CN111869388A - Method for determining application amount of farmland fertilizer - Google Patents
Method for determining application amount of farmland fertilizer Download PDFInfo
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- CN111869388A CN111869388A CN202010687015.5A CN202010687015A CN111869388A CN 111869388 A CN111869388 A CN 111869388A CN 202010687015 A CN202010687015 A CN 202010687015A CN 111869388 A CN111869388 A CN 111869388A
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- 239000003337 fertilizer Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 101
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 30
- 239000002689 soil Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 66
- 239000003895 organic fertilizer Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 31
- IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N Atomic nitrogen Chemical compound N#N IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 124
- 229910052757 nitrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 62
- 239000011574 phosphorus Substances 0.000 claims description 62
- OAICVXFJPJFONN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Phosphorus Chemical compound [P] OAICVXFJPJFONN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 60
- 229910052698 phosphorus Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 60
- 230000012010 growth Effects 0.000 claims description 37
- 230000004720 fertilization Effects 0.000 claims description 10
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 claims description 9
- 238000012360 testing method Methods 0.000 claims description 9
- 238000012937 correction Methods 0.000 claims description 8
- HEMHJVSKTPXQMS-UHFFFAOYSA-M Sodium hydroxide Chemical compound [OH-].[Na+] HEMHJVSKTPXQMS-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims description 6
- 238000011160 research Methods 0.000 claims description 6
- 239000002023 wood Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 230000005540 biological transmission Effects 0.000 claims description 3
- 230000007613 environmental effect Effects 0.000 claims description 3
- 210000003608 fece Anatomy 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000010871 livestock manure Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000004677 Nylon Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 238000007605 air drying Methods 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000003795 chemical substances by application Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 238000001914 filtration Methods 0.000 claims description 2
- 238000000227 grinding Methods 0.000 claims description 2
- 238000003306 harvesting Methods 0.000 claims description 2
- 238000004898 kneading Methods 0.000 claims description 2
- 238000002386 leaching Methods 0.000 claims description 2
- 238000005259 measurement Methods 0.000 claims description 2
- 229920001778 nylon Polymers 0.000 claims description 2
- 238000005498 polishing Methods 0.000 claims description 2
- 238000007873 sieving Methods 0.000 claims description 2
- 238000009331 sowing Methods 0.000 claims description 2
- 238000003756 stirring Methods 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000006228 supernatant Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 238000009423 ventilation Methods 0.000 claims description 2
- 238000005303 weighing Methods 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 7
- 238000010899 nucleation Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000012935 Averaging Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000010521 absorption reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000003905 agrochemical Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000009286 beneficial effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000007547 defect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000009977 dual effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000007726 management method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000012544 monitoring process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 235000015097 nutrients Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000000575 pesticide Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000008635 plant growth Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000002360 preparation method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000003068 static effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01C—PLANTING; SOWING; FERTILISING
- A01C21/00—Methods of fertilising, sowing or planting
- A01C21/007—Determining fertilization requirements
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Abstract
The invention discloses a method for determining the application amount of a fertilizer in a farmland, which comprises the steps of determining typical crops, selecting representative field blocks, measuring the content of N/P in soil of the representative field blocks, and calculating the N/P demand of the typical crops on each kilogram of yield; the proportion of N/P in the fertilizer is integrated, and the total fertilizer amount needed by typical crops and the total fertilizer requirement amount needed by all the typical crops in the area are calculated; judging whether the annual total fertilizer demand is greater than the annual planned total amount, if so, entering the next step, and otherwise, outputting the annual total fertilizer demand and the total fertilizer demand of each typical crop; judging whether the maximum and minimum N/P demand typical crop planting areas exceed the planting quota, if so, entering the next step, otherwise, entering the last step; judging whether the planting area of the typical crop is adjusted, if so, returning to the step of total fertilizer amount of each typical crop according to N/P in the planned fertilizer application amount, and verifying the planting area; otherwise, the organic fertilizer is used for replacing the excess value to calculate the difference between the annual planned total amount and the annual fertilizer total amount.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to the field of agricultural planting and ecological environment, in particular to a method for determining the application amount of a farmland fertilizer.
Background
Agricultural non-point source pollution is a main factor of water environment pollution in China, and the agricultural non-point source pollution is difficult to treat due to the universality, the latency, the randomness and the fuzziness. Although the increase policy of 'zero' is realized in the application amount of the farmland fertilizer from 2015 to 2020, and the strict control of the total application amount of the farmland fertilizer in statistical data is realized in most areas in China, the problem of agricultural non-point source pollution is still serious, namely release of the unused amount enriched in soil for a long time, and the problem that the total amount control is static management at present, the comprehensive planting structure and the annual change of the seeding area are difficult to realize reasonable control according to local conditions. Therefore, the total amount of the fertilizer applied to the farmland is controlled only by the cultivated land area, and the control of agricultural non-point sources is difficult to realize from the source.
Disclosure of Invention
Aiming at the defects in the prior art, the method for determining the application amount of the farmland fertilizer can be combined with a planting structure to provide required nitrogen/phosphorus elements for crops according to needs, can realize dynamic control of the total amount of the regional fertilizer, and realizes strict restriction of the application amount of agricultural fertilizer and pesticide.
In order to achieve the purpose of the invention, the invention adopts the technical scheme that:
the method for determining the application amount of the farmland fertilizer comprises the following steps:
s1, acquiring agricultural statistical data of the research area, and determining crops with the area sowing area larger than a set proportion as typical crops according to the agricultural statistical data;
s2, acquiring the main root length of each typical crop, collecting a soil sample with the depth equal to the main root length of the typical crop in a set area, and measuring to obtain the initial nitrogen/phosphorus content of the soil in the root depth range of the crop in unit area;
s3, selecting a representative field, and acquiring the nitrogen/phosphorus demand of each typical crop per kilogram of yield by adopting a planting mode of fertilization and non-fertilization;
s4, calculating the total amount of fertilizer needed by planting typical crops in the representative field
Wherein S isi、fiAnd QiRespectively estimating the planting area, the estimated yield per unit area and the nitrogen/phosphorus demand required to be applied per kilogram of yield of the ith typical crop; eta is the utilization rate of nitrogen/phosphorus in the adopted fertilizer; q is the effective content of nitrogen/phosphorus in each kilogram of fertilizer; i is more than or equal to 1 and less than or equal to n, and n is the total number of typical crops;
s5, calculating the total fertilizer requirement amount of all typical crops under the representative field planting structure according to the total fertilizer requirement amount of each typical crop;
s6, acquiring the annual planned total fertilizer application amount of the department of agriculture or the local environmental protection department in the research area, judging whether the annual total fertilizer requirement amount is larger than the annual planned total amount, if so, entering the step S7, otherwise, outputting the annual total fertilizer requirement amount and the total fertilizer requirement amount of each typical crop
S7, judging whether the typical crop planting areas corresponding to the maximum and minimum nitrogen/phosphorus demand respectively reach a planting lower limit and a planting upper limit, if the typical crop planting areas do not reach the planting lower limit and the planting upper limit, entering a step S8, otherwise, entering a step S9;
s8 maximum demand Q for nitrogen/phosphorusiCorresponding typical crops are reduced in planting area according to a set proportion, and the minimum nitrogen/phosphorus demand Q is planted in the reduced areaiCalculating the total fertilizer amount of the two typical crops after the planting area is adjusted according to the corresponding typical crops, and returning to the step S5;
s9, calculating the difference between the annual planned total amount and the annual total amount of the fertilizer, replacing part of the fertilizer with organic fertilizer fermented by animal manure with the difference of 3-6 times, and outputting the organic fertilizer amount and the annual planned total amount.
The invention has the beneficial effects that: according to the scheme, the total amount of the chemical fertilizer of each typical crop in the whole growth cycle is determined by determining the monitoring results of the nitrogen/phosphorus content of soil and the nitrogen/phosphorus demand of the typical crop and combining the nitrogen/phosphorus content and the chemical fertilizer utilization rate of the common compound chemical fertilizer in China, and then the total amount of the chemical fertilizer of all crops in the whole growth cycle is adjusted by combining the fertilizer amount planned by the Ministry of agriculture.
According to the scheme, nitrogen/phosphorus can be provided in the soil and combined with nitrogen/phosphorus provided by the compound fertilizer, so that nitrogen/phosphorus can be provided for typical crops according to needs, and a large amount of nitrogen/phosphorus can be prevented from entering the soil in the fertilizing process, and can be prevented from enriching in the soil and causing non-point source pollution; through the adjustment of the chemical fertilizer application amount of this scheme to realize the dual control of total amount of applying fertilizer and applied intensity, improve the utilization efficiency of agricultural chemical fertilizer application amount, reduce non-point source pollution, can also satisfy the planning requirement of agriculture ministry simultaneously.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a flow chart of an embodiment of a method for determining fertilizer application rates in a field.
Detailed Description
The following description of the embodiments of the present invention is provided to facilitate the understanding of the present invention by those skilled in the art, but it should be understood that the present invention is not limited to the scope of the embodiments, and it will be apparent to those skilled in the art that various changes may be made without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention as defined and defined in the appended claims, and all matters produced by the invention using the inventive concept are protected.
Referring to fig. 1, fig. 1 shows a flow chart of a method for determining an application amount of a fertilizer to a farm, as shown in fig. 1, the method S includes steps S1 to S9.
In step S1, acquiring the agricultural statistics of the research area, and determining the crop with the area seeding area larger than the set ratio as the typical crop according to the agricultural statistics;
in step S2, the main root length of each typical crop is obtained, soil samples with the depth equal to the main root length of the typical crop in a set area are collected, and the initial nitrogen/phosphorus content of the soil in the root depth range of the crop in unit area is measured and obtained;
in one embodiment of the invention, the method for acquiring the soil sample with the depth equal to the length of the main root of the typical crop in the set area and measuring and obtaining the initial nitrogen/phosphorus content in unit area comprises the following steps:
preparing a collection barrel: selecting a circular collecting barrel which is equal to the length of a typical crop main root and has no upper and lower bottom plates, and polishing the side wall of one end of the collecting barrel into a chamfer surface inclined from outside to inside;
soil sample collection: selecting a flat land in a test field, enabling the chamfered surface side of the collecting barrel to face downwards, placing a force transmission plate at the top end of the collecting barrel, and completely immersing the collecting barrel into the soil by adopting a knocking method; removing soil around the collection barrel, and taking out the collection barrel and the soil in the collection barrel to obtain a soil sample required by measurement;
and (3) air drying of the soil sample: placing the collected columnar soil sample on a wooden disc or clean paper, dispersing the collected columnar soil sample into soil blocks smaller than a set size, spreading the soil blocks in a room for ventilation and airing, and kneading the soil blocks into pieces when the soil sample is semi-dry;
and (3) crushing and sieving the soil sample: after the soil sample is air-dried, picking out plant residues and stones in the soil sample, pouring the plant residues and stones on a clean wood tray, and grinding the plant residues and the stones by using a wood stick to ensure that the plant residues and the stones completely pass through a nylon sieve with the diameter of 1.5 mm;
ultrasonic leaching: weighing a set amount of soil, placing the soil in a conical flask, adding an extracting agent, stirring, and ultrasonically extracting for 50 minutes in times;
and (3) sample determination: and (3) filtering or centrifuging the content in the conical flask, taking the supernatant, adopting sodium hydroxide to melt and determine phosphorus in the soil, and adopting a half-micro-Kreb method to measure nitrogen in the soil.
According to the scheme, the soil sample collection depth is set to be the length of the main root of the typical crop, so that nitrogen/phosphorus which can be obtained by the typical crop to the corresponding depth in the soil can be accurately determined, and the nitrogen/phosphorus which can be provided by the soil for each typical crop can be obtained by obtaining the nitrogen/phosphorus of the depth, so that the accuracy of the nitrogen/phosphorus introduced in the subsequent compound fertilizer adding process is ensured, and the nitrogen/phosphorus is prevented from being enriched in the soil and causing non-point source pollution.
The collection bucket of this scheme preparation can realize in setting for the area, all can realize the soil sample collection uniformly in each degree of depth department, avoids too much or too little soil sample to appear in the same degree of depth to influence the accuracy that soil sample nitrogen/phosphorus calculated in the unit area.
The bevel face on the end face of one side of the collecting barrel can form a bevel edge face, so that the difficulty of the collecting barrel entering deeper soil can be reduced when the collecting barrel is knocked to enter the soil; the force transmission plate can ensure that all positions of the top surface of the collecting barrel are stressed relatively uniformly.
In step S3, selecting representative field, and applying fertilizer and non-fertilizer to obtain nitrogen/phosphorus requirement per kilogram yield of each typical crop;
in one embodiment of the present invention, step S3 further includes:
respectively obtaining the yield of each typical crop under the fertilization and non-fertilization conditions, and recording the applied fertilizer amount of each typical crop in the whole growth cycle;
selecting a corresponding typical land block under a typical crop planting structure as a fertilization formula test field, collecting soil samples of which the depths are equal to the lengths of main roots of typical crops in the test field block in a set area after harvesting, and measuring to obtain the nitrogen/phosphorus content after planting in unit area;
calculating the nitrogen/phosphorus requirement applied per kilogram of yield according to the typical crop yield and the nitrogen/phosphorus content after planting;
wherein, ciThe amount of fertilizer applied for the ith type of typical crop, s is the area of the test field; a is1iAnd a2iThe nitrogen/phosphorus contents of the unit area before and after the i-th typical crop is not fertilized and planted respectively; a is3iThe nitrogen/phosphorus content of the unit area after the ith typical crop is fertilized and planted; b1iIs a sum of b2iTypical crop yields were i-th when unfertilized and when fertilized, respectively.
According to the scheme, the using condition of nitrogen/phosphorus applied in the planting and fertilizing process can be accurately known through the nitrogen/phosphorus content collected before and after the test field is fertilized, and whether the fertilizer is applied more or less is accurately obtained, so that the nitrogen/phosphorus consumed by each kilogram of yield is accurately obtained; by fertilizing and unfertilized yield, we can get the absorption rate of the typical crop to the trace amount in the soil during the growth process, i.e. the yield
Therefore, the nitrogen/phosphorus supply of the subsequent crops to the soil is accurately calculated.
In the step S4, in step S4,
calculating the total amount of fertilizer required to plant a typical crop in a representative field
Wherein S isi、fiAnd QiRespectively estimating the planting area, the estimated yield per unit area and the nitrogen/phosphorus demand required to be applied per kilogram of yield of the ith typical crop; eta is the utilization rate of nitrogen/phosphorus in the adopted fertilizer; q is the effective content of nitrogen/phosphorus in each kilogram of fertilizer; i is more than or equal to 1 and less than or equal to n, and n is the total number of typical crops.
In implementation, the preferable method for acquiring the estimated yield per unit area of each typical crop in the scheme is as follows:
acquiring the actual unit area yield of the continuously set year in front of the current year, and calculating the growth rate of the actual yield of each year; given a year of preferably 5 years, such as 2015-2019, then the calculation will yield 4 growth rates.
Calculating the average growth rate of the continuous set year according to all the growth rates to obtain the estimated growth rate; when the year is set to 5, the estimated growth rate is obtained by averaging the 4 growth rates.
When the estimated growth rate is less than or equal to the growth rate between two years before the current year, correcting the estimated growth rate by adopting a correction coefficient more than 1 to obtain the final growth rate;
when the estimated growth is larger than the growth rate between the previous two years of the current year, correcting the estimated growth rate by adopting a correction coefficient smaller than 1 to obtain the final growth rate;
calculating the estimated yield of each typical crop unit area by adopting the final growth rate and the actual yield of the unit area of the previous year in the current year;
the value of the correction coefficient e larger than 1 is more than 1 and less than 1.3, and the value of the correction coefficient e smaller than 1 is more than 0.9 and less than 1.
The scheme realizes the acquisition of estimated yield per unit area through the mode, can ensure that the obtained estimated result is relatively reasonable, simultaneously is unlikely to exceed the load of the land, and ensures the benign use of the land.
In step S5, the total fertilizer requirement for all typical crops in a representative field planting configuration is calculated based on the total fertilizer requirement for each typical crop.
In step S6, the annual planned total fertilizer application amount of the department of agriculture or the local environmental protection department in the research area is obtained, and whether the annual total fertilizer requirement amount is larger than the annual planned total amount is judged, if yes, the step S7 is executed, otherwise, the annual total fertilizer requirement amount and the total fertilizer requirement amount of each typical crop are output
In step S7, it is determined whether the typical crop planting areas corresponding to the maximum and minimum nitrogen/phosphorus demand amounts respectively reach a lower planting limit and an upper planting limit, if neither is true, the process proceeds to step S8, otherwise, the process proceeds to step S9;
in step S8, the maximum nitrogen/phosphorus demand Q is setiCorresponding typical crops are reduced in planting area according to a set proportion, and the minimum nitrogen/phosphorus demand Q is planted in the reduced areaiCalculating the total fertilizer amount of the two typical crops after the planting area is adjusted according to the corresponding typical crops, and returning to the step S5;
in step S9, the difference between the annual planned total amount and the annual total amount of the fertilizer is calculated, organic fertilizer fermented by animal manure with the difference of 3-6 times is adopted to replace part of the fertilizer with the difference, and the organic fertilizer amount and the annual planned total amount are output.
In an embodiment of the present invention, after the organic fertilizer is used, the method further includes calculating the respective application amounts of the organic fertilizer and the chemical fertilizer for each typical crop:
wherein R isiAnd PiThe actual compound fertilizer dosage and the organic fertilizer dosage of the ith typical crop are respectively; x is the difference; u is the total amount of the organic fertilizer;
and then outputting the total fertilizer application amount of each typical crop and the organic fertilizer application amount of the typical crop.
The compound fertilizer is adjusted and the organic fertilizer is divided according to the planting area, the division of the organic fertilizer is realized by the method no matter how many typical crops are, the compound fertilizer of each crop in the growth period is reduced in a small range, and then the organic fertilizer is supplied, so that the normal growth of the crops is not influenced while the planning of the ministry of agriculture is met during planting, and the normal yield of the crops is ensured.
In the implementation, when the number of the typical crops is more than or equal to t, the nitrogen/phosphorus demand of the typical crops is sorted in a descending order, and the usage amount of the compound fertilizer of the previous t typical crops is adjusted:
wherein R isjAnd PjThe actual compound fertilizer dosage and the organic fertilizer dosage of the jth typical crop are respectively; j is more than or equal to 1 and less than or equal to t, t is 5 and is the value upper limit of j, and x is the difference; u is the total amount of the organic fertilizer;
and then outputting the total fertilizer amount of each typical crop and the organic fertilizer dosage of the typical crop distributed with the organic fertilizer.
The scheme divides the organic fertilizer according to the nitrogen/phosphorus demand, can effectively realize the control of the total amount of the fertilizer, can not spread all typical crops by adjusting the mode, only needs the control of a small amount of crop nitrogen/phosphorus, but can supply the nutrients of the crops for controlling the total amount of the fertilizer through the introduced organic fertilizer, and can also avoid the area source pollution.
Nitrogen/phosphorus is basically an essential element for plant growth, and the normal growth of crops can be met by determining the dosage of the substances.
In conclusion, the application amount of the fertilizer for crops can be determined by determining the using amount of nitrogen/phosphorus, so that the fertilizer can be supplied according to needs, the utilization efficiency of the application amount of the agricultural fertilizer is improved, the overall control of the total application amount and the application intensity of the fertilizer is realized, the non-point source pollution is reduced, and meanwhile, the utilization of the organic fertilizer can be promoted.
Claims (6)
1. The method for determining the application amount of the fertilizer in the farmland is characterized by comprising the following steps:
s1, acquiring agricultural statistical data of the research area, and determining crops with the area sowing area larger than a set proportion as typical crops according to the agricultural statistical data;
s2, acquiring the main root length of each typical crop, collecting a soil sample with the depth equal to the main root length of the typical crop in a set area, and measuring to obtain the initial nitrogen/phosphorus content of the soil in the root depth range of the crop in unit area;
s3, selecting a representative field, and acquiring the nitrogen/phosphorus demand of each typical crop per kilogram of yield by adopting a planting mode of fertilization and non-fertilization;
s4, calculating the total amount of fertilizer needed by planting typical crops in the representative field
Wherein S isi、fiAnd QiRespectively estimating the planting area, the estimated yield per unit area and the nitrogen/phosphorus demand required to be applied per kilogram of yield of the ith typical crop; eta is the utilization rate of nitrogen/phosphorus in the adopted fertilizer; q is the effective content of nitrogen/phosphorus in each kilogram of fertilizer; i is more than or equal to 1 and less than or equal to n, and n is the total number of typical crops;
s5, calculating the total fertilizer requirement amount of all typical crops under the representative field planting structure according to the total fertilizer requirement amount of each typical crop;
s6, acquiring the annual planned total fertilizer application amount of the department of agriculture or the local environmental protection department in the research area, judging whether the annual total fertilizer requirement amount is larger than the annual planned total amount, if so, entering the step S7, otherwise, outputting the annual total fertilizer requirement amount and the total fertilizer requirement amount of each typical crop
S7, judging whether the typical crop planting areas corresponding to the maximum and minimum nitrogen/phosphorus demand respectively reach a planting lower limit and a planting upper limit, if the typical crop planting areas do not reach the planting lower limit and the planting upper limit, entering a step S8, otherwise, entering a step S9;
s8 maximum demand Q for nitrogen/phosphorusiCorresponding typical crops are reduced in planting area according to a set proportion, and the minimum nitrogen/phosphorus demand Q is planted in the reduced areaiCalculating the total fertilizer amount of the two typical crops after the planting area is adjusted according to the corresponding typical crops, and returning to the step S5;
s9, calculating the difference between the annual planned total amount and the annual total amount of the fertilizer, replacing part of the fertilizer with organic fertilizer fermented by animal manure with the difference of 3-6 times, and outputting the organic fertilizer amount and the annual planned total amount.
2. The method for determining the application amount of fertilizer to farmland as claimed in claim 1, further comprising calculating the respective application amounts of fertilizer and organic fertilizer for each typical crop after applying the organic fertilizer:
wherein R isiAnd PiThe actual fertilizer dosage and the organic fertilizer dosage of the ith typical crop are respectively; x is the difference; u is the total amount of the organic fertilizer;
and then outputting the total fertilizer application amount of each typical crop and the organic fertilizer application amount of the typical crop.
3. The method of claim 1 for determining fertilizer application rates in agricultural fields, wherein when the number of typical crops is greater than or equal to t, the nitrogen and phosphorus requirements of the typical crops are sorted in descending order, and the fertilizer application rates of the t previous typical crops are adjusted:
wherein R isjAnd PjThe actual compound fertilizer dosage and the organic fertilizer dosage of the jth typical crop are respectively; j is more than or equal to 1 and less than or equal to t, t is 5 and is the value upper limit of j, and x is the difference; u is the total amount of the organic fertilizer;
and then outputting the total fertilizer amount of each typical crop and the organic fertilizer dosage of the typical crop distributed with the organic fertilizer.
4. The method for determining the amount of fertilizer applied to a field of claim 1, wherein said step S3 further comprises:
respectively obtaining the yield of each typical crop under the condition of fertilization and non-fertilization, and recording the fertilizer amount applied to each typical crop in the whole growth period;
selecting a corresponding typical land block under a typical crop planting structure as a fertilization formula test field, collecting soil samples of which the depths are equal to the lengths of main roots of typical crops in the test field block in a set area after harvesting, and measuring to obtain the nitrogen/phosphorus content after planting in unit area;
calculating the nitrogen/phosphorus requirement applied per kilogram of yield according to the typical crop yield and the nitrogen/phosphorus content after planting;
wherein, ciThe amount of fertilizer applied for the ith type of typical crop, s is the area of the test field; a is1iAnd a2iThe nitrogen/phosphorus contents of the unit area before and after the i-th typical crop is not fertilized and planted respectively; a is3iThe nitrogen/phosphorus content of the unit area after the ith typical crop is fertilized and planted; b1iIs a sum of b2iTypical crop yields were i-th when unfertilized and when fertilized, respectively.
5. The method for determining fertilizer application rate in a farmland as claimed in claim 1, wherein the method for collecting soil samples within a set area and having a depth equal to the length of a main root of a typical crop and measuring to obtain the initial nitrogen and phosphorus content in soil per unit area comprises:
preparing a collection barrel: selecting a circular collecting barrel which is equal to the length of a typical crop main root and has no upper and lower bottom plates, and polishing the side wall of one end of the collecting barrel into a chamfer surface inclined from outside to inside;
soil sample collection: selecting a flat land in a test field, enabling the chamfered surface side of the collecting barrel to face downwards, placing a force transmission plate at the top end of the collecting barrel, and completely immersing the collecting barrel into the soil by adopting a knocking method; removing soil around the collection barrel, and taking out the collection barrel and the soil in the collection barrel to obtain a soil sample required by measurement;
and (3) air drying of the soil sample: placing the collected columnar soil sample on a wooden disc or clean paper, dispersing the collected columnar soil sample into soil blocks smaller than a set size, spreading the soil blocks in a room for ventilation and airing, and kneading the soil blocks into pieces when the soil sample is semi-dry;
and (3) crushing and sieving the soil sample: after the soil sample is air-dried, picking out plant residues and stones in the soil sample, pouring the plant residues and stones on a clean wood tray, and grinding the plant residues and the stones by using a wood stick to ensure that the plant residues and the stones completely pass through a nylon sieve with the diameter of 1.5 mm;
ultrasonic leaching: weighing a set amount of soil, placing the soil in a conical flask, adding an extracting agent, stirring, and ultrasonically extracting for 50 minutes in times;
and (3) sample determination: and (3) filtering or centrifuging the content in the conical flask, taking the supernatant, adopting sodium hydroxide to melt and determine phosphorus in the soil, and adopting a half-micro-Kreb method to measure nitrogen in the soil.
6. The method for determining fertilizer application rates in agricultural fields as claimed in any one of claims 1 to 5, wherein the estimated yield per unit area of each typical crop is obtained by:
acquiring the actual unit area yield of the continuously set year in front of the current year, and calculating the growth rate of the actual yield of each year;
calculating the average growth rate of the continuous set year according to all the growth rates to obtain the estimated growth rate;
when the estimated growth rate is less than or equal to the growth rate between two years before the current year, correcting the estimated growth rate by adopting a correction coefficient more than 1 to obtain the final growth rate;
when the estimated growth is larger than the growth rate between the previous two years of the current year, correcting the estimated growth rate by adopting a correction coefficient smaller than 1 to obtain the final growth rate;
calculating the estimated yield of each typical crop unit area by adopting the final growth rate and the actual yield of the unit area of the previous year in the current year;
the value of the correction coefficient e larger than 1 is more than 1 and less than 1.3, and the value of the correction coefficient e smaller than 1 is more than 0.9 and less than 1.
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