CN111826548A - Copper powder for laser cladding of lead bronze workpiece and cladding method - Google Patents
Copper powder for laser cladding of lead bronze workpiece and cladding method Download PDFInfo
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- CN111826548A CN111826548A CN202010739171.1A CN202010739171A CN111826548A CN 111826548 A CN111826548 A CN 111826548A CN 202010739171 A CN202010739171 A CN 202010739171A CN 111826548 A CN111826548 A CN 111826548A
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- workpiece
- cladding
- laser
- copper powder
- lead bronze
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- 238000005253 cladding Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 49
- RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N Copper Chemical compound [Cu] RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 title claims abstract description 30
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 30
- 238000004372 laser cladding Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 28
- 229910000906 Bronze Inorganic materials 0.000 title claims abstract description 23
- 239000010974 bronze Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 23
- KUNSUQLRTQLHQQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N copper tin Chemical compound [Cu].[Sn] KUNSUQLRTQLHQQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 title claims abstract description 23
- 238000001816 cooling Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 23
- 239000000843 powder Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 14
- 230000008569 process Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 14
- ATJFFYVFTNAWJD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Tin Chemical compound [Sn] ATJFFYVFTNAWJD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 10
- 238000007747 plating Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 8
- 239000000758 substrate Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 7
- 238000001035 drying Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 5
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 5
- 230000001360 synchronised effect Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 5
- 239000012535 impurity Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 4
- 238000005488 sandblasting Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 4
- 230000001678 irradiating effect Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 3
- 238000005406 washing Methods 0.000 claims description 22
- DNIAPMSPPWPWGF-UHFFFAOYSA-N Propylene glycol Chemical group CC(O)CO DNIAPMSPPWPWGF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 9
- 239000002826 coolant Substances 0.000 claims description 9
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 9
- CSCPPACGZOOCGX-UHFFFAOYSA-N Acetone Chemical compound CC(C)=O CSCPPACGZOOCGX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 6
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 claims description 6
- 239000004065 semiconductor Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- VEXZGXHMUGYJMC-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydrochloric acid Chemical compound Cl VEXZGXHMUGYJMC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- 230000004913 activation Effects 0.000 claims description 3
- 230000009194 climbing Effects 0.000 claims description 3
- 230000017525 heat dissipation Effects 0.000 claims description 3
- 238000005498 polishing Methods 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000011148 porous material Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000002893 slag Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000000835 fiber Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 abstract description 8
- 229910052718 tin Inorganic materials 0.000 abstract description 8
- 238000005260 corrosion Methods 0.000 abstract description 3
- 230000007797 corrosion Effects 0.000 abstract description 3
- 238000002474 experimental method Methods 0.000 abstract description 2
- 230000007704 transition Effects 0.000 abstract description 2
- 229910052684 Cerium Inorganic materials 0.000 abstract 1
- 229910052772 Samarium Inorganic materials 0.000 abstract 1
- 239000010949 copper Substances 0.000 abstract 1
- 229910052745 lead Inorganic materials 0.000 abstract 1
- 238000010586 diagram Methods 0.000 description 3
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 3
- PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Nickel Chemical compound [Ni] PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000011324 bead Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000000110 cooling liquid Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910000881 Cu alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000006096 absorbing agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000009825 accumulation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000853 adhesive Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000001070 adhesive effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000002411 adverse Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000000956 alloy Substances 0.000 description 1
- XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium Chemical compound [Al] XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052782 aluminium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 230000008859 change Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000031700 light absorption Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000011159 matrix material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052759 nickel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000013307 optical fiber Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000002310 reflectometry Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000008439 repair process Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000003466 welding Methods 0.000 description 1
Images
Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22C—ALLOYS
- C22C9/00—Alloys based on copper
- C22C9/08—Alloys based on copper with lead as the next major constituent
-
- B22F1/0003—
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
- C23C—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
- C23C24/00—Coating starting from inorganic powder
- C23C24/08—Coating starting from inorganic powder by application of heat or pressure and heat
- C23C24/10—Coating starting from inorganic powder by application of heat or pressure and heat with intermediate formation of a liquid phase in the layer
- C23C24/103—Coating with metallic material, i.e. metals or metal alloys, optionally comprising hard particles, e.g. oxides, carbides or nitrides
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
- C23C—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
- C23C28/00—Coating for obtaining at least two superposed coatings either by methods not provided for in a single one of groups C23C2/00 - C23C26/00 or by combinations of methods provided for in subclasses C23C and C25C or C25D
- C23C28/02—Coating for obtaining at least two superposed coatings either by methods not provided for in a single one of groups C23C2/00 - C23C26/00 or by combinations of methods provided for in subclasses C23C and C25C or C25D only coatings only including layers of metallic material
- C23C28/021—Coating for obtaining at least two superposed coatings either by methods not provided for in a single one of groups C23C2/00 - C23C26/00 or by combinations of methods provided for in subclasses C23C and C25C or C25D only coatings only including layers of metallic material including at least one metal alloy layer
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- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Materials Engineering (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- Metallurgy (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- Laser Beam Processing (AREA)
Abstract
The invention belongs to the technical field of laser cladding, and particularly relates to copper powder for laser cladding of a lead bronze workpiece and a cladding method, wherein the copper powder comprises the following components: 25 to 35 percent of Pb, 0.5 to 1 percent of Sn, 0.01 to 0.1 percent of P, 0 to 2.5 percent of Ce, 0 to 3.5 percent of Y, 0 to 0.5 percent of Sm, and the balance of Cu and inevitable impurities. The method comprises the following steps: pretreating the surface of a workpiece; plating tin on the surface of the workpiece; manufacturing a workpiece cooling support seat in the cladding process; preparing copper powder for laser cladding of a lead bronze workpiece, and drying the copper powder; fixing a workpiece above a cooling support seat, cooling in a cladding process, irradiating a cladding position on the surface of the workpiece by a laser, and conveying copper powder to the cladding position on the surface of the workpiece by using a synchronous powder feeder to carry out laser cladding on the surface of the workpiece; sand blasting is carried out on the surface of the cladding position; and (5) processing and forming the workpiece. The cladding layer and the workpiece substrate are metallurgically bonded, and the structure is compact, pore-free and crack-free. The results of hardness, wear resistance and corrosion resistance experiments show that the cladding layer and the workpiece base material have natural transition, similar performance and stable curve.
Description
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the technical field of laser cladding, and particularly relates to copper powder for laser cladding of a lead bronze workpiece and a cladding method.
Background
In the existing lead bronze surfacing repair technology, the metallurgical bonding effect can be achieved on the premise of extremely small heat input amount, and batch processing is carried out, and only the laser cladding technology is used. However, in the actual production process, due to the high reflectivity of the copper alloy material to common semiconductor laser and the material characteristics, the cladding has the following problems:
1) before cladding, the adhesive or the light absorber coated for increasing the light absorption rate of the base material enters a molten pool to cause adverse effects;
2) before cladding, the surface is pretreated by using a nickel-based material, so that the comprehensive performance of a bonding area and a material increase part is changed, and the later-stage service performance of the part loses linearity;
3) when the cladding is started, in order to reduce the overlarge demand of laser energy density, the aluminum-based admixture is used to change the comprehensive performance of a cladding layer, and the effect of cladding a weld bead is difficult to control;
4) when cladding forming is carried out, welding beads are easy to crack due to over-speed cooling;
5) when cladding and lapping are carried out, excessive heat accumulation is caused due to repeated lapping, and the thin-wall matrix is easy to deform;
6) after cladding, the cladding layer and the base material have too large material difference, so that the hardness, wear resistance, corrosion resistance, electric conductivity, heat conduction and mechanical comprehensive performance of the final workpiece generate too large gradient results.
Disclosure of Invention
In order to solve the technical problem, the invention provides copper powder for laser cladding of a lead bronze workpiece, which comprises the following components in percentage by mass:
the invention also provides a method for carrying out laser cladding on the lead bronze workpiece by using the copper powder for laser cladding on the lead bronze workpiece, which comprises the following steps:
1) pretreating the surface of a workpiece;
2) plating tin on the surface of the workpiece;
3) manufacturing a workpiece cooling support seat in the cladding process;
4) preparing copper powder for laser cladding of lead bronze workpieces according to the formula of claim 1, and drying the copper powder;
5) fixing a workpiece above a cooling support seat, cooling in a cladding process, irradiating a cladding position on the surface of the workpiece by a laser, and conveying copper powder to the cladding position on the surface of the workpiece by using a synchronous powder feeder to carry out laser cladding on the surface of the workpiece;
6) performing surface sand blasting on the cladding position to remove oxide slag and other impurities on the surface;
7) and (5) processing and forming the workpiece.
Preferably, in step 1), the workpiece surface pretreatment comprises the following steps:
101) washing the large-area oil stain on the cladding surface of the workpiece by using acetone, and washing with water;
102) removing pore oil stain of the workpiece by ultrasonic waves, and washing;
103) washing with 8-13% dilute hydrochloric acid to remove oxide on the surface of the workpiece, and washing with water;
104) polishing and washing twice;
105) the microetching liquid is used for microetching the surface of the workpiece, surface activation treatment is carried out, washing is carried out for two times, and the workpiece is immediately put into the tin plating liquid.
Preferably, in the step 2), the surface of the workpiece is plated with tin to a thickness of 0.05-0.1mm, and then the workpiece is washed with water for three times and then dried.
Preferably, in step 3), a corresponding cooling support seat is manufactured according to the shape of the workpiece, the cooling support seat is attached to the lower surface of the workpiece, a cooling medium passage is arranged in the cooling support seat, the refrigerating capacity of the cooling medium is equal to the heat input amount in the cladding process, and the starting balance point is set at 40 ℃.
Preferably, the cooling medium is propylene glycol cooling liquid.
Preferably, in the step 4), the prepared copper powder is placed in a flat tray, the thickness of the copper powder is less than 10mm, and the copper powder is dried for 1 hour at 90 ℃.
Preferably, in the step 5), a semiconductor fiber laser is selected, the diameter of a light spot is 3mm, the power is 1250-:
initial phase 0-10 mm: the output power of the laser is gradually reduced from 100% to 80%, the traveling speed is gradually increased from 50% to 60%, the powder conveying capacity is gradually increased from 30% to 50%, and the pump flow is maintained at a low position of 10%;
climbing stage 10mm-20 mm: the output power of the laser is gradually reduced from 80% to 50%, the advancing speed is gradually increased from 60% to 100%, the powder conveying capacity is gradually increased from 50% to 100%, and the pump flow is gradually increased from 10% to 30%;
and (3) an operation stage: the laser power was maintained at 50%, the travel speed and powder delivery were maintained at 100%, and the pump flow was maintained between 30-100% based on the balance of substrate size and heat sink heat dissipation capacity.
Compared with the prior art, the invention has the advantages that:
the cladding layer and the workpiece substrate are metallurgically bonded, and the microstructure is compact, pore-free and crack-free. The results of hardness, wear resistance and corrosion resistance experiments show that the cladding layer and the workpiece base material have natural transition, similar performance and stable curve.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a diagram showing the positional relationship among a workpiece, a cooling support base, a synchronous powder feeder and a laser beam in a cladding process;
FIG. 2 is a diagram illustrating a cladding control curve for each parameter in the cladding process;
FIG. 3 is a diagram of various processes for treating a lead bronze workpiece using the method provided by the present invention;
FIG. 4 is a side view of the workpiece of FIG. 3.
Detailed Description
In order to make the objects, technical solutions and advantages of the present invention more apparent, the present invention will be described in further detail with reference to the accompanying drawings and embodiments. It should be understood that the specific embodiments described herein are merely illustrative of the invention and are not intended to limit the invention.
Examples of the following,
Referring to fig. 3 and 4, a substrate of a lead bronze workpiece is selected, three grooves are scribed on the substrate, one groove is used as a contrast and is not processed (position of number a in fig. 3 and 4), the other two grooves (position of number B, C in fig. 3 and 4) are subjected to laser cladding by using the method of the invention, and the cladding step is as follows:
1) the surface pretreatment comprises the following treatment procedures:
101) washing the large-area oil stain on the cladding surface of the workpiece by using acetone, and washing with water;
102) removing pore oil stain of the workpiece by ultrasonic waves, and washing;
103) washing with 8-13% dilute hydrochloric acid to remove oxide on the surface of the workpiece, and washing with water;
104) polishing and washing twice;
105) the microetching liquid is used for microetching the surface of the workpiece, surface activation treatment is carried out, washing is carried out for two times, and the workpiece is immediately put into the tin plating liquid.
2) Plating tin on the surface of the workpiece, wherein the thickness of the plated tin on the surface of the workpiece is 0.05-0.1mm, washing with water for three times, and drying.
3) Manufacturing a workpiece cooling support seat in a cladding process:
the corresponding cooling supporting seat is manufactured according to the shape of the workpiece, the cooling supporting seat is attached to the lower surface of the workpiece, a cooling medium (propylene glycol cooling liquid) passage is arranged in the cooling supporting seat, the refrigerating capacity of the cooling medium is equal to the heat input amount in the cladding process during cladding, and the starting balance point is set at 40 ℃.
4) Preparing copper powder for laser cladding of lead bronze workpieces according to the formula of claim 1, placing the copper powder in a flat tray, wherein the thickness of the copper powder is less than 10mm, and drying the copper powder for 1 hour at 90 ℃; the copper powder comprises the following components in percentage by mass:
5) referring to fig. 1, a workpiece 1 is fixed above a cooling support seat 2, cooling is carried out in the cladding process, a laser irradiates a cladding position on the surface of the workpiece, and copper powder is fed to the cladding position on the surface of the workpiece by a synchronous powder feeder 3 to carry out laser cladding on the surface of the workpiece;
selecting a semiconductor optical fiber laser, controlling the diameter of a light spot to be 3mm, the power to be 1250-:
initial phase 0-10 mm: the output power of the laser is gradually reduced from 100% to 80%, the traveling speed is gradually increased from 50% to 60%, the powder conveying capacity is gradually increased from 30% to 50%, and the pump flow is maintained at a low position of 10%;
climbing stage 10mm-20 mm: the output power of the laser is gradually reduced from 80% to 50%, the advancing speed is gradually increased from 60% to 100%, the powder conveying capacity is gradually increased from 50% to 100%, and the pump flow is gradually increased from 10% to 30%;
and (3) an operation stage: the laser power was maintained at 50%, the travel speed and powder delivery were maintained at 100%, and the pump flow was maintained between 30-100% based on the balance of substrate size and heat sink heat dissipation capacity.
Each stage may be changed at a constant speed like a straight line in this embodiment, or may be changed in a curved line.
Referring to position C of fig. 3 and 4, the workpiece is in this state.
6) Performing surface sand blasting on the cladding position to remove oxide slag and other impurities on the surface;
7) the workpiece is machined and formed, and the position B in the figures 3 and 4 is referred to, namely the state after the step is finished.
Claims (8)
1. The copper powder for laser cladding of the lead bronze workpiece is characterized by comprising the following components in percentage by mass:
2. the method for carrying out laser cladding on the lead bronze workpiece by using the copper powder for laser cladding on the lead bronze workpiece as claimed in claim 1, which is characterized by comprising the following steps:
1) pretreating the surface of a workpiece;
2) plating tin on the surface of the workpiece;
3) manufacturing a workpiece cooling support seat in the cladding process;
4) preparing copper powder for laser cladding of lead bronze workpieces according to the formula of claim 1, and drying the copper powder;
5) fixing a workpiece above a cooling support seat, cooling in a cladding process, irradiating a cladding position on the surface of the workpiece by a laser, and conveying copper powder to the cladding position on the surface of the workpiece by using a synchronous powder feeder to carry out laser cladding on the surface of the workpiece;
6) performing surface sand blasting on the cladding position to remove oxide slag and other impurities on the surface;
7) and (5) processing and forming the workpiece.
3. The method for laser cladding a lead bronze workpiece according to claim 2, wherein in step 1), the surface pretreatment of the workpiece comprises the following steps:
101) washing the large-area oil stain on the cladding surface of the workpiece by using acetone, and washing with water;
102) removing pore oil stain of the workpiece by ultrasonic waves, and washing;
103) washing with 8-13% dilute hydrochloric acid to remove oxide on the surface of the workpiece, and washing with water;
104) polishing and washing twice;
105) the microetching liquid is used for microetching the surface of the workpiece, surface activation treatment is carried out, washing is carried out for two times, and the workpiece is immediately put into the tin plating liquid.
4. The method for laser cladding of lead bronze workpieces according to claim 2, wherein in the step 2), the tin plating thickness on the surface of the workpiece is 0.05-0.1mm, and then the workpiece is washed with water for three times and then dried.
5. The method for laser cladding of lead bronze workpieces according to claim 2, wherein in step 3), the corresponding cooling support seat is manufactured according to the shape of the workpiece, the cooling support seat is attached to the lower surface of the workpiece, a cooling medium passage is arranged in the cooling support seat, the refrigerating capacity of the cooling medium is equal to the heat input amount in the cladding process, and the starting balance point is set at 40 ℃.
6. The method of lead bronze workpiece laser cladding as claimed in claim 5, wherein said cooling medium is propylene glycol coolant.
7. The method for laser cladding of the lead bronze workpiece according to claim 2, wherein in the step 4), the prepared copper powder is placed in a flat tray, the thickness of the copper powder is less than 10mm, and the copper powder is dried for 1 hour at 90 ℃.
8. The method for laser cladding of the lead bronze workpiece as claimed in claim 2, wherein in the step 5), a semiconductor fiber laser is selected, the diameter of a light spot is 3mm, the power is 1250-:
initial phase 0-10 mm: the output power of the laser is gradually reduced from 100% to 80%, the traveling speed is gradually increased from 50% to 60%, the powder conveying capacity is gradually increased from 30% to 50%, and the pump flow is maintained at a low position of 10%;
climbing stage 10mm-20 mm: the output power of the laser is gradually reduced from 80% to 50%, the advancing speed is gradually increased from 60% to 100%, the powder conveying capacity is gradually increased from 50% to 100%, and the pump flow is gradually increased from 10% to 30%;
and (3) an operation stage: the laser power was maintained at 50%, the travel speed and powder delivery were maintained at 100%, and the pump flow was maintained between 30-100% based on the balance of substrate size and heat sink heat dissipation capacity.
Priority Applications (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| CN202010739171.1A CN111826548A (en) | 2020-07-28 | 2020-07-28 | Copper powder for laser cladding of lead bronze workpiece and cladding method |
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| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| CN202010739171.1A CN111826548A (en) | 2020-07-28 | 2020-07-28 | Copper powder for laser cladding of lead bronze workpiece and cladding method |
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| CN111826548A true CN111826548A (en) | 2020-10-27 |
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| CN202010739171.1A Pending CN111826548A (en) | 2020-07-28 | 2020-07-28 | Copper powder for laser cladding of lead bronze workpiece and cladding method |
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Citations (2)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN110144586A (en) * | 2019-06-18 | 2019-08-20 | 燕山大学 | A kind of preparation method of continuous-casting foot roll |
| JP2019157261A (en) * | 2018-03-16 | 2019-09-19 | Ｊｘ金属株式会社 | ANTICORROSIVE CuCo ALLOY |
-
2020
- 2020-07-28 CN CN202010739171.1A patent/CN111826548A/en active Pending
Patent Citations (2)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| JP2019157261A (en) * | 2018-03-16 | 2019-09-19 | Ｊｘ金属株式会社 | ANTICORROSIVE CuCo ALLOY |
| CN110144586A (en) * | 2019-06-18 | 2019-08-20 | 燕山大学 | A kind of preparation method of continuous-casting foot roll |
Non-Patent Citations (5)
| Title |
|---|
| 上海市焊接协会等: "《焊接先进技术》", 31 August 2010, 上海科学技术文献出版社 * |
| 张锦柱等: "《工业分析化学》", 31 August 2008, 冶金工业出版社 * |
| 徐光宪: "《稀土 下 第2版》", 31 December 1995, 冶金工业出版社 * |
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Application publication date: 20201027 |