CN111852025A - High-strength concrete construction method based on 3D printing - Google Patents
High-strength concrete construction method based on 3D printing Download PDFInfo
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- CN111852025A CN111852025A CN202010886653.XA CN202010886653A CN111852025A CN 111852025 A CN111852025 A CN 111852025A CN 202010886653 A CN202010886653 A CN 202010886653A CN 111852025 A CN111852025 A CN 111852025A
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- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E04—BUILDING
- E04G—SCAFFOLDING; FORMS; SHUTTERING; BUILDING IMPLEMENTS OR AIDS, OR THEIR USE; HANDLING BUILDING MATERIALS ON THE SITE; REPAIRING, BREAKING-UP OR OTHER WORK ON EXISTING BUILDINGS
- E04G21/00—Preparing, conveying, or working-up building materials or building elements in situ; Other devices or measures for constructional work
- E04G21/02—Conveying or working-up concrete or similar masses able to be heaped or cast
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B33—ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING TECHNOLOGY
- B33Y—ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING, i.e. MANUFACTURING OF THREE-DIMENSIONAL [3-D] OBJECTS BY ADDITIVE DEPOSITION, ADDITIVE AGGLOMERATION OR ADDITIVE LAYERING, e.g. BY 3-D PRINTING, STEREOLITHOGRAPHY OR SELECTIVE LASER SINTERING
- B33Y10/00—Processes of additive manufacturing
Abstract
The high-strength concrete construction method based on 3D printing comprises S1) 3D printing concrete outline; s2) prefabricating a reinforcing mesh; s3) embedding a reinforcing mesh; s4) putting aggregate; s5) vibrating the aggregate; s6) pouring mortar; s7) covering the surface concrete. Combine together 3D printing technique and concrete arrangement of reinforcement, through put into prefabricated reinforcing bar net in the good concrete of 3D printing, increase concrete bulk strength, through optimizing reinforcing bar net arrangement, further increase 3D and print concrete intensity, through the mode of adding aggregate and mortar, can be high at concrete member bulk strength, under the condition that the reinforcing bar net is denser can not vibrate, accelerate to reach maximum bulk strength, make each process of this patent can adopt the assembly line production mode to go on through the flow operation, can satisfy the requirement to the mass production of the concrete prefabricated component that the bulk strength requirement is higher, be a quick, high-efficient, economic high strength concrete construction method based on 3D printing technique.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to the technical field of 3D printing concrete construction, in particular to a high-strength concrete construction method based on 3D printing.
Background
3D printing technology is in a rapid development stage and has gradually begun to be applied to engineering practice. However, the existing 3D printing technology is still immature, and the concrete with high structural strength requires the arrangement of reinforcing steel bars and radial aggregates in the concrete, and the 3D printing equipment attribute makes the arrangement of the reinforcing steel bars and the radial aggregates difficult to realize, so that the overall strength of the 3D printed concrete is limited.
In the prior art, there is also a method for concrete construction by using 3D printing, for example, chinese patent document CN107034917A describes a concrete formless printing and pouring process for urban pipe gallery construction, and the process flow includes S1) binding reinforcement cages; s2) proportioning and stirring the concrete; s3) printing the template outside the floor layer of the pipe gallery by adopting a walking 3D printer, and adding a quick-setting admixture during printing; s4) dragging the vibrator to carry out dragging type vibration leveling on the ground concrete poured by the concrete pump truck by the walking type 3D printer; s5) printing the vertical wall by adopting a concrete pipe gallery 3D printer, and adding a quick-setting admixture during printing; s6), binding a reinforcement cage at the top layer of the pipe gallery after the vertical wall body is printed, and supporting a side formwork; s7) finishing top layer pouring, vibrating and leveling by the walking printer according to the printing program of the ground control system. Adopt 3D to print concrete new technology, thoroughly subvert traditional piping lane construction technology, can practice thrift the construction cost by tens of thousands to the construction speed of very big acceleration piping lane, this technology not only can practice thrift a large amount of shoring materials, reduces into a worker with the reinforcing bar worker in the concrete placement, template worker, concrete worker three worker types, saves artifical more than 50%. However, this process can only be used for construction of specific building configurations, and cannot solve the concrete construction requiring high structural strength.
Disclosure of Invention
The technical problem to be solved by the invention is to provide a high-strength concrete construction method based on 3D printing, wherein the outer contour is printed firstly by combining the three-dimensional attributes of the 3D printing, and then the reinforcing mesh and the concrete are arranged in the outer contour, so that high-strength concrete members can be produced in batch.
In order to solve the technical problems, the technical scheme adopted by the invention is as follows:
the high-strength concrete construction method based on 3D printing comprises the following specific steps:
step one, 3D printing a concrete outline;
step two, prefabricating a reinforcing mesh;
step three, embedding a reinforcing mesh;
step four, putting aggregate;
step five, vibrating aggregate;
step six, pouring mortar;
and step seven, covering surface layer concrete.
The specific process of the step one is as follows: the external profile around the bottom and sides of the concrete member is printed out using a 3D printing device, and the internal volume of the external profile facilitates subsequent rebar mesh placement and concrete pouring.
The second step comprises the following specific processes: according to the inside physique size of concrete member, prefabricated three-dimensional reinforcing bar net of multilayer, the reinforcing bar is connected into a whole by vertical reinforcing bar between the online, lower floor, through setting up integrative three-dimensional reinforcing bar net, increases the structural strength between the reinforcing bar, the operation of lifting by crane and placing when being convenient for follow-up embedding is placed.
The mesh intervals of each layer of the three-dimensional reinforcing mesh are different, the mesh interval of the uppermost layer is the largest, the mesh intervals of the lower layers are sequentially reduced, the mesh interval of each layer is matched with the grading particle size of the used aggregate, the mesh interval can also be designed into a mode of arranging meshes with different sizes in rows, so that part of fine aggregate is reserved in the subsequent step by the mesh of the upper layer, and the reinforcing mesh is manufactured into a multi-layer three-dimensional mode, so that the reinforcing mesh and the aggregate can be reasonably and uniformly distributed in a concrete member;
every layer of reinforcing bar net is not necessarily for the plane form, can select step or ramp type, makes each terminal surface all have the reinforcing bar, makes the reinforcing bar arrange more evenly.
The specific process of the third step is as follows: the prefabricated reinforcing mesh is embedded and placed when 3D printed outline concrete is not initially set, the reinforcing mesh is slightly larger than the internal size of a concrete prefabricated member formed by 3D printing, the reinforcing end part of each layer of reinforcing mesh is embedded into the outline concrete, the reinforcing end parts of the reinforcing meshes in all directions can be partially embedded into the outline concrete in the placing process, so that the internal reinforcing mesh and the concrete poured subsequently are tightly combined with the outline concrete, and concrete grout can be filled into groove marks left on the outline concrete when the reinforcing meshes are embedded into the outline concrete, so that the outline concrete, the reinforcing mesh and the internally filled concrete can better form a whole, the tightness of the whole connection is ensured, and higher overall strength is formed.
The fourth specific process of the step is as follows: and (2) placing mixed aggregates on the uppermost layer of the reinforcing mesh, wherein the mixed aggregates are formed by mixing graded-particle-size aggregates matched with the mesh opening spacing of each layer of reinforcing mesh, the total amount of the graded-particle-size aggregates is calculated according to the space volume between each layer of reinforcing mesh and the concrete aggregate ratio, the upper reinforcing mesh is preferably designed into a concave structure, and more aggregates can be placed so as to facilitate the graded vibration of the subsequent aggregates.
The concrete process of the fifth step is as follows: use the vibrator to vibrate on the mixed aggregate of laying on the reinforcing bar net of meter the superiors layer above concrete profile top, make the mixed aggregate of upper strata drop the reinforcing bar net in proper order through the reinforcing bar mesh on, preferably use the flat vibrator, for making the vibration even, can put into the aggregate by a batch, vibrate many times.
The sixth specific process of the step is as follows: the poured mortar is self-compacting mortar or concrete containing small-particle-size shank aggregate, and the particle size of the small-particle-size strand is smaller than that of the aggregate of the minimum mesh reinforcing mesh, so that the concrete member has high overall strength and dense reinforcing meshes, and can quickly reach the maximum overall strength under the condition that the concrete member cannot be vibrated.
The seventh specific process of the step is as follows: and covering a layer of concrete on the top surface of the concrete member by using a 3D printing method to form an attractive integral effect.
The method can be used for quickly and economically manufacturing the large-batch precast concrete components with high integral strength requirement.
The following two methods belong to the simplification of the construction method, and different construction strategy changes are made according to different construction requirements and hardware conditions:
1) the high-strength concrete construction method based on 3D printing comprises the following specific steps:
step one, printing the external contour around the bottom and the side of the concrete member by using a 3D printing device;
step two, pouring concrete after the 3D printed concrete outline is molded and solidified;
step three, vibrating the poured concrete;
step four, covering surface layer concrete;
the method selects reinforced fiber concrete doped with the lead reinforcing fibers and the like, and can produce concrete prefabricated parts with higher strength in batches.
According to the method, the concrete is directly poured without arranging the reinforcing mesh after the 3D printed outline is directly formed, and the 3D printed concrete outline is properly vibrated, the reinforcing mesh is not arranged in the 3D printed outline, so that the concrete is favorably and uniformly mixed in the outline, the strength can be improved by doping the reinforced fiber concrete, and the method is suitable for occasions with small overall dimension, inconvenience in arrangement of the reinforcing mesh and high requirement on structural strength.
2) The high-strength concrete construction method based on 3D printing comprises the following specific steps:
step one, printing the external contour around the bottom and the side of the concrete member by using a 3D printing device;
step two, prefabricating a plurality of layers of three-dimensional reinforcing steel bar meshes according to the internal body size of the concrete member, wherein the upper layer and the lower layer of the reinforcing steel bar meshes are connected into a whole by vertical reinforcing steel bars;
step three, embedding and placing the prefabricated reinforcing mesh when the 3D printed outline concrete is not initially set, and embedding the end part of the reinforcing steel bar of each layer of reinforcing mesh into the outline concrete;
pouring, namely pouring mortar or self-compacting concrete, and vibrating in layers;
step five, covering surface layer concrete;
after the reinforcing mesh is placed, concrete is poured without adding aggregates, and the high-strength concrete can be formed by using the self-compacting concrete, so that the addition and vibration of the aggregates are omitted, and the production efficiency is higher.
The invention provides a high-strength concrete construction method based on 3D printing, which well solves the difficult problem of 3D printing of high-strength and structural reinforced concrete on the basis of fully utilizing 3D printing technology to realize rapid, efficient and convenient three-dimensional forming and facilitates the special-shaped structure, has the advantages of rapidness, economy, simplicity, assembly line and automatic production, and has good application and popularization values in various construction fields.
Drawings
The invention is further illustrated by the following examples in conjunction with the accompanying drawings:
FIG. 1 is a schematic view of a 3D printed concrete profile according to the present invention;
fig. 2 is a schematic view of the embedded reinforcing mesh;
fig. 3 is a schematic view of the end face of the lower layer of the mesh reinforcement;
FIG. 4 is a schematic illustration of aggregate addition;
FIG. 5 is a schematic view of a vibrated aggregate;
FIG. 6 is a schematic view of a casting mortar;
fig. 7 is a schematic drawing of the casting.
Detailed Description
As shown in fig. 1 to 7, the high-strength concrete construction method based on 3D printing specifically includes the following steps:
step one, 3D printing a concrete outline;
step two, prefabricating a reinforcing mesh;
step three, embedding a reinforcing mesh;
step four, putting aggregate;
step five, vibrating aggregate;
step six, pouring mortar;
and step seven, covering surface layer concrete.
As shown in fig. 1, the concrete profile is printed in 3D by the following specific process: the outer contour around the bottom and sides of the concrete member is printed out using a 3D printing device, creating an open-topped volume space between the bottom and side contours of the contour, and the inner volume of the outer contour facilitates subsequent rebar grid placement and concrete pouring.
As shown in fig. 2, the concrete process of prefabricating the reinforcing mesh is as follows: according to the inside physique size of concrete member, prefabricated three-dimensional reinforcing bar net of multilayer, the reinforcing bar is connected into a whole by vertical reinforcing bar between the net upper and lower floor, through setting up the integrative three-dimensional reinforcing bar net of vertically and horizontally staggered, increases the structural strength between the reinforcing bar, the follow-up the operation of lifting by crane and placing when placing of embedding.
As shown in fig. 2 and 3, the mesh spacing of each layer of the three-dimensional reinforcing mesh is different, the mesh spacing of the uppermost layer is the largest, the mesh spacing of the lower layers is reduced in sequence, the mesh spacing of each layer is matched with the grading particle size of the used aggregate, the three-dimensional reinforcing mesh can also be designed into a mode of arranging the meshes in rows with large and small sizes, so that the mesh spacing of the upper layer can retain part of fine aggregate in the subsequent step, and the reinforcing mesh is manufactured into a multi-layer three-dimensional mode, so that the reinforcing mesh and the aggregate can be reasonably and uniformly distributed in the concrete member;
as shown in fig. 4-7, each layer of steel bar mesh is not necessarily in a planar form, and may be in a stepped form or a slope form, so that the end faces of the steel bar mesh have steel bars, and the arrangement of the steel bars is more uniform, and the form of the concrete steel bar mesh may be optimally designed according to the size and structure of the concrete member, and may also be provided with flow guide holes, so as to facilitate aggregate addition and concrete pouring for each layer of steel bar mesh, taking the actual conditions of the member and the construction environment as considerations.
As shown in fig. 3, the concrete process of embedding the reinforcing mesh is as follows: the prefabricated reinforcing mesh is embedded and placed when 3D printed outline concrete is not initially set, the reinforcing mesh is slightly larger than the internal size of a concrete prefabricated member formed by 3D printing, the reinforcing end part of each layer of reinforcing mesh is embedded into the outline concrete, the reinforcing end parts of the reinforcing meshes in all directions can be partially embedded into the outline concrete in the placing process, so that the internal reinforcing mesh and the concrete poured subsequently are tightly combined with the outline concrete, and concrete grout can be filled into groove marks left on the outline concrete when the reinforcing meshes are embedded into the outline concrete, so that the outline concrete, the reinforcing mesh and the internally filled concrete can better form a whole, the tightness of the whole connection is ensured, and higher overall strength is formed.
As shown in fig. 4, the concrete process of placing the aggregate is as follows: and (2) placing mixed aggregates on the uppermost layer of the reinforcing mesh, wherein the mixed aggregates are formed by mixing graded-particle-size aggregates matched with the mesh opening spacing of each layer of reinforcing mesh, the total amount of the graded-particle-size aggregates is calculated according to the space volume between each layer of reinforcing mesh and the concrete aggregate ratio, the upper reinforcing mesh is preferably designed into a concave structure, and more aggregates can be placed so as to facilitate the graded vibration of the subsequent aggregates.
As shown in fig. 5, the concrete process of placing the aggregates and vibrating is as follows: use the vibrator to vibrate on the mixed aggregate of laying on the reinforcing bar net of meter the superiors layer above concrete profile top, make the mixed aggregate of upper strata drop the reinforcing bar net in proper order through the reinforcing bar mesh on, preferably use the flat vibrator, for making the vibration even, can put into the aggregate by a batch, vibrate many times.
As shown in fig. 6, the concrete process of pouring the mortar is as follows: the poured mortar is self-compacting mortar or concrete containing small-particle-size shank aggregate, and the particle size of the small-particle-size strand is smaller than that of the aggregate of the minimum mesh reinforcing mesh, so that the concrete member has high overall strength and dense reinforcing meshes, and can quickly reach the maximum overall strength under the condition that the concrete member cannot be vibrated.
As shown in fig. 7, a layer of concrete is covered on the top surface of the concrete member by 3D printing to form an overall aesthetic effect.
The method can be used for quickly and economically manufacturing the large-batch precast concrete components with high integral strength requirement.
The following two methods belong to the simplification of the construction method, and different construction strategy changes are made according to different construction requirements and hardware conditions:
1) the high-strength concrete construction method based on 3D printing comprises the following specific steps:
step one, printing the external contour around the bottom and the side of the concrete member by using a 3D printing device;
step two, pouring concrete after the 3D printed concrete outline is molded and solidified;
step three, vibrating the poured concrete;
step four, covering surface layer concrete;
the method selects reinforced fiber concrete doped with the lead reinforcing fibers and the like, and can produce concrete prefabricated parts with higher strength in batches.
According to the method, the concrete is directly poured without arranging the reinforcing mesh after the 3D printed outline is directly formed, and the 3D printed concrete outline is properly vibrated, the reinforcing mesh is not arranged in the 3D printed outline, so that the concrete is favorably and uniformly mixed in the outline, the strength can be improved by doping the reinforced fiber concrete, and the method is suitable for occasions with small overall dimension, inconvenience in arrangement of the reinforcing mesh and high requirement on structural strength.
2) The high-strength concrete construction method based on 3D printing comprises the following specific steps:
step one, printing the external contour around the bottom and the side of the concrete member by using a 3D printing device;
step two, prefabricating a plurality of layers of three-dimensional reinforcing steel bar meshes according to the internal body size of the concrete member, wherein the upper layer and the lower layer of the reinforcing steel bar meshes are connected into a whole by vertical reinforcing steel bars;
step three, embedding and placing the prefabricated reinforcing mesh when the 3D printed outline concrete is not initially set, and embedding the end part of the reinforcing steel bar of each layer of reinforcing mesh into the outline concrete;
pouring, namely pouring mortar or self-compacting concrete, and vibrating in layers;
step five, covering surface layer concrete;
after the reinforcing mesh is placed, concrete is poured without adding aggregates, and the high-strength concrete can be formed by using the self-compacting concrete, so that the addition and vibration of the aggregates are omitted, and the production efficiency is higher.
If the requirement on the overall strength is not high, a structural type reinforcing mesh can be selected according to the structural design condition (namely, the quantity of the reinforcing steel bars is small, and the flow of large aggregates in the concrete cannot be influenced), so that a small vibrating rod can be inserted for proper vibration after the ordinary concrete is injected.
The following 3D printed concrete construction of a pier is taken as an example:
step one, determining 3D printed concrete outline structural parameters according to the external dimension of a bridge pier, performing processing programming on the external contour of the bridge pier concrete needing 3D printing on 3D concrete construction equipment, and printing the external contour of the bridge pier by using the 3D printed concrete construction equipment to form an internal volume space based on a bridge pier shell and a bottom;
step two, manufacturing a multilayer three-dimensional pier reinforcing mesh according to the internal size of the concrete outline of the pier, connecting the upper layer and the lower layer of the reinforcing mesh into a whole by vertical reinforcing steel bars, wherein the mesh intervals of all layers of the reinforcing mesh are different, the mesh of the uppermost layer is the largest, and the mesh intervals of all layers below are sequentially reduced;
embedding prefabricated multi-layer three-dimensional pier reinforcing mesh when the outer contour of 3D printed concrete of the pier is not initially set, ensuring that reinforcing steel bar ends in all directions of the reinforcing steel bar mesh can be partially embedded into the outer contour concrete in the process of placing each layer of reinforcing steel bar mesh, adjusting the relative position between the reinforcing steel bar mesh and the outer contour in the embedding process, ensuring that the lengths of the reinforcing steel bar ends embedded into the outer contour are as consistent as possible, and guiding the process of embedding the reinforcing steel bar mesh by using a special tool so as to better control the embedding length;
step four, after the mixture of the outer contour and the reinforcing mesh is fully solidified, adding mixed aggregates with different particle sizes on the uppermost layer of the reinforcing mesh by using a conveying device, wherein each particle size corresponds to the mesh opening interval of the corresponding layer of the reinforcing mesh, and the total amount of the aggregates with each particle size corresponds to the volume of the corresponding reinforcing mesh layer;
after the aggregates are added, vibrating the aggregates by using a flat plate vibrator to enable the aggregates on the upper layer to sequentially fall into corresponding reinforcing mesh layer spaces, and vibrating and adding the aggregates at intervals so as to be sufficiently vibrated;
after aggregate addition and vibration are completed, adding self-compacting concrete into the interior of the pier, fully vibrating each concrete layer by using a concrete vibrating rod while pouring, and vibrating each concrete layer uniformly and sequentially by using the vibrating rod along with the rise of the concrete;
and step seven, after the secondary pouring is finished, covering a layer of concrete on the top surface of the pier by using 3D printing equipment, so that the top surface is flat and attractive, and other devices are added on the pier after solidification is facilitated.
This patent adopts the innovative method, fully combine together 3D printing technique and concrete arrangement of reinforcement, through put into prefabricated reinforcing bar net in the good concrete of 3D printing, increase concrete bulk strength, through optimizing reinforcing bar net arrangement mode, further increase 3D and print concrete intensity, through the mode of adding aggregate and mortar, can be high at concrete member bulk strength, under the condition that reinforcing bar net is denser can not vibrate, accelerate to reach maximum bulk strength, make each process of this patent can adopt the assembly line production mode to go on through the flow operation, can satisfy the requirement of mass production to the concrete prefabricated component that the bulk strength requirement is higher, be a quick, high efficiency, economic high strength concrete construction method based on 3D printing technique.
Claims (10)
1. The high-strength concrete construction method based on 3D printing is characterized by comprising the following specific steps:
step one, 3D printing a concrete outline;
step two, prefabricating a reinforcing mesh;
step three, embedding a reinforcing mesh;
step four, putting aggregate;
step five, vibrating aggregate;
step six, pouring mortar;
and step seven, covering surface layer concrete.
2. The 3D printing-based high-strength concrete construction method according to claim 1, wherein the step one concrete process is as follows: the outer contour around the bottom and sides of the concrete member was printed out using a 3D printing device.
3. The 3D printing-based high-strength concrete construction method according to claim 2, wherein the second step comprises the following specific processes: according to the internal size of the concrete member, a plurality of layers of three-dimensional reinforcing steel bar nets are prefabricated, and the upper layer and the lower layer of the reinforcing steel bar net are connected into a whole by vertical reinforcing steel bars.
4. The 3D printing-based high-strength concrete construction method according to claim 3, wherein the mesh intervals of each layer of the three-dimensional reinforcing mesh are different, the mesh of the uppermost layer is the largest, the mesh intervals of the lower layers are sequentially reduced, and the mesh intervals of each layer are matched with the grading grain size of the used aggregate;
each layer of the reinforcing mesh can be selected to be stepped or slope type.
5. The 3D printing-based high-strength concrete construction method according to one of claims 1 or 4, characterized in that the concrete process of the third step is as follows: the prefabricated mesh reinforcements are embedded and placed when the 3D printed outline concrete is not initially set, and the end part of the reinforcement of each layer of mesh reinforcements is embedded in the outline concrete.
6. The 3D printing-based high-strength concrete construction method according to claim 5, wherein the step four comprises the following specific processes: and (3) placing mixed aggregates on the uppermost layer of the reinforcing mesh, wherein the mixed aggregates are formed by mixing graded-particle-size aggregates matched with the mesh spacing of each layer of the reinforcing mesh, and the total amount of the aggregates with each particle size is calculated according to the space volume between each layer of the reinforcing mesh and the concrete aggregate ratio.
7. The 3D printing-based high-strength concrete construction method according to claim 6, wherein the concrete process of the step five is as follows: and (3) vibrating the mixed aggregate paved on the steel bar net on the uppermost layer of the upper concrete contour gauge by using a vibrator, so that the upper mixed aggregate sequentially falls onto the steel bar net through the steel bar net holes.
8. The 3D printing-based high-strength concrete construction method according to claim 7, wherein the six specific processes of the step are as follows: and pouring self-compacting mortar or concrete containing small-particle-size shank aggregates, wherein the particle size of the small-particle-size strands is smaller than that of the aggregates of the minimum mesh reinforcing mesh.
9. The high-strength concrete construction method based on 3D printing is characterized by comprising the following specific steps:
step one, printing the external contour around the bottom and the side of the concrete member by using a 3D printing device;
step two, pouring concrete after the 3D printed concrete outline is molded and solidified;
step three, vibrating the poured concrete;
and step four, covering surface layer concrete.
10. The high-strength concrete construction method based on 3D printing is characterized by comprising the following specific steps:
step one, printing the external contour around the bottom and the side of the concrete member by using a 3D printing device;
step two, prefabricating a plurality of layers of three-dimensional reinforcing steel bar meshes according to the internal body size of the concrete member, wherein the upper layer and the lower layer of the reinforcing steel bar meshes are connected into a whole by vertical reinforcing steel bars;
step three, embedding and placing the prefabricated reinforcing mesh when the 3D printed outline concrete is not initially set, and embedding the end part of the reinforcing steel bar of each layer of reinforcing mesh into the outline concrete;
pouring, namely pouring mortar or self-compacting concrete, and vibrating in layers;
and step five, covering surface layer concrete.
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| CN111852025B (en) | 2022-03-25 |
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