence error, frequency sweep range and scanning frequency stepping in three-dimensional high-frequency electromagnetic field simulation software HFSS, and simulating a microstrip antenna unit model;
7) comparing a simulation result with the design requirement of the microstrip antenna according to a return loss curve, a gain diagram and a Smith circular diagram obtained by simulation, and continuously adjusting the length and the width of a cross coupling slot of the antenna and adding a tuning branch in a three-dimensional high-frequency electromagnetic field simulation software HFSS to perform preliminary optimization;
8) and in the three-dimensional high-frequency electromagnetic field simulation software HFSS, adding a corresponding structure to the micro-strip antenna which is not up to the standard after preliminary optimization until the performance requirement is met, and obtaining the designed micro-strip antenna structure.
Compared with the prior art, the invention has the following advantages:
1) the microstrip antenna adopts the coupling feed structure and the grounding plate of the cross-shaped coupling gap, so that the gain and the bandwidth of the microstrip antenna are improved.
2) The antenna substrate of the invention adopts Dupont 951 type ceramic material, thus reducing the process difficulty of realizing microstrip antenna.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a flow chart of an implementation of the present invention;
FIG. 2 is a schematic diagram of a basic antenna unit structure according to the present invention;
FIG. 3 is a graph showing the effect of the width of the main radiating patch on return loss in the present invention;
FIG. 4 is a graph illustrating the effect of cross coupling gap size on return loss in the present invention;
FIG. 5 is a graph illustrating the effect of tuning branch size on return loss in accordance with the present invention;
FIG. 6 is a gain comparison graph before and after adding a reflection plate, an air cavity and a parasitic radiation patch to the basic structure of the microstrip antenna;
fig. 7 is a schematic diagram of a microstrip antenna structure after adding a reflection plate, an air cavity and a parasitic radiation patch to the basic structure of the microstrip antenna.
Detailed Description
In order to make the objects, technical solutions and advantages of the present invention clearer, the technical solutions of the present invention will be clearly and completely described below with reference to the accompanying drawings in the embodiments of the present invention. Of course, the described embodiments are only some, and not all, of the embodiments of the present invention. All other embodiments, which can be derived by a person skilled in the art from the embodiments given herein without making any creative effort, shall fall within the protection scope of the present invention.
Referring to fig. 1, the implementation steps of this example are as follows:
step 1, determining materials of an antenna substrate, a main radiation patch, a feeder line and a ground layer.
1.1) determining the tangent loss angle value tan and the relative dielectric constant of the substrate material according to the gain requirement of the microstrip antennarDetermining the thickness of each layer of ceramic material after low-temperature sintering according to the bandwidth of the microstrip antenna;
the dielectric constant of the dielectric ceramic is 0.0015, tanrDupont 951 type ceramic material of 7.8 and 0.096mm thickness per layer after low temperature sintering.
1.2) selecting materials of a main radiation patch, a feeder line and a grounding plate according to the requirements of conductivity and radiation characteristics: the main radiation patch, the feeder line and the grounding plate can be made of any one of gold, silver and copper, and the thickness range is 0.01mm to 0.03 mm;
in this example, the main radiating patch, the feeder line and the ground plate are made of silver metal with a thickness of 0.01 mm.
And 2, determining the basic structure of the antenna unit according to the design requirements and the selected materials of the microstrip antenna.
The basic structure of the microstrip antenna unit is shown in fig. 2, which sequentially comprises from top to bottom: the antenna comprises a main radiation patch, a first layer of antenna substrate, a ground plate with a cross-shaped coupling gap, a second layer of antenna substrate and a coupling feeder line. The width range of the main radiation patch is 2mm to 5mm, the length range of the main radiation patch is 1.5mm to 3mm, the length range of the cross-shaped coupling slot is 1.4mm to 2.2mm, the width range of the cross-shaped coupling slot is 0.15mm to 0.4mm, and the width range of the coupling feeder line is 0.2mm to 0.3 mm.
And 3, determining the size of the main radiation patch and the size of the cross coupling feed gap according to the parameters of the antenna substrate material and the design requirements of the microstrip antenna.
3.1) determining the size of the main radiation patch:
3.1.1) determining the width W of the main radiating patch according to the material parameters and the design requirements:
Figure BDA0002628512640000041
wherein: c is the propagation speed of light in vacuum, f is the operating frequency of the microstrip antenna,ris the relative dielectric constant of the substrate material;
3.1.2) determining the effective dielectric constant of the antenna substrate according to the width W of the main radiating patche：
Figure BDA0002628512640000042
Wherein: h is the thickness of the antenna substrate;
3.1.3) depending on the width W of the main radiating patch and the effective dielectric constant of the antenna substrateeDetermining the equivalent slot radiation length DeltaL and the guided wave wavelength lambda in the substrateg：
Figure BDA0002628512640000043
Figure BDA0002628512640000044
3.1.4) according to the equivalent gap radiation length DeltaL and the guided wave wavelength lambda in the substrategDetermining the length L of the main radiating patch:
Figure BDA0002628512640000045
3.2) determining the initial length a and the width b of the cross-shaped coupling gap according to the size of the main radiating patch:
a＝W/2，
b＝a/10；
in order to achieve the optimal effect of coupling and feeding, the cross-shaped coupling gap is arranged at the center of the grounding plate.
In this example, but not limited to, the length a of the cross-shaped coupling slot is 1.8mm, the width b of the cross-shaped coupling slot is 0.37mm, the width W of the main radiation patch is 2.8mm, and the length L of the main radiation patch is 1.5 mm.
And 4, adding radiation boundary and port excitation for the basic structure of the microstrip antenna in three-dimensional high-frequency electromagnetic field simulation software HFSS.
Setting the distance between the radiation boundary surface and the main radiation patch to be more than or equal to one quarter of the wavelength of the electromagnetic wave;
the port excitation types are set to be wave ports and lumped ports.
In this example, the working frequency of the microstrip antenna is 15GHz, and one quarter of the wavelength of the electromagnetic wave is 5 mm; the port excitation type is set as a lumped port.
And 5, simulating the basic structure of the microstrip antenna in three-dimensional high-frequency electromagnetic field simulation software HFSS according to the working frequency requirement and the precision requirement.
Respectively setting simulation frequency setting and frequency sweep frequency ranges according to the ideal working frequency and working frequency range of the microstrip antenna, and setting the maximum iteration times, convergence errors and frequency sweep frequency stepping of the self-adaptive grid according to the working precision of the microstrip antenna;
in this example, but not limited to, the simulation frequency is 15GHz, the maximum number of iterations of the adaptive grid is 20, the convergence error is 0.02, the sweep frequency range is 10GHz-18GHz, and the sweep frequency step is 0.01 GHz.
And 6, comparing the simulation result with the design requirement of the microstrip antenna according to the return loss curve, the gain graph and the Smith circular graph obtained by simulation, and performing preliminary optimization on the microstrip antenna.
6.1) adding a tuning branch circuit with the same size as the cross-shaped coupling gap in the microstrip antenna according to the existing structure of the microstrip antenna;
6.2) adjusting parameters of the microstrip antenna:
and adjusting parameters of the microstrip antenna by adopting a control variable method, namely sequentially adjusting the width of a main radiation patch, the length of a cross coupling slot, the width of the cross coupling slot, the length of a tuning branch and the width of the tuning branch of the antenna on the premise of ensuring that other parameters are not changed, so as to obtain the primarily optimized microstrip antenna.
For cross-shaped coupling slots in this exampleLength a, width b and length l of the tuning branchtWidth wtThe length a of the cross-shaped coupling gap is 2mm, the width b of the cross-shaped coupling gap is 0.35mm, and the length l of the tuning branch is adjustedt0.05mm, width w of the tuning branchtThe return loss of the microstrip antenna reaches the optimum value when the return loss is 0.1 mm.
And 7, carrying out structural adjustment on the micro-strip antenna which does not reach the standard after the preliminary optimization until the performance requirement is met, and obtaining a designed micro-strip antenna structure.
7.1) adding a corresponding structure aiming at the micro-strip antenna which is not up to the standard after preliminary optimization:
referring to fig. 7, the specific implementation of this step is as follows:
if the gain of the microstrip antenna does not reach the standard, adding a third layer of antenna substrate above the main radiation patch in the basic structure of the microstrip antenna, and adding a parasitic radiation patch above the third layer of antenna substrate;
if the directivity of the microstrip antenna does not reach the standard, adding a reflecting plate below the second layer of antenna substrate in the basic structure of the microstrip antenna;
if the bandwidth of the microstrip antenna does not reach the standard, adding a first air cavity between a first layer of antenna substrate and a third layer of antenna substrate in the basic structure of the microstrip antenna, and adding a second air cavity between a second layer of antenna substrate and a reflector plate, wherein the thicknesses of the two air cavities are more than or equal to one quarter of the wavelength of electromagnetic waves;
in this example, but not limited to, the material of the reflector plate and the material of the parasitic radiation patch are both silver, and the thickness of the first air cavity and the second air cavity are both one fourth of the wavelength of the electromagnetic wave, that is, 5 mm.
7.2) determining the final microstrip antenna structure:
after the corresponding structure is added to the preliminarily optimized micro-strip antenna which does not reach the standard, the designed final structure of the micro-strip antenna is as shown in fig. 7, and the steps are as follows from top to bottom: parasitic radiation patch, third layer antenna substrate, first air cavity, main radiation patch, first layer antenna substrate, ground plate with cross coupling gap, second layer antenna substrate, coupling feeder, second air cavity, and reflecting plate.
The above description is only for the preferred embodiment of the present invention, but the scope of the present invention is not limited thereto, and any person skilled in the art can substitute or change the technical solution of the present invention and the inventive concept within the technical scope of the present invention.
The effects of the present invention can be further illustrated by the following simulations.
1. Simulation conditions are as follows:
in a three-dimensional high-frequency electromagnetic field simulation software HFSS, the simulation frequency is set to be 15GHz, the maximum iteration number of an adaptive grid is set to be 20, the convergence error is set to be 0.02, the sweep frequency range is set to be 10GHz-18GHz, and the sweep frequency stepping is set to be 0.01 GHz.
2. Simulation content:
simulation 1, under the condition of ensuring that other parameters are not changed, adjusting the width W of the main radiation patch, namely the values of W are 2.8mm, 3mm, 3.6mm, 4.2mm, 4.8mm and 5mm in sequence, simulating the basic structure of the microstrip antenna to obtain the width of the main radiation patch under the condition that the return loss of the basic structure of the microstrip antenna is optimal, as shown in figure 3.
And 2, under the condition that other parameters are not changed, adjusting the width b of the cross-shaped coupling slot, namely starting from 1.4mm, increasing the value by 0.2mm each time, and ending when the b is 2.2mm, simulating the basic structure of the microstrip antenna to obtain the width of the cross-shaped coupling slot under the condition that the return loss of the basic structure of the microstrip antenna is optimal, as shown in fig. 4 (a).
And 3, under the condition that other parameters are not changed, adjusting the length a of the cross-shaped coupling slot, namely, starting from 0.15mm in value of a, increasing the value by 0.05mm each time, and ending when the value a is 0.4mm, simulating the basic structure of the microstrip antenna to obtain the length of the cross-shaped coupling slot under the condition that the return loss of the basic structure of the microstrip antenna is optimal, as shown in fig. 4 (b).
And 4, under the condition of ensuring that other parameters are not changed, adjusting the length lt of the tuning branch, namely starting from 0.1mm, increasing the value by 0.05mm each time, and ending when the lt is 0.5mm, simulating the basic structure of the microstrip antenna to obtain the length of the tuning branch under the condition that the return loss of the basic structure of the microstrip antenna is optimal, as shown in fig. 5 (a).
And 5, under the condition of ensuring that other parameters are not changed, adjusting the width wt of the tuning branch, namely starting from 0.05mm in the value of wt, increasing the value by 0.05mm each time, and ending the simulation of the basic structure of the microstrip antenna when the weight is 0.5mm to obtain the width of the tuning branch under the condition that the return loss of the basic structure of the microstrip antenna is optimal, as shown in fig. 5 (b).
And 6, performing gain simulation on the basic structure of the microstrip antenna with the optimized size of the cross-shaped coupling slot and the optimized size of the tuning branch, wherein the simulation result is as shown in fig. 6(a), performing gain simulation on the final structure of the microstrip antenna, and comparing the gains of the two simulation results as shown in fig. 6 (b).
3. And (3) simulation result analysis:
as can be seen from fig. 3, under the condition that other parameters are not changed, the return loss of the basic structure of the microstrip antenna can be optimized when the width W of the main radiating patch is 2.8 mm.
As can be seen from fig. 4(a), under the condition that other parameters are not changed, the return loss of the basic structure of the microstrip antenna can be optimized when the width b of the cross-shaped coupling slot is 0.35 mm.
As can be seen from fig. 4(b), under the condition that other parameters are not changed, when the length a of the cross-shaped coupling slot is 2mm, the return loss of the basic structure of the microstrip antenna can be optimized.
As can be seen from fig. 5(a), under the condition that other parameters are not changed, when the length lt of the tuning branch is 0.05mm, the return loss of the basic structure of the microstrip antenna can be optimized.
As can be seen from fig. 5(b), the return loss of the basic structure of the microstrip antenna can be optimized when the width wt of the tuning branch is 0.1mm under the condition that other parameters are not changed.
As can be seen from fig. 6(a), the gain of the microstrip antenna without the addition of the reflector, the air cavity, and the parasitic radiation patch is 2.997dB at 15GHz, and the maximum gain direction of the microstrip antenna has a large deviation from the forward direction of the antenna.
As can be seen from fig. 6(b), after adding the reflector plate, air cavity and parasitic radiating patch, the gain of the microstrip antenna at 15GHz is 9.44dB and the maximum gain direction of the microstrip antenna coincides with the forward direction of the antenna.
The foregoing description is only an example of the present invention and is not intended to limit the invention, so that it will be apparent to those skilled in the art that various changes and modifications in form and detail may be made therein without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention.

Claims (8)

1. A microstrip antenna unit design method based on coupling feed is characterized by comprising the following steps:
1) determining materials of an antenna substrate, a radiation patch, a coupling feeder line and a ground plate according to the design requirement and the process processing difficulty of the microstrip antenna;
2) determining the basic structure of the microstrip antenna: namely, from top to bottom: the antenna comprises a main radiation patch, a first layer of antenna substrate, a grounding plate of a cross coupling gap, a second layer of antenna substrate and a coupling feeder;
3) determining the width W and the length L of the main radiation patch according to the parameters of the antenna substrate material and the design requirements of the microstrip antenna:
Figure FDA0002628512630000011
Figure FDA0002628512630000012
wherein: c is the propagation speed of light in vacuum,ris the relative dielectric constant of the substrate material, f is the operating frequency of the microstrip antenna, λgThe guided wave wavelength in the substrate material, and Delta L is the equivalent gap radiation length;
4) determining the initial length a and the width b of a cross coupling feed gap according to the size of a main radiating patch:
a＝W/2，b＝a/10；
5) adding radiation boundary and port excitation for the basic structure of the microstrip antenna in three-dimensional high-frequency electromagnetic field simulation software HFSS according to the basic structure of the microstrip antenna, the size of a main radiation patch and the size of a cross-shaped coupling feed gap;
6) according to the working frequency and precision requirements of the microstrip antenna, setting simulation frequency, maximum iteration times of a self-adaptive grid, convergence error, frequency sweep range and scanning frequency stepping in three-dimensional high-frequency electromagnetic field simulation software HFSS, and simulating a microstrip antenna unit model;
7) comparing a simulation result with the design requirement of the microstrip antenna according to a return loss curve, a gain diagram and a Smith circular diagram obtained by simulation, and continuously adjusting the length and the width of a cross coupling slot of the antenna and adding a tuning branch in a three-dimensional high-frequency electromagnetic field simulation software HFSS to perform preliminary optimization;
8) and in the three-dimensional high-frequency electromagnetic field simulation software HFSS, adding a corresponding structure to the micro-strip antenna which is not up to the standard after preliminary optimization until the performance requirement is met, and obtaining the designed micro-strip antenna structure.
2. The method of claim 1, wherein the microstrip antenna substrate material selected in 1) has a tan of 0.0015 and a relative dielectric constantrA Dupont 951 type ceramic material which is 7.8 and the thickness of each layer of ceramic material after low temperature sintering is 0.096 mm.
3. The method of claim 1, wherein the main radiating patch, the coupling feed line and the ground plate selected in 1) are made of silver metal, and the thickness of the silver metal ranges from 0.01mm to 0.03 mm.
4. The method of claim 1, wherein 3) the effective slot radiation length Δ L and the guided wave wavelength λ within the substrate materialgThe calculation formula of (a) is as follows:
Figure FDA0002628512630000021
Figure FDA0002628512630000022
wherein: h is the thickness of the substrate,eis the effective dielectric constant of the substrate material.
5. The method of claim 1, wherein 5) a radiation boundary is added, the surface of which is at a distance of more than or equal to one quarter of the wavelength of the electromagnetic wave from the main radiation patch.
6. The method of claim 1, wherein the port excitation added in 5) is of the type lumped port.
7. The method according to claim 1, wherein the parameters set in the three-dimensional high-frequency electromagnetic field simulation software HFSS in 6) are as follows:
the simulation frequency was set to 15GHz according to the operating frequency,
the maximum number of iterations of the adaptive mesh is 20,
the error in convergence is 0.02,
the sweep frequency range is 10GHz-18GHz,
the scanning frequency was stepped to 0.01 GHz.
8. The method of claim 1, wherein 8) adding a corresponding structure to the microstrip antenna that has not yet reached the standard after the preliminary optimization is implemented as follows:
if the gain of the microstrip antenna does not reach the standard, adding a parasitic radiation patch in the microstrip antenna structure;
if the bandwidth of the microstrip antenna does not reach the standard, an air cavity is added in the microstrip antenna structure;
if the directivity of the microstrip antenna does not reach the standard, a reflecting plate is added in the microstrip antenna structure.
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CN113871880A (en) * 2021-09-27 2021-12-31 西安电子科技大学 Coaxial feed microstrip antenna based on strip line

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